规模化养鸡场疫病净化、兽药使用的影响因素分析
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摘要
2012年我国出台《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012~2020年)》,通过净化16种动物疫病,旨在减少养殖场抗生素的使用。目前关于疫病净化与养殖企业抗生素使用的研究未形成统一且明确结论。基于此,通过收集2011~2015年全国297个规模化养鸡场的调查数据,采用随机效应模型和处理效应模型,探讨疫病净化与养鸡场抗生素费用间关系。实证结果表明,养鸡场开展鸡白痢净化后抗生素费用未显著下降,开展禽白血病净化及同时开展两种疫病净化的养鸡场抗生素费用显著下降。从疫病净化对不同代次养鸡场抗生素使用影响看,祖代及以上净化效果最优,商品代场次之,混合代场最差。在疫病净化初期(前3年),禽白血病净化效果突出,中后期(3年后)鸡白痢净化效果更明显。国家应加强疫病净化政策宣传,鼓励养殖场(户)推进净化工作。加快净化技术开发应用与传播,养殖场应强化内部管理,确保各项净化措施落实到位,以此逐步实现根除16种主要疫病的目标,保障国内畜禽产品质量安全。
In 2012,the government of China issued"National Medium and Long-term Animal Disease Prevention and Control Plan(2012-2020)",in order to reduce the using of antibiotic on farms by purifying16 kinds of animal diseases.However,the existing researches on disease purification and the using of antibiotics on the farm had not formed a unified and clear conclusion.Based on this,survey data of 297large-scale chicken farms were collected in China from 2011 to 2015,and random effects model and treatment effect model were used to discuss the relationship between the disease purification and the cost of antibiotics on chicken farms.The empirical results showed that there was no significant decrease in antibacterial costs of farms which had eradicated white diarrhea,but there was significant reduction on the costs of farms which had eradicated avian leukemia and both of white diarrhea and avian leukemia.Judging from the impact of epidemic purification on the using of antibiotics in different generations of chicken farms,the purification effect of the farms of grandparent generation and above was the best,followed by the commerce-generation farms,and the mixed-generation farms was the worst.In the early stage(first 3 years)of disease eradication,the eradication effect of avian leukemia was more prominent,and the eradication effect of white diarrhea at the late stage(after 3 years)was more excellent.Accordingly,the state might step up publicity on the policy of eradicating epidemic disease,encourage more farms(households)to actively carry out this work,speed up the development,application and dissemination of eradication technologies,strengthen the internal management of chicken farms to ensure that all the purification measures were in place,so as to gradually achieve the goal of eradicating 16 major epidemic diseases,and guarantee the quality and safety of livestock and poultry products.
In 2012,the government of China issued"National Medium and Long-term Animal Disease Prevention and Control Plan(2012-2020)",in order to reduce the using of antibiotic on farms by purifying16 kinds of animal diseases.However,the existing researches on disease purification and the using of antibiotics on the farm had not formed a unified and clear conclusion.Based on this,survey data of 297large-scale chicken farms were collected in China from 2011 to 2015,and random effects model and treatment effect model were used to discuss the relationship between the disease purification and the cost of antibiotics on chicken farms.The empirical results showed that there was no significant decrease in antibacterial costs of farms which had eradicated white diarrhea,but there was significant reduction on the costs of farms which had eradicated avian leukemia and both of white diarrhea and avian leukemia.Judging from the impact of epidemic purification on the using of antibiotics in different generations of chicken farms,the purification effect of the farms of grandparent generation and above was the best,followed by the commerce-generation farms,and the mixed-generation farms was the worst.In the early stage(first 3 years)of disease eradication,the eradication effect of avian leukemia was more prominent,and the eradication effect of white diarrhea at the late stage(after 3 years)was more excellent.Accordingly,the state might step up publicity on the policy of eradicating epidemic disease,encourage more farms(households)to actively carry out this work,speed up the development,application and dissemination of eradication technologies,strengthen the internal management of chicken farms to ensure that all the purification measures were in place,so as to gradually achieve the goal of eradicating 16 major epidemic diseases,and guarantee the quality and safety of livestock and poultry products.
引文
[1]丁建英.动物性食品中兽药残留对人体健康的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志, 2006, 42(12):4-6.
[2]秦占国.国内外兽药残留与动物源食品安全管理研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学, 2009.
[3]吴清民.兽医传染病学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2002.
