改革开放以来我国科技人才队伍建设的实践与展望
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摘要
科技人才是建设创新型国家的关键人才资源。本文采取文献综述法,研究了改革开放以来我国科技人才队伍建设的实践历程和特征,分析了我国科技人才队伍建设体系。我国科技人才队伍建设经历了恢复调适、初步建立、深入推进、全面建设等四个阶段;通过引进计划、培养方式、评价与激励方式构建了科技人才队伍建设体系。我国实行了以"百人计划"、"千人计划"以及"长江学者"为主的科技人才引进计划;我国通过高校教学、科研项目、博士后工作站、博士后流动站及产学研联合培养等方式持续培育科技人才。经过摸索实践,我国人才评价体系在原则、方式及标准上日趋完善,采取长期激励、精神激励与物质激励相结合的方式激发科技人员创新活动的积极性。最后总结研究结论,对科技人才队伍建设的未来提出新的展望。
Scientific and technological talent is the key talent resource to build an innovative country. By the method of literature review, this paper studies the practice process and characteristics of building of talents team since the reform and opening-up, and analyzes the construction system of scientific and technological talent team. The construction of scientific and technological talent team in China has gone through four stages, including restoration and adjustment, preliminary establishment, in-depth promotion and comprehensive construction. The construction system of talent team is composed of introduction plan, training mode, evaluation and incentive method. China has implemented many plans for introducing talents, such as "Thousands of People Plan", "Hundred Talents Program" and "Chang Jiang Scholars Program". By the university teaching, the scientific research project, the postdoctoral work station, the postdoctoral mobile station and the industry, the university and the research union training and other ways scientific and technological talents are cultivated continuously.Through exploration and practice, the evaluation system in China has been gradually perfected in principles, methods and standards, and it gradually uses the combination of long-term incentive, spiritual incentive and material incentive to stimulate the enthusiasm of scientific and technological personnel for innovation activities. Finally, this paper summarizes the research results and puts forward a new prospect for the future construction of scientific and technological talents team.
Scientific and technological talent is the key talent resource to build an innovative country. By the method of literature review, this paper studies the practice process and characteristics of building of talents team since the reform and opening-up, and analyzes the construction system of scientific and technological talent team. The construction of scientific and technological talent team in China has gone through four stages, including restoration and adjustment, preliminary establishment, in-depth promotion and comprehensive construction. The construction system of talent team is composed of introduction plan, training mode, evaluation and incentive method. China has implemented many plans for introducing talents, such as "Thousands of People Plan", "Hundred Talents Program" and "Chang Jiang Scholars Program". By the university teaching, the scientific research project, the postdoctoral work station, the postdoctoral mobile station and the industry, the university and the research union training and other ways scientific and technological talents are cultivated continuously.Through exploration and practice, the evaluation system in China has been gradually perfected in principles, methods and standards, and it gradually uses the combination of long-term incentive, spiritual incentive and material incentive to stimulate the enthusiasm of scientific and technological personnel for innovation activities. Finally, this paper summarizes the research results and puts forward a new prospect for the future construction of scientific and technological talents team.
引文
1.陈建武,张向前.(2015).适应创新驱动的中美科技人才发展协同机制研究.科技进步与对策,32(19),148-152.
2.刁青云,谢文闻,姜秋玲,吴杰.(2008).国家自然科学基金项目与我国蜂业人才培养.科研管理,29(S1),45-46.
3.杜雅文,吴铭,万晶.(2010).深交所博士后工作站十年历程不凡.中国证券报,(09),04-12.
4.樊磊.(2018).省级农业科研院所青年科技人才培养体系构建--以江苏省农业科学院为例,农业科技管理,37(05),81-86.
5.龚磊、孙志勇.(2018).企业青年科技人才的发掘与培养,企业改革与管理,9(5),67-68.
6.方先堃,张晓丽.(2009).改革开放初期我国科技人才政策浅探.产业与科技论坛,8(04),45-46.
7.高子平.(2017).海外高层次科技人才流动与集聚问题研究.上海:上海社会科学院出版社.
8.孔德议,张向前.(2015).我国“十三五”期间适应创新驱动的科技人才激励机制研究.科技管理研究,35(11),45-49.
9.李恩平,李娇.(2016).高科技企业科技人才股权激励的主要形式及特征分析.经济体制改革,(02),118-124.
10.李建国.(2005).模块理论与区域人才开发研究.求索,(06),105-106.
11.李友清.(2014).教学型院校产学研结合模式研究.武汉:湖北人民出版社.
