系统工程视野下的再生水饮用回用安全保障体系构建
|
摘要
再生水是就地可取、稳定可靠的城市第二水源.再生水饮用回用(补充水源)技术经济性可行,是解决城市缺水问题的重要途径和构建可持续水循环系统的重要组成部分.作为具有复杂系统特征的非传统供水工程,再生水饮用回用的关键是保障水质安全稳定和系统可靠高效运行,因此需要构建包括水质安全管理、健康风险评价和多重屏障工程措施在内的安全保障体系.水质安全管理方面需建设包括制订科学的饮用回用水质标准和再生水处理工艺要求,建立针对再生水处理工艺和饮用回用全系统的危害分析关键控制点管理(HACCP)体系,并加强水质安全监管和认证.健康风险评价方面需开展全方位、统筹性和持续性的化学污染物和微生物风险评价方法.工程措施方面需建设包括源头控制、再生水厂净化、环境缓冲和饮用水厂净化在内的多重屏障系统,以确保水质安全.在多重屏障系统中,再生水厂是保障饮用回用水质安全的核心环节,"反渗透-高级氧化"和"臭氧-生物活性炭"是再生水处理的可行工艺.今后需深入、持续开展新兴高风险污染物控制技术、再生水环境储存和饮用回用模式等方面的研究.
Reclaimed water is considered to be a stable and easily accessible nontraditional water source in urban areas. Potable reuse of reclaimed water is technologically and economically feasible,making it an important approach to relieve water shortage problem and the key part of sustainable water recycling system in a city. As an unconventional water supply project with the characteristics of complex system,the core goals of potable reuse are to guarantee the security and stability of water quality and to achieve high reliability and efficiency of the system. Therefore,it is necessary to build a security guarantee system for water quality,including water safety management,health risk assessment and multiple-barrier system. Water safety management requires to issue the scientific criteria for water quality and wastewater treatment processes,to build the hazard analysis critical control point system of wastewater treatment and potablereuse system,and to enhance the supervision and authentication of water safety. Health risk assessment needs a holistic and systematic long term study on chemicals risk assessment and microorganisms risk assessment. As for engineering measures,it is important to build a multiple-barrier system containing source control,reclaimed water treatment,environmental buffer and drinking water treatment to guarantee the water safety. Among the multiple barriers,reclaimed water treatment is the core unit,and reverse osmosis/advanced oxidation and ozonation/biological activated carbon are feasible treatment processes for potable reuse. Furthermore,a deep and long term study on emerging pollutants control,environmental storage and potable reuse mode is needed in the future.
Reclaimed water is considered to be a stable and easily accessible nontraditional water source in urban areas. Potable reuse of reclaimed water is technologically and economically feasible,making it an important approach to relieve water shortage problem and the key part of sustainable water recycling system in a city. As an unconventional water supply project with the characteristics of complex system,the core goals of potable reuse are to guarantee the security and stability of water quality and to achieve high reliability and efficiency of the system. Therefore,it is necessary to build a security guarantee system for water quality,including water safety management,health risk assessment and multiple-barrier system. Water safety management requires to issue the scientific criteria for water quality and wastewater treatment processes,to build the hazard analysis critical control point system of wastewater treatment and potablereuse system,and to enhance the supervision and authentication of water safety. Health risk assessment needs a holistic and systematic long term study on chemicals risk assessment and microorganisms risk assessment. As for engineering measures,it is important to build a multiple-barrier system containing source control,reclaimed water treatment,environmental buffer and drinking water treatment to guarantee the water safety. Among the multiple barriers,reclaimed water treatment is the core unit,and reverse osmosis/advanced oxidation and ozonation/biological activated carbon are feasible treatment processes for potable reuse. Furthermore,a deep and long term study on emerging pollutants control,environmental storage and potable reuse mode is needed in the future.
引文
[1]胡洪营.再生水水质安全评价与保障原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[2]杨扬,胡洪营,陆韵,等.再生水补充饮用水的水质要求及处理工艺发展趋势[J].给水排水,2012,38(10):119-122.
