利用不同插值方法对青藏高原降水稳定同位素空间分布分析
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摘要
利用稳定同位素大气环流模型模拟结果,借鉴数据同化的思想,运用Cressman插值法和最优插值法两种空间插值方法对青藏高原多年平均降水δ18O模拟结果进行客观订正,并运用交叉验证方法检验空间插值的效果.结果表明:最优插值法订正的结果稍优于Cressman插值法;对比订正结果与运用经验回归模型BW模拟结果表明,最优插值所建立的降水稳定同位素的空间分布结果要优于BW模型模拟结果,而Cressman插值方法订正的降水稳定同位素的空间分布结果与BW模型模拟的结果相当.两种空间插值所得结果经过高程订正后,对青藏高原南部的预测结果得到了明显改善.
The stable isotope( δ18O) on the Tibetan Plateau was interpolated by Cressman interpolation method and by optimum interpolation method after altitude correction. It is found that the performance of the optimum interpretation method is better than that of the Cressman interpretation method. Comprised with the results of regression model( BW model),the spatial distribution of δ18O interpolated by optimum interpretation method is also better. In the meanw hile,the δ18O spatial distribution on the southern Tibetan Plateau has been obviously improved through an altitude correction. How ever,the δ18O spatial distribution on the northern Tibetan Plateau has not been better after altitude correction.
The stable isotope( δ18O) on the Tibetan Plateau was interpolated by Cressman interpolation method and by optimum interpolation method after altitude correction. It is found that the performance of the optimum interpretation method is better than that of the Cressman interpretation method. Comprised with the results of regression model( BW model),the spatial distribution of δ18O interpolated by optimum interpretation method is also better. In the meanw hile,the δ18O spatial distribution on the southern Tibetan Plateau has been obviously improved through an altitude correction. How ever,the δ18O spatial distribution on the northern Tibetan Plateau has not been better after altitude correction.
引文
[1]Yao Tandong,Zhou Hang,Yang Xiaoxin.Indian monsoon influences altitude effect ofδ18O in precipitation/river w ater on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(16):2724-2731.[姚檀栋,周行,杨晓新.印度季风水汽对青藏高原降水和河水中δ18O高程递减率的影响[J].科学通报,2009,54(15):2124-2130.]
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[5]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Yu Wusheng,et al.Stable isotopes of precipitation and ice core on the Tibetan Plateau and moisture transports[J].Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2):146-152.[田立德,姚檀栋,余武生,等.青藏高原水汽输送与冰芯中稳定同位素记录[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(2):146-152.]
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[9]Liu Zhongfang,Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,et al.Temporal and spatial variations ofδ18O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(1):20-27.[刘忠方,田立德,姚檀栋,等.雅鲁藏布江流域河水中氧稳定同位素的时空变化[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(1):20-27.]
[10]Sjolte J,Hoffmann G,Johnsen J S,et al.Modeling the water isotopes in Greenland precipitation 1959-2001 w ith the mesoscale model REM O-iso[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(D18105).doi:10.1029/2010JD015287.
[11]Bowen G J,Wilkinson B H.Spatial distribution ofδ18O in meteoric precipitation[J].Geology,2002,30(4):315-318.
[12]Yang Junhua,Qin Xiang,Wu Jinkui,et al.The application of modified BW method in studying spatial distribution ofδ18O in precipitation over China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1430-1439.[杨俊华,秦翔,吴锦奎,等.修正BW方法在中国大气降水δ18O空间分布研究中的应用[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1430-1439.]
[13]Liu Zhongfang,Tian Lide,Yao Tan Dong,et al.Spatial distribution ofδ18O in precipitation over China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(6):804-811.[刘忠方,田立德,姚檀栋,等.中国大气降水中δ18O的空间分布[J].科学通报,2009,54(6):804-811.]
[14]Yao Tandong,Sun Weizhen,Pu Jianchen,et al.Characteristics of stable isotope in precipitation in the Inland Area[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2000,22(1):15-22.[姚檀栋,孙维贞,蒲健辰,等.内陆河流域系统降水中的稳定同位素研究[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(1):15-22.]
[15]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Sun Weizhen,et al.The effect of snow storm in the south of Himalayas onδ18O in ice core record[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2001,59(4):509-512.[田立德,姚檀栋,孙维贞,等.喜马拉雅山南坡冬季暴雪对高原南部冰芯中稳定同位素记录的影响[J].气象学报,2001,59(4):509-512.]
[16]Gong Tongliang,Tian Lide,Liu Dongnian,et al,A preliminary study of stable isotope cycle processes in lake w ater in the Yamzho Lake basin[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(6):914-920.[巩同梁,田立德,刘东年,等.羊卓雍湖流域湖水稳定同位素循环过程研究[J].冰川冻土2007,29(6):914-920.]
[17]Yao Tandong,Li Zexia,Thompson L G,et al.δ18O records from Tibetan ice cores reveal differences in climatic changes[J].Annals of Glaciology,2006 43(1):1-7.