12.林金辉.(2016).高素质创新人才培养模式研究.厦门:厦门大学出版社.
13.刘道玉.(2008).高教改革30年的回眸与前瞻.高教探索,(05),5-10.
14.刘进,哈梦颖.(2017).世界一流大学学术人才向中国流动的规律分析--“一带一路”视角.比较教育研究,39(11),26-33.
15.刘平,张炼.(2007).产学研合作教育概论.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社.
16.刘晓璨,朱庆华,潘云涛.(2014).国际科技人才回流规律研究--以“千人计划”入选者为例.现代情报,34(09),24-30.
17.刘云.(2013).创新型人才培养与成长研究报告.北京:科学出版社.
18.刘忠艳,赵永乐,王斌.(2018).1978-2017年中国科技人才政策变迁研究.中国科技论坛,2(05),136-144.
19.娄伟.(2004).我国高层次科技人才激励政策分析.中国科技论坛,(06),139-143.
20.潘旭涛,王玉杰,陶一菁.(2016).国家自然科学基金:创新的“桃花源”.人民日报海外版,(09),06-21.
21.盛楠,孟凡祥,姜滨,李维桢.(2016).创新驱动战略下科技人才评价体系建设研究.科研管理,37(S1),602-606.
22.陶明报,王修来.(2016).中国博士后发展战略研究.北京:中国人事出版社.
23.陶厚永,孙伟民.(2018).移动互联时代工程科技人才开发策略创新研究.江苏大学学报(社会科学版),20(02),55-62.
24.王健吉.(2013).产学研合作教育的探索与实践.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
25.王修来.(2015).中国博士后发展蓝皮书.北京:中国人事出版社.
26.王一鸣.(2013).企业博士后科研工作站再探讨--产学研合作的深化与创新模式的会聚.科学管理研究,31(04),41-44.
27.王占仁.(2016).中国高校创新创业教育的学科化特性与发展取向研究.教育研究,37(03),56-63.
28.王芳、胡刚、谢赛.(2018).新形势下国有企业加强科技人才队伍建设探析,人力资源管理,5,460.
29.萧鸣政,唐秀锋.(2017).中国人才评价应用大数据的现状与建议.中国行政管理,(11),6-11.
30.习近平.(2016).为建设世界科技强国而奋斗.人民日报,(002),06-01.
31.杨建君,王婷,刘林波.(2015).股权集中度与企业自主创新行为,基于行为动机视角.管理科学.28(02),1-11.
32.赵峰,孙境雪.(2015).创新人才心理契约违背与管理策略研究.科学管理研究,33(04),98-101.
33.赵芳.(2018).湖南省国土科研事业单位高层次青年科技人才培养对策研究,江苏科技信息,26(10),4-45.
34.钟丽萍,施俊侠,张文峰.(2011).卓越工程师培养背景下机械类专业“3+1”应用型人才培养探究.科技管理研究,31(16),158-160.
35.周晓辉.(2013).创新型科技人才培养中协同体协同机制研究.高教探索,(06),57-61.
36.薛昱,张文宇,杨媛,刘思洋.(2018).基于匹配模型的科技创新人才评价.技术经济,37(09),65-72.
37.胥彦玲,袁汝兵,王健美.(2018).情报视角下的高端人才评价体系构建及实证研究.现代情报,38(07),160-164.
38.张利华.(1999).新中国50年科技人才培养的历史考察.科学学研究,(04),69-76
39.张永宏.(2018).“互联网+”背景下工程科技人才培养的创新路径.江苏高教,(03),29-32.
40.张再生,李建波.(2009).科技人才薪酬“金字塔”设计--基于天津科技人才薪酬状况的实证分析.东北大学学报(社会科学版),11(05),418-422.
41.Bonaccorsi,A.,Piccaluga,A.(1994).A theoretical framework for the evaluation of university-industry relationships.R&D Management,24,229-247.
42.Committee on Science,Engineering,and Public Policy.(2000).Enhancing the postdoctoral experience for scientists and engineers,a guide for postdoctoral scholars,advisers,institutions,funding organizations,and disciplinary societies.Washington,DC,National Academy Press.
43.Cuntz A.(2016).Do public R&D funds affect the location choices of elite scientists in Europe?Research Evaluation,25(4),383-395.
44.Dietz James,Barry Bozeman.(2005).Academic careers,patents,and productivity,industry experience as scientific and technical human capital.Research Policy,34(3),349-367.