[3]National Research Council(U.S.).Committee on the assessment of water reuse as an approach for meeting future water supply needs.water reuse:potential for expanding the nation's water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater[M].Washington DC:National Academies Press,2012.
[4]National Research Council(U.S.).Committee to evaluate the viability of augmenting potable water supplies with reclaimed water.Issues in potable reuse:the viability of augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water[M].Washington DC:National Academies Press,1998.
[5]ZHAO Xin,HUANG Huang,HU Hongying,et al.Increase of microbial growth potential in municipal secondary effluent by coagulation[J].Chemosphere,2014,109:14-19.
[6]YANG Xin,PENG Jinfeng,CHEN Baiyang,et al.Effects of ozone and ozone/peroxide pretreatments on disinfection byproduct formation during subsequent chlorination and chloramination[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,239/240(18):348-354.
[7]成思危.复杂科学与系统工程[J].管理科学学报,1999(2):1-7.
[8]World Health Organization.Potable reuse:guidance for producing safe drinking-water[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2003.
[9]Environmental Protection Agency(U.S.).Guidelines for water reuse[R].Washington DC:US EPA Office of Research and Development,EPA/600/R-12/618,2012.
[10]CROOK J,BULL R,COLLINS H F,et al.Examining the criteria for direct potable reuse:recommendations of an NWRI independent advisory panel[M].Alexandria,VA:WateReuse Research Foundation,2013.
[11]ALDERSON M P,SANTOS A B,FILHO C R M.Reliability analysis of low-cost,full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plants for reuse in aquaculture and agriculture[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,82:6-14.
[12]PECSON B M,TRUSSELL R S,PISARENKO A N,et al.Achieving reliability in potable reuse:the four Rs[J].Journal American Water Works Association,2015,107(3):48-58.
[13]任慕华,张光明,彭猛.中美两国城镇污水排放标准对比分析[J].环境保护,2016,44(2):68-70.REN Muhua,ZHANG Guangming,PENG Meng.Comparative analysis of discharge standards of Sino-US urban sewage[J].Environmental Protection,2016,44(2):68-70.
[14]YANG Yang,LU Yun,WU Qianyuan,et al.Evidence of ATP assay as an appropriate alternative of MTT assay for cytotoxicity of secondary effluents from WWTPs[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2015,122:490-496.
[15]DU Ye,WU Qianyuan,LU Yun,et al.Increase of cytotoxicity during wastewater chlorination:impact factors and surrogates[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,324:681-690.
[16]胡洪营,吴乾元,黄晶晶,等.城市污水再生利用面临的重要科学问题与技术需求[J].建设科技,2010(3):33-35.
[17]ZHAO Xin,HU Hongying,YU Tong,et al.Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(11):2190-2197.
[18]姜晓华,汤芳,孙丽娟,等.基于HACCP原理的再生水粪大肠菌安全控制管理研究[J].中国给水排水,2015(14):7-11.JIANG Xiaohua,TANG Fang,SUN Lijuan,et al.Control of fecal coliform in reclaimed water based on HACCP principles[J].China Water&Wastewater,2015(14):7-11.
[19]DEWETTINCK T,VAN H E,GEENENS D,et al.HACCP(hazard analysis and critical control points)to guarantee safe water reuse and drinking water production-a case study[J].Water Science&Technology,2001,43(12):31-38.
[20]AERTGEERTS R,ANGLEAKIS A.Health risks in aquifer recharge using reclaimed water:state of the art report[M].Copenhagen,Denmark:World Health Organization,2003.
[21]GORCHEV H G,OZOLINS G.WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality[J].WHO Chronicle,1984,38(3):104.
[22]孙傅,陈吉宁,董欣.城市排水领域应用HACCP体系的研究与实践进展[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(2):1-4.SUN Fu,CHEN Jining,DONG Xin.Progress in research and practice of application of HACCP system to urban sewerage system[J].China Water&Wastewater,2007,23(2):1-4.
