生计框架视角的农政问题与农政变迁
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摘要
生计框架倡导一种"自下而上"的底层动员和地方主导的发展。其基本假设是"穷人并非一无所有"。它以农户为基本分析单位,从农户的优势而非需求入手,分析其生计资本、内在潜力以及采取的生计策略。该框架侧重于从减贫的维度切入农村问题,倡导一种基于穷人现实和"以人为中心"的农村发展。它认为农业只是穷人获取生计资源的一种生计策略,强调关注个体和农户所从事的职业、维持生计的多种方式和复杂生计活动的组合。它将农民视为具有能动性的、能利用各种资源积极构建生计策略且有能力改变社会结构的行动者。它关注土地与贫困的动态变化过程、社会结构对土地资源获取的影响以及土地资源的分配、组合与利用的微观实践和背后的权力与政治关系。生计框架的工具化和制度化在一定程度上掩盖了复杂的政治和权力关系,因此受到政治经济学等领域学者的批评。
Livelihood framework advocates a bottom-up mobilization and locally-led development.With the basic assumption of"it is not true that the poor have nothing",livelihood framework takes the household as an analytical unit.It starts from the advantages of the household rather than its needs,so as to analyze its livelihood assets,inherent potentials and livelihood strategies.Livelihood framework tackles rural issues from the dimension of poverty alleviation,and advocates a pro-poor and people-centered rural development.It considers agriculture as one of the strategies for the poor to obtain their livelihood resources,and emphasizes the importance of multiple job-holdings,the multiple ways of maintaining livelihoods,and the combination of complex livelihood activities of individuals and households.It considers farmers as social actors who can actively construct livelihood strategies by utilizing various livelihood resources,and also have the capacity to change social structure.It pays attention to the dynamic processes of land and poverty,the impacts of social structure on the access to land resources,the allocation of land resources,the combination and utilization of micro-level practices,and the power and political relations behind.Because of its instrumentalism and institutionalization,the livelihood framework has to some extent concealed the complicated political and power relations,and thus been criticized by scholars in political economy and other fields.
Livelihood framework advocates a bottom-up mobilization and locally-led development.With the basic assumption of"it is not true that the poor have nothing",livelihood framework takes the household as an analytical unit.It starts from the advantages of the household rather than its needs,so as to analyze its livelihood assets,inherent potentials and livelihood strategies.Livelihood framework tackles rural issues from the dimension of poverty alleviation,and advocates a pro-poor and people-centered rural development.It considers agriculture as one of the strategies for the poor to obtain their livelihood resources,and emphasizes the importance of multiple job-holdings,the multiple ways of maintaining livelihoods,and the combination of complex livelihood activities of individuals and households.It considers farmers as social actors who can actively construct livelihood strategies by utilizing various livelihood resources,and also have the capacity to change social structure.It pays attention to the dynamic processes of land and poverty,the impacts of social structure on the access to land resources,the allocation of land resources,the combination and utilization of micro-level practices,and the power and political relations behind.Because of its instrumentalism and institutionalization,the livelihood framework has to some extent concealed the complicated political and power relations,and thus been criticized by scholars in political economy and other fields.
引文
[1]叶敬忠.“三农问题”:被夸大的学术概念及其局限[J].东南学术,2018(5):112-123,248.
[2]黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁[M].北京:中华书局,2000.
[3]马龙闪.有关俄国民粹主义评价的几个问题[N].社会科学报,2007-8-9(5).
[4] KAUTSKY K.The agrarian question,2vols[M].London:Zwan,1988.
[5] CHAMBERS R,CONWAY G.Sustainable rural livelihoods:practical concepts for the 21st century[R].Institute of development studies,Brighton.1992.
[6] SCOONES I.Sustainable livelihoods and rural development[M].Rugby:Practical Action Publishing,2015.
[7] SCOONES I.Sustainable rural livelihoods:a framework foranalysis[R/OL].[2018-10-25].https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/sustainable-rural-livelihoods-a-framework-for-analysis/.
[8] BEBBINGTON A.Capitals and capabilities:a framework for analysing peasant viability,rural livelihoods and poverty J].World development,1999,27(12):2012-2044.
[9] SCOONES I.Livelihoods perspectives and rural development[J].The journal of peasant studies,2009,36(1):171-196.
[10]PIKETTY T.Capital in the twenty-first century[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2014.
[11]CHAMBERS R.Rural development:putting the last first[M].Harlow:Prentice Hall,1983.
[12]ARCE A.Value contestations in development interventions:community development and sustainable livelihoods approaches[J].Community development journal,2003,38(3):199-212.
[13]JACOBS P,MAKAUDZE E.Understanding rural livelihoods in the west coast district,South Africa[J].Development Southern Africa,2012,29(4):574-587.
[14]李小云,张雪梅,唐丽霞.当前中国农村的贫困问题[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(4):67-74.
[15]张大维.生计资本视角下连片特困区的现状与治理:以集中连片特困地区武陵山区为对象[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2011(4):16-23.
[16]张和清.全球化背景下中国农村问题与农村社会工作[J].社会科学战线,2012(8):175-185.