45.Fang,Jian-Wen,Chiu,Yung-ho.(2017).Research on Innovation Efficiency and Technology Gap in China Economic Development.AsiaPacific Journal of Operational Research,34(2),1-22.
46.Herzberg,F.(1988).One more time,How Do You Motivate Employees?Harvard Business Review,46(1),53-62.
47.Kenneth J.Arrow.(1962).The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing.The Review of Economic Studies,29(3),155-173.
48.Lin C,Lin P,Song F.et al.(2011).Managerial Incentives,CEOCharacteristics and Corporate Innovation in China's Private Sector.Journal of Comparative Economics,39(2),176-190.
49.Lu X,Zhang W.(2015).The Reversed Brain Drain,A Mixedmethod Study of the Reversed Migration of Chinese Overseas Scientists.Science,Technology and Society,20(3),279-299.
50.Petronio,Alberto.(2008).Motivation Strategies for Knowledge Workers,Evidences and Challenges.Journal of Technology Management&Innovation,3(3),21-32.
51.Wang X,Fang H,Zhang F,Fang S.(2018).The Spatial Analysis of Regional Innovation Performance and Industry-University-Research Institution Collaborative Innovation-An Empirical Study of Chinese Provincial Data.Sustainability,10(4),1243.
1.数据来源:《1994年国民经济和社会发展统计公报》。
2.由于2009年前未统计R&D人员学历情况,根据《中国科技统计年鉴》对科学家和工程师的定义,本研究用此概念表示科技人才的素质情况。
3.1985-2016年共设立博士后流动站3029家,部分学科调整、合并后,现为3010家。
4.1994-2016年共批准博士后工作站3507家,因部分工作站设站条件发生变化,现为3396家。
2.刁青云,谢文闻,姜秋玲,吴杰.(2008).国家自然科学基金项目与我国蜂业人才培养.科研管理,29(S1),45-46.
3.杜雅文,吴铭,万晶.(2010).深交所博士后工作站十年历程不凡.中国证券报,(09),04-12.
4.樊磊.(2018).省级农业科研院所青年科技人才培养体系构建--以江苏省农业科学院为例,农业科技管理,37(05),81-86.
5.龚磊、孙志勇.(2018).企业青年科技人才的发掘与培养,企业改革与管理,9(5),67-68.
6.方先堃,张晓丽.(2009).改革开放初期我国科技人才政策浅探.产业与科技论坛,8(04),45-46.
7.高子平.(2017).海外高层次科技人才流动与集聚问题研究.上海:上海社会科学院出版社.
8.孔德议,张向前.(2015).我国“十三五”期间适应创新驱动的科技人才激励机制研究.科技管理研究,35(11),45-49.
9.李恩平,李娇.(2016).高科技企业科技人才股权激励的主要形式及特征分析.经济体制改革,(02),118-124.
10.李建国.(2005).模块理论与区域人才开发研究.求索,(06),105-106.
11.李友清.(2014).教学型院校产学研结合模式研究.武汉:湖北人民出版社.
12.林金辉.(2016).高素质创新人才培养模式研究.厦门:厦门大学出版社.
13.刘道玉.(2008).高教改革30年的回眸与前瞻.高教探索,(05),5-10.
14.刘进,哈梦颖.(2017).世界一流大学学术人才向中国流动的规律分析--“一带一路”视角.比较教育研究,39(11),26-33.
15.刘平,张炼.(2007).产学研合作教育概论.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社.
16.刘晓璨,朱庆华,潘云涛.(2014).国际科技人才回流规律研究--以“千人计划”入选者为例.现代情报,34(09),24-30.
17.刘云.(2013).创新型人才培养与成长研究报告.北京:科学出版社.
18.刘忠艳,赵永乐,王斌.(2018).1978-2017年中国科技人才政策变迁研究.中国科技论坛,2(05),136-144.
19.娄伟.(2004).我国高层次科技人才激励政策分析.中国科技论坛,(06),139-143.
20.潘旭涛,王玉杰,陶一菁.(2016).国家自然科学基金:创新的“桃花源”.人民日报海外版,(09),06-21.
21.盛楠,孟凡祥,姜滨,李维桢.(2016).创新驱动战略下科技人才评价体系建设研究.科研管理,37(S1),602-606.
22.陶明报,王修来.(2016).中国博士后发展战略研究.北京:中国人事出版社.
23.陶厚永,孙伟民.(2018).移动互联时代工程科技人才开发策略创新研究.江苏大学学报(社会科学版),20(02),55-62.
24.王健吉.(2013).产学研合作教育的探索与实践.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
25.王修来.(2015).中国博士后发展蓝皮书.北京:中国人事出版社.