[18]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Schuster P F,et al.Oxygen-18 concentrations in recent precipitation and ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D9).doi:10.1029/2002JD002173.
[19]Risi C,Bony S,Vimeux F,et al.Understanding the Sahelian w ater budget through the isotopic composition of w ater vapor and precipitation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(D24).doi:10.1029/2010JD014690.
[20]Gao Jing,Masson-Delmotte V,Yao Tandong,et al.Precipitation w ater stable isotopes in the south Tibetan Plateau:Observations and modeling[J].Journal of Climate,2011,24(13):3161-3178.
[21]Werner M,Langebroek P M,Carlsen T,et al.Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model:Tow ard highresolution isotope modeling on a global scale[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(D15).doi:10.1029/2011JD015681.
[22]Sturm C,Vimeux F,Krinner G.Intraseasonal variability in South America recorded in stable w ater isotopes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(D20).doi:10.1029/2006JD008298.
[23]Cressman G P.An operational objective analysis system[J].Weather Bureau,1959,87(10):367-374.
[24]Han Mei,Wei Liang.Study on data assimilation of ocean temperature based on the optimum interpolation method[J].Ocean Technology,2008,27(4):90-92.[韩梅,魏亮.最优插值法在海温数据同化中的应用研究[J].海洋技术,2008,27(4):90-92.]
[25]Pan Yaozhong,Gong Daoyi,Deng Lei,et al.Smart distance searching-based and DEM-informed interpolation of surface air temperature in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(3):366-374.[潘耀忠,龚道溢,邓磊,等.2004.基于DEM的中国陆地多年平均温度插值方法[J].地理学报,2004,59(3):366-374.]
[26]Zhang Xinping,Guan Huade,Zhang Xinzhu,et al.Simulation ofδ18O in atmospheric vapour and precipitation in Changsha station,East Asia monsoon regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):249-257.[章新平,关华德,张新主,等.季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的模拟[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):249-257.]
[27]Zhu Meilin,Yao Tandong,Yang Wei,et al.Ice volume and characteristics of sub-glacial topography of the Zhadang Glacier,Nyainqêntanglha Range[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):268-277.[朱美林,姚檀栋,杨威,等.念青唐古拉山扎当冰川冰储量估算及冰下地形特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):268-277.]
[28]Zhu Dayun,Tian Lide,Wang Jianli,et al.The Qiangtang Glacier No.1 in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau:Depth sounded by using GPR and volume estimated[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):278-285.[朱大运,田立德,王建力,等.青藏高原中部双湖羌塘1号冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):278-285.]
[29]Shen Yong Ping,Wang Guoya.Key findings and assessment results of IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(5):1068-1076.[沈永平,王国亚.IPCC第一工作组第五次评估报告对全球气候变化认知的最新科学要点[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(5):1068-1076.]
[2]Dansgaard W.Stable isotope in precipitation[J].Tellus,1964,16(4):436-468.
[3]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Shen Yongping,et al.Study on stable isotope in river w ater and precipitation in Naqu River basin,Tibetan Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(2):206-210.[田立德,姚檀栋,沈永平,等.青藏高原那曲河流域降水及河流水体中氧稳定同位素研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(2):206-210.]
[4]Yao Tandong,Qin Dahe,Xu Baiqing,et al.Temperature change over the past millennium recorded in ice core from the Tibetan Plateau[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2006,2(3):99-103.[姚檀栋,秦大河,徐柏青,等.冰芯记录的过去1 000 a青藏高原温度变化[J].气候变化研究进展,2006,2(3):99-103.]
[5]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Yu Wusheng,et al.Stable isotopes of precipitation and ice core on the Tibetan Plateau and moisture transports[J].Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2):146-152.[田立德,姚檀栋,余武生,等.青藏高原水汽输送与冰芯中稳定同位素记录[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(2):146-152.]
[6]Li Zexia,Yao Tandong,Tian Lide,et al.Variation ofδ18O in precipitation in annual timescale w ith moisture transport in Delingha region[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(5):330-334.[李泽霞,姚檀栋,田立德,等.2006.德令哈降水中δ18O年际变化与水汽输送[J].地学前缘,2006,13(5):330-334.]
[7]Liu Jianrong,Song Xianfang,Yuan Guofu,et al.Characteristics ofδ18O in precipitation over Northw est China and its w ater vapor sources[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(1):12-22.[柳鉴容,宋献方,袁国富,等.西北地区大气降水的δ18O特征及水汽来源[J].地理学报,2008,63(1):12-22.]
[8]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Sun Weizhen,et al.Study on stable isotope fractionation during w ater evaporation in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2000,22(2):159-164[田立德,姚檀栋,孙维贞,等.青藏高原中部水蒸发过程中的氧稳定同位素变化.冰川冻土,2000,22(2):159-164.]
[9]Liu Zhongfang,Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,et al.Temporal and spatial variations ofδ18O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(1):20-27.[刘忠方,田立德,姚檀栋,等.雅鲁藏布江流域河水中氧稳定同位素的时空变化[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(1):20-27.]
