中国乡村振兴要素识别与发展类型诊断——基于99个美丽乡村示范村的信息挖掘分析
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摘要
分类推进、精准施策、规划先行是实施乡村振兴战略的科学思路,对乡村发展类型的科学诊断可有效服务于战略的分类实施。以中国99个美丽乡村示范村为代表构建乡村发展"成功案例"数据库,从中深度挖掘乡村发展内外性"要素-组合"信息,结合投影寻踪分类法构建乡村振兴诊断体系,以求对乡村进行科学分类。结果表明:①生计资源、工业基础、区位交通、文化/生态环境及市场需求等资源要素是乡村发展的重要禀赋基础,其中市场需求要素决定着乡村发展的外部性,生计资源要素在乡村发展内部性要素中最为关键;②要素组合的结构直接影响乡村振兴的潜能,"成功案例"识别出10类乡村振兴要素组合,其中生计资源优越-工业基础薄弱-区位交通优势-文化/生态环境优越的组合最具备振兴潜能;③基于"要素-组合"禀赋建立包含评价体系和分类体系的乡村振兴诊断体系,将乡村发展类型划分为优先振兴型、预备振兴型、保留维持型和衰落搬迁型。中国乡村振兴工作应尊重客观规律,分门别类有序推进,避免"就村兴村"和"村村谈振兴"的狭隘发展思路。
Differentiated promotion, targeted measures, and scientific planning are the scientific procedure for implementing the strategy of rural revitalization. Using the cases of 99 model villages of the beautiful countryside program in China, this study built a database of"successful cases" for rural development, and then endogenous and exogenous element-combination information of rural development was extracted. Furthermore, a rural revitalization diagnosis system was constructed to classify the rural areas by the projection pursuit classification method.The results show that:(1) Livelihood resources, industrial base, location and transportation,cultural/ecological environment, and market demand are important basic elements for successful rural development, among which market demand is the exogenous element and the others are endogenous elements for rural development, but the most important element of all is livelihood resources.(2) The potential of rural revitalization is affected by the structure of element combination directly, and 10 types of combinations were identified from the successful cases. The combination of excellent livelihood resources, location and transportation advantages, healthy cultural/ecological environment, and lack of industrial infrastructure is of the highest potential for rural development.(3) Based on the endowment of element-combination, the rural revitalization diagnosis system includes an evaluation system and a classification system, and the rural areas were divided into priority revitalization, preparatory revitalization, preservation, and resettlement types.Rural revitalization in China must take into consideration actual local conditions and implement the program in an orderly and differentiated manner, avoiding the mistakes of focusing only on individual villages or revitalizing every village.
Differentiated promotion, targeted measures, and scientific planning are the scientific procedure for implementing the strategy of rural revitalization. Using the cases of 99 model villages of the beautiful countryside program in China, this study built a database of"successful cases" for rural development, and then endogenous and exogenous element-combination information of rural development was extracted. Furthermore, a rural revitalization diagnosis system was constructed to classify the rural areas by the projection pursuit classification method.The results show that:(1) Livelihood resources, industrial base, location and transportation,cultural/ecological environment, and market demand are important basic elements for successful rural development, among which market demand is the exogenous element and the others are endogenous elements for rural development, but the most important element of all is livelihood resources.(2) The potential of rural revitalization is affected by the structure of element combination directly, and 10 types of combinations were identified from the successful cases. The combination of excellent livelihood resources, location and transportation advantages, healthy cultural/ecological environment, and lack of industrial infrastructure is of the highest potential for rural development.(3) Based on the endowment of element-combination, the rural revitalization diagnosis system includes an evaluation system and a classification system, and the rural areas were divided into priority revitalization, preparatory revitalization, preservation, and resettlement types.Rural revitalization in China must take into consideration actual local conditions and implement the program in an orderly and differentiated manner, avoiding the mistakes of focusing only on individual villages or revitalizing every village.
引文
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[11]冉逸箫,张凤荣,张佰林,等.贫困山区农村衰落的特征及诊断:以重庆市酉阳县为例[J].资源科学,2017,39(6):999-1012.[Ran Y X,Zhang F R,Zhang B L,et al.Characterization and diagnosis of rural decline in poor mountainous areas[J].Resources Science,2017,39(6):999-1012.]
[12]Adalilar S N,Alkibay S,Eser Z.Ecovillages as a destination and a study of consumer approaches to ecovillages[J].Procedia Economics and Finance,2015,23:539-546.
[13]Gao J,Wu B H.Revitalizing traditional villages through rural tourism:A case study of Yuanjia Village,Shaanxi Province,China[J].Tourism Management,2017,63:223-233.
[14]高苹,席建超.旅游地乡村聚落产业集聚的时空演化及其驱动机制研究:野三坡旅游地苟各庄村案例实证[J].资源科学,2017,39(8):1535-1544.[Gao P,Xi J C.Tourism industry agglomeration and mechanisms for rural settlements of Gouge Village in Yesanpo,Hebei Province[J].Resources Science,2017,39(8):1535-1544.]