[23]REIMERS I.Class A approval process for the Wodonga water recycling scheme[C]//Proceedings of the 67thAnnual Water Industry Engineers and Operators'Conference.Wodonga:Water Industry Operators Association of Australia Incorporated(WIOA),2004.
[24]NRMMC,EPHC,NHMRC.Australian guidelines for water recycling:augmentation of drinking water supplies(Phase 2)[M].Canberra,Australia:Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council,Environment Protection and Heritage Council and the National Health Medical Research Council,2008.
[25]World Health Organization.Guidelines for drinking water quality,4thedition incorporating the first addendum[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2017.
[26]朱翔.N-亚硝胺的UPLC-MS/MS检测方法建立及强化混凝对城市污水厂二沉池出水中N-亚硝胺生成势的影响[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2014.
[27]FOWLE J R,DEARFIELD K L.Risk characterization handbook.Science Policy Council[R].Washington DC:US EPA,2000.
[28]VALENTIN J.Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection:reference values[R].Ottawa:The International Commission on Radiological Protection,1989:1-277.
[29]TRAVES W H,GARDNER E A,DENNIEN B,et al.Towards indirect potable reuse in south east Queensland[J].Water Science and Technology,2008,58(1):153-161.
[30]TCHOBANOGLOUS G,COTRUVO J,CROOK J,et al.Framework for direct potable reuse[R].Sacramento,CA,USA:Wate Reuse Research Foundation,2015.
[31]TERNES T A,JOSS A.Human pharmaceuticals,hormones and fragrances:the challenge of micropollutants in urban water management[M].London:IWA Publishing,2006.
[32]胡洪营,石磊,许春华,等.区域水资源介循环利用模式:概念·结构·特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(6):839-847.HU Hongying,SHI Lei,XU Chunhua,et al.Water meta-cycle for regional water sustainable management:concept,system structure and advantages[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(6):839-847.
[33]曲久辉,赵进才,任南琪,等.城市污水再生与循环利用的关键基础科学问题[J].中国基础科学,2017,19(1):6-12.QU Jiuhui,ZHAO Jincai,REN Nanqi,et al.Critical Fundamental Scientific Problems in Reclamation and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater[J].China Basic Science,2017,19(1):6-12.
[34]MA Xiaoyan,WANG Xioachang,WANG Donghong,et al.Function of a landscape lake in the reduction of biotoxicity related to trace organic chemicals from reclaimed water[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,318:663-670.
[35]DU Ye,ZHANG Xue,LI Chao,et al.Transformation of DON in reclaimed water under solar light irradiation leads to decreased haloacetamide formation potential during chloramination[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,340:319.
[36]WU Qianyuan,LI Chao,DU Ye,et al.Elimination of disinfection byproduct formation potential in reclaimed water during solar light irradiation[J].Water Research,2016,95:260-267.
[37]LEVERENZ H L,TCHOBANOGLOUS G,ASANO T.Direct potable reuse:a future imperative[J].Journal of Water Reuse&Desalination,2011,1(1):2-10.
[38]GERRITY D,PECSON B,TRUSSELL R S,et al.Potable reuse treatment trains throughout the world[J].Journal of Water Supply:Research and Technology-AQUA,2013,62(6):321-338.
[39]郭瑾,王淑莹.国内外再生水补给水源的实际应用与进展[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(6):10-14.GUO Jin,WANG Shuying.Practical application and development of surface and underground water sources recharged with reclaimed water[J].China Water&Wastewater,2007,23(6):10-14.
[40]黄韬.NEWater:新加坡人的新生水[J].环境,2010(8):42-44.
[41]VAN HOUTTE E.Effluent reuse for drinking water production[R].Budapest:WHO Expert Consultation on Health Risks in Aquifer Recharge by Recycled Water,2001:9-10.
[42]DU PISANI P L.Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab reclamation plant[J].Desalination,2006,188(1/2/3):79-88.