[10]Sjolte J,Hoffmann G,Johnsen J S,et al.Modeling the water isotopes in Greenland precipitation 1959-2001 w ith the mesoscale model REM O-iso[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(D18105).doi:10.1029/2010JD015287.
[11]Bowen G J,Wilkinson B H.Spatial distribution ofδ18O in meteoric precipitation[J].Geology,2002,30(4):315-318.
[12]Yang Junhua,Qin Xiang,Wu Jinkui,et al.The application of modified BW method in studying spatial distribution ofδ18O in precipitation over China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1430-1439.[杨俊华,秦翔,吴锦奎,等.修正BW方法在中国大气降水δ18O空间分布研究中的应用[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1430-1439.]
[13]Liu Zhongfang,Tian Lide,Yao Tan Dong,et al.Spatial distribution ofδ18O in precipitation over China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(6):804-811.[刘忠方,田立德,姚檀栋,等.中国大气降水中δ18O的空间分布[J].科学通报,2009,54(6):804-811.]
[14]Yao Tandong,Sun Weizhen,Pu Jianchen,et al.Characteristics of stable isotope in precipitation in the Inland Area[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2000,22(1):15-22.[姚檀栋,孙维贞,蒲健辰,等.内陆河流域系统降水中的稳定同位素研究[J].冰川冻土,2000,22(1):15-22.]
[15]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Sun Weizhen,et al.The effect of snow storm in the south of Himalayas onδ18O in ice core record[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2001,59(4):509-512.[田立德,姚檀栋,孙维贞,等.喜马拉雅山南坡冬季暴雪对高原南部冰芯中稳定同位素记录的影响[J].气象学报,2001,59(4):509-512.]
[16]Gong Tongliang,Tian Lide,Liu Dongnian,et al,A preliminary study of stable isotope cycle processes in lake w ater in the Yamzho Lake basin[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(6):914-920.[巩同梁,田立德,刘东年,等.羊卓雍湖流域湖水稳定同位素循环过程研究[J].冰川冻土2007,29(6):914-920.]
[17]Yao Tandong,Li Zexia,Thompson L G,et al.δ18O records from Tibetan ice cores reveal differences in climatic changes[J].Annals of Glaciology,2006 43(1):1-7.
[18]Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Schuster P F,et al.Oxygen-18 concentrations in recent precipitation and ice cores on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D9).doi:10.1029/2002JD002173.
[19]Risi C,Bony S,Vimeux F,et al.Understanding the Sahelian w ater budget through the isotopic composition of w ater vapor and precipitation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(D24).doi:10.1029/2010JD014690.
[20]Gao Jing,Masson-Delmotte V,Yao Tandong,et al.Precipitation w ater stable isotopes in the south Tibetan Plateau:Observations and modeling[J].Journal of Climate,2011,24(13):3161-3178.
[21]Werner M,Langebroek P M,Carlsen T,et al.Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model:Tow ard highresolution isotope modeling on a global scale[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(D15).doi:10.1029/2011JD015681.
[22]Sturm C,Vimeux F,Krinner G.Intraseasonal variability in South America recorded in stable w ater isotopes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112(D20).doi:10.1029/2006JD008298.
[23]Cressman G P.An operational objective analysis system[J].Weather Bureau,1959,87(10):367-374.
[24]Han Mei,Wei Liang.Study on data assimilation of ocean temperature based on the optimum interpolation method[J].Ocean Technology,2008,27(4):90-92.[韩梅,魏亮.最优插值法在海温数据同化中的应用研究[J].海洋技术,2008,27(4):90-92.]
[25]Pan Yaozhong,Gong Daoyi,Deng Lei,et al.Smart distance searching-based and DEM-informed interpolation of surface air temperature in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(3):366-374.[潘耀忠,龚道溢,邓磊,等.2004.基于DEM的中国陆地多年平均温度插值方法[J].地理学报,2004,59(3):366-374.]
[26]Zhang Xinping,Guan Huade,Zhang Xinzhu,et al.Simulation ofδ18O in atmospheric vapour and precipitation in Changsha station,East Asia monsoon regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):249-257.[章新平,关华德,张新主,等.季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的模拟[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):249-257.]
[27]Zhu Meilin,Yao Tandong,Yang Wei,et al.Ice volume and characteristics of sub-glacial topography of the Zhadang Glacier,Nyainqêntanglha Range[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):268-277.[朱美林,姚檀栋,杨威,等.念青唐古拉山扎当冰川冰储量估算及冰下地形特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):268-277.]
[28]Zhu Dayun,Tian Lide,Wang Jianli,et al.The Qiangtang Glacier No.1 in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau:Depth sounded by using GPR and volume estimated[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):278-285.[朱大运,田立德,王建力,等.青藏高原中部双湖羌塘1号冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):278-285.]
[29]Shen Yong Ping,Wang Guoya.Key findings and assessment results of IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(5):1068-1076.[沈永平,王国亚.IPCC第一工作组第五次评估报告对全球气候变化认知的最新科学要点[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(5):1068-1076.]