沿黄水体中总氮含量及其分布特征研究——以郑州—开封段为例
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摘要
黄河上游污染物超标排放,致使其中下游水质污染严重.为了了解郑州-开封区段沿黄水质情况,在2016年2月至2016年6月对该区段地表水与地下井水进行采样.采用紫外分光光度法测定总氮(TN)含量,并分析其时空分布特征.结果表明:临近郑州区段的水体TN含量整体较好于开封区段,临近开封区的井水氮污染程度较地表水轻;两种水体TN月平均浓度均呈现出"春季高、夏季低"的特点;13个监测点TN含量多月平均值均超过Ⅴ类标准,井水表现出"东部高、西部低",自西向东逐渐递增的分布特点,地表水则呈现出"东西两侧高、中部低"的分布特征;井水采样深度在30～950 m,TN浓度在5.57～8.90 mg/L;TN含量在30～35、40～50和80～200 m处随井水深度的增加而逐渐减小.地表水与地下井水TN含量在3.01～10.49 mg/L,均超过Ⅴ类水标准,属劣Ⅴ类水体,氮污染问题非常严峻.
The upper reaches of the Yellow River pollutants exceeded emissions, resulting in serious pollution of downstream water quality. In order to know water quality along the Kaifeng-Zhengzhou section, the surface water and underground well water were sampled from February to June 2016. Total nitrogen(TN) was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed. The water quality near Zhengzhou area is better than that of Kaifeng area, and the pollution of well water in Kaifeng area is less than in surface water. The average monthly concentration of TN in two kinds of water shows the characteristics of high in spring and low in summer. The average monthly means of TN in 13 monitoring stations exceed the standard of Ⅴ, and the well water shows the distribution characteristics of high in the east and low in the west, increasing from west to east, and the surface water shows the characteristics of high in east and west, and low in the middle. The sampling depth of well water is 30～950 m, and concentration of TN is between 5.57 mg/L and 8.90 mg/L, decreasing with the increase of water depth. TN content in surface water and underground well water is between 3.01 mg/L and 10.49 mg/L, which exceeds the standard of class Ⅴ water. It is a kind of inferior Ⅴ waterbody, and the nitrogen pollution problem is very serious.
The upper reaches of the Yellow River pollutants exceeded emissions, resulting in serious pollution of downstream water quality. In order to know water quality along the Kaifeng-Zhengzhou section, the surface water and underground well water were sampled from February to June 2016. Total nitrogen(TN) was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed. The water quality near Zhengzhou area is better than that of Kaifeng area, and the pollution of well water in Kaifeng area is less than in surface water. The average monthly concentration of TN in two kinds of water shows the characteristics of high in spring and low in summer. The average monthly means of TN in 13 monitoring stations exceed the standard of Ⅴ, and the well water shows the distribution characteristics of high in the east and low in the west, increasing from west to east, and the surface water shows the characteristics of high in east and west, and low in the middle. The sampling depth of well water is 30～950 m, and concentration of TN is between 5.57 mg/L and 8.90 mg/L, decreasing with the increase of water depth. TN content in surface water and underground well water is between 3.01 mg/L and 10.49 mg/L, which exceeds the standard of class Ⅴ water. It is a kind of inferior Ⅴ waterbody, and the nitrogen pollution problem is very serious.
引文
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[3] 夏星辉,周劲松,杨志峰,等.黄河流域河水氮污染分析[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(5):563-568.XIA X H,ZHOU J S,YANG Z F,et al.An analysis of nitrogen pollution in river water of the Yellow River Basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2001,21(5):563-568.
[4] 石岩,杨崇豪,孙垦.黄河花园口河段氨氮污染变化趋势及规律研究[J].人民黄河,2005,27(11):33-34.SHI Y,YANG C H,SUN K.Study on the change trend and law of ammonia nitrogen pollution in the Huayuankou section of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2005,27(11):33-34.
[5] 虎华,张国俊,张帼,等.开封市饮用水源地保护现状及建议[J].中国农村水利水电,2006(10):59-60.HU H,ZHANG G J,ZHANG G,et al.Current status and recommendations for protection of drinking water sources in Kaifeng City[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2006(10):59-60.
[6] 韩晋仙,管华,马建华.开封市水体质量变化特征分析[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2002,32(2):74-79.HAN J X,GUAN H,MA J H.Analysis on the characteristics of water quality change in Kaifeng City[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2002,32(2):74-79.
[7] ATHITHANS R N.Chemical speciation of sedimentary ni-trogen and phosphorous in integrated fish / pig farming system[J].Indian Journal of Fisheries,2009,56(2):107-114.
[8] 邓建才,陈桥,翟水晶.太湖水体中氮、磷空间分布特征及环境效应[J].环境科学,2008,29(12):3382-3386.DENG J C,CHEN Q,ZHAI S J.Spatial distribution characteristics and environmental effect of N and P in water body of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(12):3382-3386.
[9] 王书航,姜霞,钟立香,等.巢湖沉积物不同形态氮季节性赋存特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(4):946-953.WANG S H,JIANG X,ZHONG L X,et al.Seasonal occurrence characteristics of different forms of nitrogen in the sediments of Chaohu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(4):946-953.
[10] 中华人民共和国国家标准.水质总氮的测定碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法[S].HJ 636-2012.北京:中国标准出版社,2012.National Standard of the People’s Republic of China.Determination of total nitrogen in water Alkaline potassium persulfate digestion UV spectrophotometry[S].HJ 636-2012.Beijing:China Standard Press,2012.
[11] 国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.地表水环境质量标准[S].GB3838-2002.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.State Environmental Protection Administration,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine.Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].GB3838-2002.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[12] LIU G D,WU W L,ZHANG J.Regional differentiation of non-point source pollution of agriculture-derived nitrate nitrogen in groundwater in Northern China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,107(2/3):211-220.
[13] 王庆锁,孙东宝,郝卫平,等.密云水库流域地下水硝态氮的分布及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2011,48(1):141-150.WANG Q S,SUN D B,HE W P,et al.Distribution of nitrate nitrogen in groundwater of Miyun Reservoir Basin and its influencing factors[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(1):141-150.
[14] SPALDING R F,EXNER M E.Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater a review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1993,22(3):392-402.