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[17]韦素琼,陈健飞.福建晋江农村城镇化进程中的土地利用变化分析[J].资源科学,2004,26(4):111-118.[Wei S Q,Chen J F.Land use pattern change in the process of rural urbanization in Jinjiang City of Fujian Province[J].Resources Science,2004,26(4):111-118.]
[18]王亚军,孔荣.资源富集区工业发展对农村经济的影响分析:以陕西省定边县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(10):39-43.[Wang Y J,Kong R.Influence of the industrial development on agricultural economy in resources-abundant areas:An example in Dingbian County of Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(10):39-43.]
[19]谢臻,张凤荣,高阳,等.基于遥感和GIS的平原和山区贫困县农村耕地利用演变对比[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):255-263.[Xie Z,Zhang F R,Gao Y,et al.Comparison on evolution of rural farmland use in poverty-stricken counties between flat and mountainous areas based on remote sensing and GIS[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(15):255-263.]
[20]龙花楼,刘彦随,邹健.中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):426-434.[Long H L,Liu YS,Zou J.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in eastern coastal China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):426-434.]
[21]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,中央农村工作领导小组办公室,中华人民共和国财政部,等.住房城乡建设部等部门关于公布2017年改善农村人居环境示范村名单的通知[EB/OL].(2017-08-26)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201709/t20170905_233176.html.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China,Office of Central Rural Work Leading Group,Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China,et al.Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Other Departments on the Announcement of the List of Pilot Villages for Improving Rural Human Settlements in 2017[EB/OL].(2017-08-26)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201709/t20170905_233176.html.]
[22]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,中央农村工作领导小组办公室,中华人民共和国财政部,等.住房城乡建设部等部门关于开展改善农村人居环境示范村创建活动的通知[EB/OL].(2016-12-09)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201612/t20161213_229942.html.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China,Office of Central Rural Work Leading Group,Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China,et al.Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Other Departments on the Activities to Improve the Demonstration of Rural Human Settlements[EB/OL].(2016-12-09)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201612/t20161213_229942.html.]
[23]人民论坛网.2016中国美丽乡村典型案例征集活动[EB/OL].(2016-08-17)[2018-07-02].http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2016/0817/436940.shtml?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=02016.[People’s Tribune.Collection Activity of China’s Typical Cases of Beautiful Villages in 2016[EB/OL].(2016-08-17)[2018-07-02].http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2016/0817/436940.shtml?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=02016.]
[24]付强,赵小勇.投影寻踪模型原理及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.[Fu Q,Zhao X Y.Principle and Plication of Projection Pursuit Model[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.]
[25]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.土地利用现状分类标准(GB/T 21010-2017)[EB/OL].(2017-11-01)[2018-01-10].http://www.gb688.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hc-no=224BF9DA69F053DA22AC758AAAADEE-AA.[General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,National Land Resources Standardization Technical Committee.Current Land Use Classification(GB/T21010-2017)[EB/OL].(2017-11-01)[2018-01-10].http://www.gb688.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=224BF9DA69F053DA22AC758AAAADEEAA.]
[26]张瑞娟,姜广辉,王明珠,等.基于多维特征组合的农村居民点布局分类[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(4):286-292.[Zhang R J,Jiang G H,Wang M Z,et al.Layout classification of rural settlement based on combination of multi-dimensional characteristics[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(4):286-292.]
[27]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[Liu Y S.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.]
[2]Scoones I.Livelihoods perspectives and rural development[J].The Journal of Peasant Studies,2009,36(1):171-196.
[3]孟德拉斯.农民的终结[M].李德林,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.[Mendras H.The Termination of Peanants[M].Li D L,Tran..Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2005.]
[4]Long H L,Liu Y S,Li X B,et al.Building new countryside in China:A geographical perspective[J].Land Use Policy,2010,27(2):457-470.
[5]叶兴庆.新时代中国乡村振兴战略论纲[J].改革,2018,(1):65-73.[Ye X Q.The general principles of the China’s rural vitalization strategy in the new era[J].Reform,2018,(1):65-73.]
[6]Long H L,Jian Z,Liu Y S.Differentiation of rural development driven by industrialization and urbanization in eastern coastal China[J].Habitat International,2009,33(4):454-462.
[7]刘彦随,张紫雯,王介勇.中国农业地域分异与现代农业区划方案[J].地理学报,2018,73(2):203-218.[Liu Y S,Zhang Z W,Wang J Y.Regional differentiation and comprehensive regionalization scheme of modern agriculture in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(2):203-218.]
[8]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2015[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2015.[National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.China Statistical Yearbook 2015[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2015.]
[9]Marsden T.Beyond agriculture?Regulating the new rural spaces[J].Journal of Rural Studies,1995,11(3):285-296.
[10]Marsden T,Sonnino R.Rural development and the regional state:Denying multifunctional agriculture in the UK[J].Journal of Rural Studies,2008,24(4):422-431.