[2]杨扬,胡洪营,陆韵,等.再生水补充饮用水的水质要求及处理工艺发展趋势[J].给水排水,2012,38(10):119-122.
[3]National Research Council(U.S.).Committee on the assessment of water reuse as an approach for meeting future water supply needs.water reuse:potential for expanding the nation's water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater[M].Washington DC:National Academies Press,2012.
[4]National Research Council(U.S.).Committee to evaluate the viability of augmenting potable water supplies with reclaimed water.Issues in potable reuse:the viability of augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water[M].Washington DC:National Academies Press,1998.
[5]ZHAO Xin,HUANG Huang,HU Hongying,et al.Increase of microbial growth potential in municipal secondary effluent by coagulation[J].Chemosphere,2014,109:14-19.
[6]YANG Xin,PENG Jinfeng,CHEN Baiyang,et al.Effects of ozone and ozone/peroxide pretreatments on disinfection byproduct formation during subsequent chlorination and chloramination[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,239/240(18):348-354.
[7]成思危.复杂科学与系统工程[J].管理科学学报,1999(2):1-7.
[8]World Health Organization.Potable reuse:guidance for producing safe drinking-water[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2003.
[9]Environmental Protection Agency(U.S.).Guidelines for water reuse[R].Washington DC:US EPA Office of Research and Development,EPA/600/R-12/618,2012.
[10]CROOK J,BULL R,COLLINS H F,et al.Examining the criteria for direct potable reuse:recommendations of an NWRI independent advisory panel[M].Alexandria,VA:WateReuse Research Foundation,2013.
[11]ALDERSON M P,SANTOS A B,FILHO C R M.Reliability analysis of low-cost,full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plants for reuse in aquaculture and agriculture[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,82:6-14.
[12]PECSON B M,TRUSSELL R S,PISARENKO A N,et al.Achieving reliability in potable reuse:the four Rs[J].Journal American Water Works Association,2015,107(3):48-58.
[13]任慕华,张光明,彭猛.中美两国城镇污水排放标准对比分析[J].环境保护,2016,44(2):68-70.REN Muhua,ZHANG Guangming,PENG Meng.Comparative analysis of discharge standards of Sino-US urban sewage[J].Environmental Protection,2016,44(2):68-70.
[14]YANG Yang,LU Yun,WU Qianyuan,et al.Evidence of ATP assay as an appropriate alternative of MTT assay for cytotoxicity of secondary effluents from WWTPs[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2015,122:490-496.
[15]DU Ye,WU Qianyuan,LU Yun,et al.Increase of cytotoxicity during wastewater chlorination:impact factors and surrogates[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,324:681-690.
[16]胡洪营,吴乾元,黄晶晶,等.城市污水再生利用面临的重要科学问题与技术需求[J].建设科技,2010(3):33-35.
[17]ZHAO Xin,HU Hongying,YU Tong,et al.Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(11):2190-2197.
[18]姜晓华,汤芳,孙丽娟,等.基于HACCP原理的再生水粪大肠菌安全控制管理研究[J].中国给水排水,2015(14):7-11.JIANG Xiaohua,TANG Fang,SUN Lijuan,et al.Control of fecal coliform in reclaimed water based on HACCP principles[J].China Water&Wastewater,2015(14):7-11.
[19]DEWETTINCK T,VAN H E,GEENENS D,et al.HACCP(hazard analysis and critical control points)to guarantee safe water reuse and drinking water production-a case study[J].Water Science&Technology,2001,43(12):31-38.
[20]AERTGEERTS R,ANGLEAKIS A.Health risks in aquifer recharge using reclaimed water:state of the art report[M].Copenhagen,Denmark:World Health Organization,2003.
[21]GORCHEV H G,OZOLINS G.WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality[J].WHO Chronicle,1984,38(3):104.
[22]孙傅,陈吉宁,董欣.城市排水领域应用HACCP体系的研究与实践进展[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(2):1-4.SUN Fu,CHEN Jining,DONG Xin.Progress in research and practice of application of HACCP system to urban sewerage system[J].China Water&Wastewater,2007,23(2):1-4.