[4]杨林,张淼洁,付雯,等.种猪场疫病净化综合防控措施[J].中国畜牧业, 2016(2):38-40.
[5]任庆海,胡东方,刘月月,等.某规模化猪场猪瘟和伪狂犬病净化的实施及成效分析[J].养猪, 2013(1):100-102.
[6]广西大学课题组.广西鸡育种公司实施国家禽白血病净化项目有成效[J].广西畜牧兽医, 2014(2):112.
[7]马斌.奶牛养殖场疫病控制效果观察[J].江西畜牧兽医杂志, 2007(1):26.
[8]孙贵.规模养羊场疫病控制效果观察[J].吉林畜牧兽医, 2008, 29(8):8-9.
[9]陈杖榴.兽医药理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2009.
[10]刘万利,齐永家,吴秀敏.养猪农户采用安全兽药行为的意愿分析——以四川为例[J].农业技术经济, 2007(1):80-87.
[11]浦华,白裕兵.养殖户违规用药行为影响因素研究[J].农业技术经济, 2014(3):40-48.
[12]吴秀敏.养猪户采用安全兽药的意愿及其影响因素——基于四川省养猪户的实证分析[J].中国农村经济, 2007(9):17-24.
[13]吴林海,谢旭燕.生猪养殖户认知特征与兽药使用行为的相关性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2015, 25(2):160-169.
[14]王瑜.养猪户的药物添加剂使用行为及其影响因素分析——基于江苏省542户农户的调查数据[J].农业技术经济, 2009(5):46-55.
[15]朱宁,秦富.畜禽养殖户兽药超标使用行为及其影响因素分析——以蛋鸡为例[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(23):7-11.
[16] Aarestrup F M. Veterinary drug usage and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin[J]. Basic&Clinical Pharmacology&Toxicology, 2005, 96(4):271-281.
[17] Anonymous. The U K five year antimicrobial resistance strategy 2013 to 2018[R]. UK, London:Department of Health, 2013.
[18] Anonymous. Reduced and responsible:Policy on the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals in the Netherlands[R]. Netherlands,Hague:Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2014.
[19] Anonymous. EC launches action plan to tackle antimicrobial resistance[J]. Veterinary Record, 2011, 169(22):565-566.
[20] Callens B, Persoons D, Maes D, et al. Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2012, 106(1):53-62.
[21] CorrégéI, Berthelot N, Badouard B, et al. Biosecurity, health control, farming conception and management factors:Impact on technical and economic performances[C]//Animal Hygiene and Sustainable Livestock Production. Proceedings of the Xvth International Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene, Vienna, Austria, 3-7 July. 2011.
[22] Erdem S, Dan R, Wossink A. Using best-worst scaling to explore perceptions of relative responsibility for ensuring food safety[J]. Food Policy, 2012, 37(6):661-670.
[23] Friedman D B, Kanwat C P, Headrick M L, et al. Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina:A pilot project on farmers'knowledge, attitudes and practices.[J]. Zoonoses&Public Health, 2010, 54(9-10):366-375.
[24] Filippitzi M E, Callens B, Pardon B, et al. Antimicrobial use in pigs, broilers and veal calves in Belgium[J]. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 2014, 83(5):215-224.
[25] Fraser R W, Williams N T, Powell L F, et al. Reducing campylobacter and salmonella infection:Two studies of the economic cost and attitude to adoption of on-farm biosecurity measures[J]. Zoonoses&Public Health, 2010, 57(7-8):109-115.
[26] Gunn G J, Hall M, Cooke R J, et al. Measuring and comparing constraints to improved biosecurity amongst UK farmers and veterinarians[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2007, 84(3):310-323.
[27] Laanen M, Maes D, Hendriksen C, et al. Pig, cattle and poultry farmers with a known interest in research have comparable perspectives on disease prevention and on-farm biosecurity[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2014, 115(1-2):1-9.
[28] Laanen M, Persoons D, Ribbens S, et al. Relationship between biosecurity and production/antimicrobial treatment characteristics in pig herds[J]. Veterinary Journal, 2013, 198(2):508-512.
[29] Landers T F, Cohen B, Wittum T E, et al. A review of antibiotic use in food animals:Perspective, policy, and potential[J]. Public Health Reports, 2012, 127(1):4-22.
[30] Levy S. Reduced antibiotic use in livestock:How denmark tackled resistance[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014, 122(6):160-165.