[11]冉逸箫,张凤荣,张佰林,等.贫困山区农村衰落的特征及诊断:以重庆市酉阳县为例[J].资源科学,2017,39(6):999-1012.[Ran Y X,Zhang F R,Zhang B L,et al.Characterization and diagnosis of rural decline in poor mountainous areas[J].Resources Science,2017,39(6):999-1012.]
[12]Adalilar S N,Alkibay S,Eser Z.Ecovillages as a destination and a study of consumer approaches to ecovillages[J].Procedia Economics and Finance,2015,23:539-546.
[13]Gao J,Wu B H.Revitalizing traditional villages through rural tourism:A case study of Yuanjia Village,Shaanxi Province,China[J].Tourism Management,2017,63:223-233.
[14]高苹,席建超.旅游地乡村聚落产业集聚的时空演化及其驱动机制研究:野三坡旅游地苟各庄村案例实证[J].资源科学,2017,39(8):1535-1544.[Gao P,Xi J C.Tourism industry agglomeration and mechanisms for rural settlements of Gouge Village in Yesanpo,Hebei Province[J].Resources Science,2017,39(8):1535-1544.]
[15]Grunwell S S.How to revitalize a small rural town?An empirical study of factors for success.University-community collaboration with a small historic rural tourism town[J].Journal of Rural and Community Development,2014,9(2):32-50.
[16]曲衍波,张凤荣,郭力娜,等.京郊不同城市功能区农村居民点用地集约度的比较研究[J].资源科学,2011,33(4):720-728.[Qu Y B,Zhang F R,Guo L N,et al.Comparison of the use intensity of rural residential land in different urban functional areas in the suburbs of Beijing[J].Resources Science,2011,33(4):720-728.]
[17]韦素琼,陈健飞.福建晋江农村城镇化进程中的土地利用变化分析[J].资源科学,2004,26(4):111-118.[Wei S Q,Chen J F.Land use pattern change in the process of rural urbanization in Jinjiang City of Fujian Province[J].Resources Science,2004,26(4):111-118.]
[18]王亚军,孔荣.资源富集区工业发展对农村经济的影响分析:以陕西省定边县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(10):39-43.[Wang Y J,Kong R.Influence of the industrial development on agricultural economy in resources-abundant areas:An example in Dingbian County of Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(10):39-43.]
[19]谢臻,张凤荣,高阳,等.基于遥感和GIS的平原和山区贫困县农村耕地利用演变对比[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(15):255-263.[Xie Z,Zhang F R,Gao Y,et al.Comparison on evolution of rural farmland use in poverty-stricken counties between flat and mountainous areas based on remote sensing and GIS[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(15):255-263.]
[20]龙花楼,刘彦随,邹健.中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):426-434.[Long H L,Liu YS,Zou J.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in eastern coastal China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):426-434.]
[21]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,中央农村工作领导小组办公室,中华人民共和国财政部,等.住房城乡建设部等部门关于公布2017年改善农村人居环境示范村名单的通知[EB/OL].(2017-08-26)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201709/t20170905_233176.html.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China,Office of Central Rural Work Leading Group,Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China,et al.Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Other Departments on the Announcement of the List of Pilot Villages for Improving Rural Human Settlements in 2017[EB/OL].(2017-08-26)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201709/t20170905_233176.html.]
[22]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,中央农村工作领导小组办公室,中华人民共和国财政部,等.住房城乡建设部等部门关于开展改善农村人居环境示范村创建活动的通知[EB/OL].(2016-12-09)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201612/t20161213_229942.html.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China,Office of Central Rural Work Leading Group,Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China,et al.Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Other Departments on the Activities to Improve the Demonstration of Rural Human Settlements[EB/OL].(2016-12-09)[2018-07-02].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201612/t20161213_229942.html.]
[23]人民论坛网.2016中国美丽乡村典型案例征集活动[EB/OL].(2016-08-17)[2018-07-02].http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2016/0817/436940.shtml?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=02016.[People’s Tribune.Collection Activity of China’s Typical Cases of Beautiful Villages in 2016[EB/OL].(2016-08-17)[2018-07-02].http://www.rmlt.com.cn/2016/0817/436940.shtml?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=02016.]
[24]付强,赵小勇.投影寻踪模型原理及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.[Fu Q,Zhao X Y.Principle and Plication of Projection Pursuit Model[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.]
[25]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.土地利用现状分类标准(GB/T 21010-2017)[EB/OL].(2017-11-01)[2018-01-10].http://www.gb688.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hc-no=224BF9DA69F053DA22AC758AAAADEE-AA.[General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,National Land Resources Standardization Technical Committee.Current Land Use Classification(GB/T21010-2017)[EB/OL].(2017-11-01)[2018-01-10].http://www.gb688.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=224BF9DA69F053DA22AC758AAAADEEAA.]
[26]张瑞娟,姜广辉,王明珠,等.基于多维特征组合的农村居民点布局分类[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(4):286-292.[Zhang R J,Jiang G H,Wang M Z,et al.Layout classification of rural settlement based on combination of multi-dimensional characteristics[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(4):286-292.]
[27]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[Liu Y S.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.]