[23]REIMERS I.Class A approval process for the Wodonga water recycling scheme[C]//Proceedings of the 67thAnnual Water Industry Engineers and Operators'Conference.Wodonga:Water Industry Operators Association of Australia Incorporated(WIOA),2004.
[24]NRMMC,EPHC,NHMRC.Australian guidelines for water recycling:augmentation of drinking water supplies(Phase 2)[M].Canberra,Australia:Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council,Environment Protection and Heritage Council and the National Health Medical Research Council,2008.
[25]World Health Organization.Guidelines for drinking water quality,4thedition incorporating the first addendum[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2017.
[26]朱翔.N-亚硝胺的UPLC-MS/MS检测方法建立及强化混凝对城市污水厂二沉池出水中N-亚硝胺生成势的影响[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2014.
[27]FOWLE J R,DEARFIELD K L.Risk characterization handbook.Science Policy Council[R].Washington DC:US EPA,2000.
[28]VALENTIN J.Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection:reference values[R].Ottawa:The International Commission on Radiological Protection,1989:1-277.
[29]TRAVES W H,GARDNER E A,DENNIEN B,et al.Towards indirect potable reuse in south east Queensland[J].Water Science and Technology,2008,58(1):153-161.
[30]TCHOBANOGLOUS G,COTRUVO J,CROOK J,et al.Framework for direct potable reuse[R].Sacramento,CA,USA:Wate Reuse Research Foundation,2015.
[31]TERNES T A,JOSS A.Human pharmaceuticals,hormones and fragrances:the challenge of micropollutants in urban water management[M].London:IWA Publishing,2006.
[32]胡洪营,石磊,许春华,等.区域水资源介循环利用模式:概念·结构·特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(6):839-847.HU Hongying,SHI Lei,XU Chunhua,et al.Water meta-cycle for regional water sustainable management:concept,system structure and advantages[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(6):839-847.
[33]曲久辉,赵进才,任南琪,等.城市污水再生与循环利用的关键基础科学问题[J].中国基础科学,2017,19(1):6-12.QU Jiuhui,ZHAO Jincai,REN Nanqi,et al.Critical Fundamental Scientific Problems in Reclamation and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater[J].China Basic Science,2017,19(1):6-12.
[34]MA Xiaoyan,WANG Xioachang,WANG Donghong,et al.Function of a landscape lake in the reduction of biotoxicity related to trace organic chemicals from reclaimed water[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,318:663-670.
[35]DU Ye,ZHANG Xue,LI Chao,et al.Transformation of DON in reclaimed water under solar light irradiation leads to decreased haloacetamide formation potential during chloramination[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,340:319.
[36]WU Qianyuan,LI Chao,DU Ye,et al.Elimination of disinfection byproduct formation potential in reclaimed water during solar light irradiation[J].Water Research,2016,95:260-267.
[37]LEVERENZ H L,TCHOBANOGLOUS G,ASANO T.Direct potable reuse:a future imperative[J].Journal of Water Reuse&Desalination,2011,1(1):2-10.
[38]GERRITY D,PECSON B,TRUSSELL R S,et al.Potable reuse treatment trains throughout the world[J].Journal of Water Supply:Research and Technology-AQUA,2013,62(6):321-338.
[39]郭瑾,王淑莹.国内外再生水补给水源的实际应用与进展[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(6):10-14.GUO Jin,WANG Shuying.Practical application and development of surface and underground water sources recharged with reclaimed water[J].China Water&Wastewater,2007,23(6):10-14.
[40]黄韬.NEWater:新加坡人的新生水[J].环境,2010(8):42-44.
[41]VAN HOUTTE E.Effluent reuse for drinking water production[R].Budapest:WHO Expert Consultation on Health Risks in Aquifer Recharge by Recycled Water,2001:9-10.
[42]DU PISANI P L.Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab reclamation plant[J].Desalination,2006,188(1/2/3):79-88.