[31] Jones P J, Marier E A, Tranter R B, et al. Factors affecting dairy farmers'attitudes towards antimicrobial medicine usage in cattle in England and Wales[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 121(1-2):30-40.
[32] Postma M, Sj?lund M, Collineau L, et al. Assigning defined daily doses animal:A European multi-country experience for antimicrobial products authorized for usage in pigs[J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2015, 70(1):294-302.
[33] Postma M, Backhans A, Collineau L, et al. The biosecurity status and its associations with production and management characteristics in farrow-to-finish pig herds[J]. Animal, 2016, 10(3):478-489.
[34] Postma M, Vanderhaeghen W, Sarrazin S, et al. Reducing antimicrobial usage in pig production without jeopardizing production parameters[J]. Zoonoses&Public Health, 2017, 64(1):63-74.
[35] Rushton J. Anti-microbial use in animals:How to assess the trade-offs[J]. Zoonoses and Public Health, 2015, 62(S1):10-21.
[36] Ramirez C R, Harding A L, Forteguerri E B R, et al. Limited efficacy of antimicrobial metaphylaxis in finishing pigs:A randomized clinical trial[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 121(1-2):176-178.
[37] Rojogimeno C, Postma M, Dewulf J, et al. Farm-economic analysis of reducing antimicrobial use whilst adopting improved management strategies on farrow-to-finish pig farms[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 129:74-87.
[38] Ramsey D S L, O'Brien D J, Smith R W, et al. Management of on-farm risk to livestock from bovine tuberculosis in Michigan, USA,white-tailed deer:Predictions from a spatially-explicit stochastic model[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 134:26-38.
[39] Wei X, Lin W, Hennessy D A. Biosecurity and disease management in China's animal agriculture sector[J]. Food Policy, 2015(54):52-64.
(1)主要包括种用公鸡、雏鸡、育成鸡和产蛋鸡。
(2)净道:供健康畜禽周转、人员进出、运送饲料的专用通道。
(3)污道:供粪便和病死、淘汰出栏畜禽出场的专用通道。
(4)混合代场指养殖区域内饲养两个及两个以上代次动物,下同。
[2]秦占国.国内外兽药残留与动物源食品安全管理研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学, 2009.
[3]吴清民.兽医传染病学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2002.
[4]杨林,张淼洁,付雯,等.种猪场疫病净化综合防控措施[J].中国畜牧业, 2016(2):38-40.
[5]任庆海,胡东方,刘月月,等.某规模化猪场猪瘟和伪狂犬病净化的实施及成效分析[J].养猪, 2013(1):100-102.
[6]广西大学课题组.广西鸡育种公司实施国家禽白血病净化项目有成效[J].广西畜牧兽医, 2014(2):112.
[7]马斌.奶牛养殖场疫病控制效果观察[J].江西畜牧兽医杂志, 2007(1):26.
[8]孙贵.规模养羊场疫病控制效果观察[J].吉林畜牧兽医, 2008, 29(8):8-9.
[9]陈杖榴.兽医药理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2009.
[10]刘万利,齐永家,吴秀敏.养猪农户采用安全兽药行为的意愿分析——以四川为例[J].农业技术经济, 2007(1):80-87.
[11]浦华,白裕兵.养殖户违规用药行为影响因素研究[J].农业技术经济, 2014(3):40-48.
[12]吴秀敏.养猪户采用安全兽药的意愿及其影响因素——基于四川省养猪户的实证分析[J].中国农村经济, 2007(9):17-24.
[13]吴林海,谢旭燕.生猪养殖户认知特征与兽药使用行为的相关性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2015, 25(2):160-169.
[14]王瑜.养猪户的药物添加剂使用行为及其影响因素分析——基于江苏省542户农户的调查数据[J].农业技术经济, 2009(5):46-55.
[15]朱宁,秦富.畜禽养殖户兽药超标使用行为及其影响因素分析——以蛋鸡为例[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(23):7-11.
[16] Aarestrup F M. Veterinary drug usage and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin[J]. Basic&Clinical Pharmacology&Toxicology, 2005, 96(4):271-281.
[17] Anonymous. The U K five year antimicrobial resistance strategy 2013 to 2018[R]. UK, London:Department of Health, 2013.
[18] Anonymous. Reduced and responsible:Policy on the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals in the Netherlands[R]. Netherlands,Hague:Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2014.
