烧结温度对铜-石墨复合材料性能的影响
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摘要
采用放电等离子烧结技术(SPS)制备铜基石墨复合材料,研究不同烧结温度对铜-石墨复合材料的致密度、维氏硬度、电导率和载流摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:在所制备的铜-石墨复合材料中,石墨均匀分布,铜与石墨界面结合紧密;随着烧结温度的升高,复合材料的致密度、维氏硬度和电导率均升高,但摩擦系数和磨损率均先减小后增大,其中烧结温度为780℃时,摩擦系数和磨损率同时达到最小值;同时,在设定的烧结温度范围内,载流效率和载流稳定性在很小的范围内波动。在设定工况下,载流摩擦损伤机理主要为磨粒磨损,烧结温度在780℃左右时摩擦损伤较轻,烧结温度超过780℃时所制备的材料,磨损时伴有严重电弧烧蚀现象。综合考虑,780℃为制备铜-石墨复合材料的最优烧结温度。
Copper-based graphite composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering(SPS), and effects of different sintering temperatures on relative density, Vickers hardness, electrical conductivity and current-carrying friction and wear properties of the copper-based graphite composites were studied. The results show that the graphite is uniformly distributed in the copper-graphite composite materials, and the interface between copper and graphite is tightly bonded. With the increase of sintering temperature, the relative density, Vickers hardness, and electrical conductivity of the composites increase, but the friction coefficient and wear rate decrease first and then increase. When the sintering temperature is 780 ℃, the friction coefficient and wear rate reach the minimum. Within the setting sintering temperature, the current-carrying efficiency and current-carrying stability fluctuate in a very small range. Under the setting condition, the wear mechanism of current-carrying friction is mainly abrasive wear. The friction damage of the copper-graphite composite materials is light when sintering temperature is about 780 ℃, and the material prepared above 780 ℃ is accompanied by serious arc ablation phenomenon. Therefore, the optimum sintering temperature of the copper-graphite composites is 780 ℃.
Copper-based graphite composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering(SPS), and effects of different sintering temperatures on relative density, Vickers hardness, electrical conductivity and current-carrying friction and wear properties of the copper-based graphite composites were studied. The results show that the graphite is uniformly distributed in the copper-graphite composite materials, and the interface between copper and graphite is tightly bonded. With the increase of sintering temperature, the relative density, Vickers hardness, and electrical conductivity of the composites increase, but the friction coefficient and wear rate decrease first and then increase. When the sintering temperature is 780 ℃, the friction coefficient and wear rate reach the minimum. Within the setting sintering temperature, the current-carrying efficiency and current-carrying stability fluctuate in a very small range. Under the setting condition, the wear mechanism of current-carrying friction is mainly abrasive wear. The friction damage of the copper-graphite composite materials is light when sintering temperature is about 780 ℃, and the material prepared above 780 ℃ is accompanied by serious arc ablation phenomenon. Therefore, the optimum sintering temperature of the copper-graphite composites is 780 ℃.
引文
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[2] He D H,Manory R R,Grady N.Wear of railway contact wires against current collector materials[J].Wear,1998,215(1):146-155.
[3] Jia S G,Liu P,Ren F Z,et al.Sliding wear behavior of copper alloy contact wire against copper-based strip for high-speed electrified railways[J].Wear,2007,262(7/8):772-777.
[4] Wang T G,Qin Q.Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and properties of Cu-based powder metallurgy brake material[J].Shanghai:Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2016,40(1):39-42.
[5] 苏忠亮.Cr2AlC/铜基复合材料的制备与性能研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2014.SU Zhong-liang.Preparation and properties of Cr2AlC/copper matrix composites[D].Xiamen:Xiamen University,2014.
[6] Babakhani A,Haerian A,Ghambri M.Effect of heat treatment,lubricant and sintering temperature on dry sliding wear behavior of medium alloyed chromium PM steels[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2008,204(1):192-198.
[7] 肖代红,刘彧,余永新,等.放电等离子烧结对TiB_2/AlCoCrFeNi复合材料组织与性能的影响[J].材料工程,2018,46(3):22-27.XIAO Dai-hong,LIU Yu,YU Yong-xin,et al.Effect of spark plasma sintering on microstructure and properties of TiB_2/AlCoCrFeNi composites[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2018,46(3):22-27.
[8] Park H Y,Choi J Y,Choi M K,et al.Effect of CuO on the sintering temperature and piezoelectric properties of (Na 0.5 K 0.5)NbO3,lead-free piezoelectric ceramics[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2008,91(7):2374-2377.
[9] 胡翠欣,张修庆,吕玉廷,等.放电等离子法制备SiC/Cu复合材料及其性能研究[J].热加工工艺,2013,42(6):117-121.HU Cui-xin,ZHANG Xiu-qing,Lü Yu-ting,et al.Preparation of SiC/Cu composite and its properties by spark plasma sintering[J].Hot Working Technology,2013,42(6):117-121.
[10] Lahiri I,Bhargava S.Compaction and sintering response of mechanically alloyed Cu-Cr powder[J].Powder Technology,2009,189(3):433-438.
[11] Zhou Y,Chen B,Wang X,et al.Mechanical properties of Ti3SiC2 particulate reinforced copper prepared by hot pressing of copper coated Ti3SiC2 and copper powder[J].Metal Science Journal,2004,20(5):661-665.
[12] Sharma S M,Anand A.Effect of speed on the tribological behavior of Fe-Cu-C based self lubricating composite[J].Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals,2018,71(4):883-891.
[13] 张爱军,韩杰胜,马文林,等.Nb-Si超高温材料的放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺研究[J].材料工程,2016,44(3):1-8.ZHANG Ai-jun,HAN Jie-sheng,MA Wen-lin,et al.Study on process of spark plasma sintering (SPS) of Nb-Si super-high temperature material[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2016,44(3):1-8.
[14] Bouchoucha A,Chekroud S,Paulmier D.Influence of the electrical sliding speed on friction and wear processes in an electrical contact copper-stainless steel[J].Applied Surface Science,2004,223(4):330-342.
[15] 黄培云.粉末冶金原理-2版[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997.
[16] Lu L,Chen X,Huang X,et al.Revealing the maximum strength in nanotwinned copper[J].Science,2009,323(5914):607-610.
[17] Senouci A,Frene J,Zaidi H.Wear mechanism in graphite-copper electrical sliding contact[J].Wear,1999,225(98):949-953.
[18] 温诗铸.摩擦学原理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2012.
[19] 牛晓彬.滑动摩擦条件下电弧对C/C复合材料载流摩擦磨损性能的影响[D].河南:河南科技大学,2016.NIU Xiao-bin.The arc effects on the current-carrying friction and wear properties of C/C composites by the sliding friction[D].Henan:Henan University of Science and Technology,2016.