26.王一鸣.(2013).企业博士后科研工作站再探讨--产学研合作的深化与创新模式的会聚.科学管理研究,31(04),41-44.
27.王占仁.(2016).中国高校创新创业教育的学科化特性与发展取向研究.教育研究,37(03),56-63.
28.王芳、胡刚、谢赛.(2018).新形势下国有企业加强科技人才队伍建设探析,人力资源管理,5,460.
29.萧鸣政,唐秀锋.(2017).中国人才评价应用大数据的现状与建议.中国行政管理,(11),6-11.
30.习近平.(2016).为建设世界科技强国而奋斗.人民日报,(002),06-01.
31.杨建君,王婷,刘林波.(2015).股权集中度与企业自主创新行为,基于行为动机视角.管理科学.28(02),1-11.
32.赵峰,孙境雪.(2015).创新人才心理契约违背与管理策略研究.科学管理研究,33(04),98-101.
33.赵芳.(2018).湖南省国土科研事业单位高层次青年科技人才培养对策研究,江苏科技信息,26(10),4-45.
34.钟丽萍,施俊侠,张文峰.(2011).卓越工程师培养背景下机械类专业“3+1”应用型人才培养探究.科技管理研究,31(16),158-160.
35.周晓辉.(2013).创新型科技人才培养中协同体协同机制研究.高教探索,(06),57-61.
36.薛昱,张文宇,杨媛,刘思洋.(2018).基于匹配模型的科技创新人才评价.技术经济,37(09),65-72.
37.胥彦玲,袁汝兵,王健美.(2018).情报视角下的高端人才评价体系构建及实证研究.现代情报,38(07),160-164.
38.张利华.(1999).新中国50年科技人才培养的历史考察.科学学研究,(04),69-76
39.张永宏.(2018).“互联网+”背景下工程科技人才培养的创新路径.江苏高教,(03),29-32.
40.张再生,李建波.(2009).科技人才薪酬“金字塔”设计--基于天津科技人才薪酬状况的实证分析.东北大学学报(社会科学版),11(05),418-422.
41.Bonaccorsi,A.,Piccaluga,A.(1994).A theoretical framework for the evaluation of university-industry relationships.R&D Management,24,229-247.
42.Committee on Science,Engineering,and Public Policy.(2000).Enhancing the postdoctoral experience for scientists and engineers,a guide for postdoctoral scholars,advisers,institutions,funding organizations,and disciplinary societies.Washington,DC,National Academy Press.
43.Cuntz A.(2016).Do public R&D funds affect the location choices of elite scientists in Europe?Research Evaluation,25(4),383-395.
44.Dietz James,Barry Bozeman.(2005).Academic careers,patents,and productivity,industry experience as scientific and technical human capital.Research Policy,34(3),349-367.
45.Fang,Jian-Wen,Chiu,Yung-ho.(2017).Research on Innovation Efficiency and Technology Gap in China Economic Development.AsiaPacific Journal of Operational Research,34(2),1-22.
46.Herzberg,F.(1988).One more time,How Do You Motivate Employees?Harvard Business Review,46(1),53-62.
47.Kenneth J.Arrow.(1962).The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing.The Review of Economic Studies,29(3),155-173.
48.Lin C,Lin P,Song F.et al.(2011).Managerial Incentives,CEOCharacteristics and Corporate Innovation in China's Private Sector.Journal of Comparative Economics,39(2),176-190.
49.Lu X,Zhang W.(2015).The Reversed Brain Drain,A Mixedmethod Study of the Reversed Migration of Chinese Overseas Scientists.Science,Technology and Society,20(3),279-299.
50.Petronio,Alberto.(2008).Motivation Strategies for Knowledge Workers,Evidences and Challenges.Journal of Technology Management&Innovation,3(3),21-32.
51.Wang X,Fang H,Zhang F,Fang S.(2018).The Spatial Analysis of Regional Innovation Performance and Industry-University-Research Institution Collaborative Innovation-An Empirical Study of Chinese Provincial Data.Sustainability,10(4),1243.
1.数据来源:《1994年国民经济和社会发展统计公报》。
2.由于2009年前未统计R&D人员学历情况,根据《中国科技统计年鉴》对科学家和工程师的定义,本研究用此概念表示科技人才的素质情况。
3.1985-2016年共设立博士后流动站3029家,部分学科调整、合并后,现为3010家。
4.1994-2016年共批准博士后工作站3507家,因部分工作站设站条件发生变化,现为3396家。