[19] Anonymous. EC launches action plan to tackle antimicrobial resistance[J]. Veterinary Record, 2011, 169(22):565-566.
[20] Callens B, Persoons D, Maes D, et al. Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2012, 106(1):53-62.
[21] CorrégéI, Berthelot N, Badouard B, et al. Biosecurity, health control, farming conception and management factors:Impact on technical and economic performances[C]//Animal Hygiene and Sustainable Livestock Production. Proceedings of the Xvth International Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene, Vienna, Austria, 3-7 July. 2011.
[22] Erdem S, Dan R, Wossink A. Using best-worst scaling to explore perceptions of relative responsibility for ensuring food safety[J]. Food Policy, 2012, 37(6):661-670.
[23] Friedman D B, Kanwat C P, Headrick M L, et al. Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina:A pilot project on farmers'knowledge, attitudes and practices.[J]. Zoonoses&Public Health, 2010, 54(9-10):366-375.
[24] Filippitzi M E, Callens B, Pardon B, et al. Antimicrobial use in pigs, broilers and veal calves in Belgium[J]. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 2014, 83(5):215-224.
[25] Fraser R W, Williams N T, Powell L F, et al. Reducing campylobacter and salmonella infection:Two studies of the economic cost and attitude to adoption of on-farm biosecurity measures[J]. Zoonoses&Public Health, 2010, 57(7-8):109-115.
[26] Gunn G J, Hall M, Cooke R J, et al. Measuring and comparing constraints to improved biosecurity amongst UK farmers and veterinarians[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2007, 84(3):310-323.
[27] Laanen M, Maes D, Hendriksen C, et al. Pig, cattle and poultry farmers with a known interest in research have comparable perspectives on disease prevention and on-farm biosecurity[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2014, 115(1-2):1-9.
[28] Laanen M, Persoons D, Ribbens S, et al. Relationship between biosecurity and production/antimicrobial treatment characteristics in pig herds[J]. Veterinary Journal, 2013, 198(2):508-512.
[29] Landers T F, Cohen B, Wittum T E, et al. A review of antibiotic use in food animals:Perspective, policy, and potential[J]. Public Health Reports, 2012, 127(1):4-22.
[30] Levy S. Reduced antibiotic use in livestock:How denmark tackled resistance[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014, 122(6):160-165.
[31] Jones P J, Marier E A, Tranter R B, et al. Factors affecting dairy farmers'attitudes towards antimicrobial medicine usage in cattle in England and Wales[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 121(1-2):30-40.
[32] Postma M, Sj?lund M, Collineau L, et al. Assigning defined daily doses animal:A European multi-country experience for antimicrobial products authorized for usage in pigs[J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2015, 70(1):294-302.
[33] Postma M, Backhans A, Collineau L, et al. The biosecurity status and its associations with production and management characteristics in farrow-to-finish pig herds[J]. Animal, 2016, 10(3):478-489.
[34] Postma M, Vanderhaeghen W, Sarrazin S, et al. Reducing antimicrobial usage in pig production without jeopardizing production parameters[J]. Zoonoses&Public Health, 2017, 64(1):63-74.
[35] Rushton J. Anti-microbial use in animals:How to assess the trade-offs[J]. Zoonoses and Public Health, 2015, 62(S1):10-21.
[36] Ramirez C R, Harding A L, Forteguerri E B R, et al. Limited efficacy of antimicrobial metaphylaxis in finishing pigs:A randomized clinical trial[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 121(1-2):176-178.
[37] Rojogimeno C, Postma M, Dewulf J, et al. Farm-economic analysis of reducing antimicrobial use whilst adopting improved management strategies on farrow-to-finish pig farms[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 129:74-87.
[38] Ramsey D S L, O'Brien D J, Smith R W, et al. Management of on-farm risk to livestock from bovine tuberculosis in Michigan, USA,white-tailed deer:Predictions from a spatially-explicit stochastic model[J]. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 134:26-38.
[39] Wei X, Lin W, Hennessy D A. Biosecurity and disease management in China's animal agriculture sector[J]. Food Policy, 2015(54):52-64.
(1)主要包括种用公鸡、雏鸡、育成鸡和产蛋鸡。
(2)净道:供健康畜禽周转、人员进出、运送饲料的专用通道。
(3)污道:供粪便和病死、淘汰出栏畜禽出场的专用通道。
(4)混合代场指养殖区域内饲养两个及两个以上代次动物,下同。