[17]KAY C.Reflections on Latin American rural studies in the neoliberal globalization period:a new rurality?[J].Development and change,2008,39(6):915-943.
[18]BEBBINGTON A.Reencountering development:livelihood transitions and place transformations in the Andes[J].Annals of the association of American geographers,2001,90(3):495-520.
[19]亨利·伯恩斯坦.农政变迁的阶级动力[M].汪淳玉,叶敬忠,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.
[20]FILSON G C.Social implications of intensive agriculture[M]//Intensive agriculture and sustainability:a farming systems analysis.Vancouver:University of British Columbia Press,2004.
[21]VAN DER PLOEG J D,YE J Z.Multiple job holding in rural villages and the Chinese road to development[J].Journal of peasant studies,2010,37(3):525-526.
[22]ELLIS F.Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
[23]吴惠芳,饶静.农业女性化对农业发展的影响[J].农业技术经济,2009(2):55-61.
[24]贺雪峰.中国农村反贫困问题研究:类型、误区及对策[J].社会科学,2017(4):57-63.
[25]EVANS N J,ILBERY B W.The pluriactivity,part-time farming,and farm diversification debate[J].Environment and planning,1993,25(7):945-959.
[26]KINSELLA J,WILSON S,DE JONG F,et al.Pluriactivity as a livelihood strategy in Irish farm households and its role in rural development[J].Sociologia ruralis,2000,40(4):481-96.
[27]黄宗智.《中国新时代的小农经济》导言[J].开放时代,2012(3):5-9.
[28]安东尼·吉登斯.社会的构成:结构化理论纲要[M].李康,李猛,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016.
[29]KRANTZ L.The sustainable livelihood approach to poverty reduction:an introduction[R].Stockholm:Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency,2001.
[30]BATTERBURY S.Landscapes of diversity:a local political ecology of livelihood diversification in south-western Niger[J].Ecumene,2001,8(4):437-464.
[31]KAY C.Rural development and agrarian issues in contemporary Latin America[M]//WEEKS J.Structural adjustment and the agricultural sector in Latin America and the Caribbean.London:Martin’s Press,1995.
[32]YE J Z,HE C Z,LIU J,et al.GRASSROOTS VOICES/Left-behind elderly:shouldering a disproportionate share of production and reproduction in supporting China’s industrial development[J].The journal of peasant studies,2016,44(5):971-999.
[33]YE J Z.Stayers in China’s“hollowed-out”villages:a counter narrative on massive rural-urban migration[EB/OL].[2018-10-16].https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2128.
[34]张学英.可持续生计视域下的被征地农民就业问题研究[J].贵州社会科学,2010(4):86-91.
[35]孙新华.我国应选择哪种农业经营主体?[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(6):18-21.
[36]GILLING J,JONES S,DUNCAN A.Sector approaches,sustainable livelihoods and rural poverty reduction[J].Development policy review,2001,19(3):303-319.
[37]Department for International Development.Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets[EB/OL].[2018-10-25].https://www.ennonline.net/dfidsustainableliving.
[38]ADDISON T,HULME D,KANBUR R.Poverty dynamics:measurement and understanding from an interdisciplinary perspective[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[39]CHANNOCK M.A peculiar sharpness:an essay on property in the history of customary law in colonial Africa[J].The journal of African history,1991,32(1):65-88.
[40]LI T M.Centering labor in the land grab debate[J].Journal of peasant studies,2011,38(2):281-298.
[41]CLEAVER F,FRANKS T.How institutions elude design:river basin management and sustainable livelihoods[R].Bradford:Bradford Centre for International Development,2005.
[42]刘娟.遭遇高速:村庄土地征占中的政治[D].北京:中国农业大学,2012:22-23.
[43]DESCHUTTER O.How not to think land grabbing:three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland[J].Journal of peasant studies,2011,38(2):249-279.
[44]花晓波,阎建忠,袁小燕.劳动力务农机会成本上升对丘陵山区农地弃耕的影响:以重庆市酉阳县为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2014(1):111-119.
[45]朱利凯,蒙吉军,刘洋,等.农牧交错区农牧户生计与土地利用——以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2011(1):133-140.
[46]叶敬忠,吴惠芳,许惠娇,等.土地流转的迷思与现实[J].开放时代,2016(5):76-91.
[47]孙新华.什么是农民,什么是土地:农民分化视野下的土地问题[J].古今农业,2011(1):29-35.
[48]温铁军.农民社会保障与土地制度改革[J].学习月刊,2006(19):20-22.
[49]O’LAUGHLIN B.Proletarianisation,agency and changing rural livelihoods:forced labour and resistance in colonial Mozambique[J].Journal of Southern African studies,2002,28(3):511-530.
(1)这里的“民粹主义”不是指作为一种政治统治策略的政治民粹主义,即不是指政治人物轻言许诺、乱开政治支票、讨好和收买底层民众的做法,也不是指非理性的群众集体狂热或极端狭隘的民族主义,而是指以恰亚诺夫为代表的研究小农农业的独特性与组织形式、“生存小农”的价值结构与存续性、土地的权利属性与分配合作、村社的独特性与乡村价值的学术思潮,是一种非意识形态的理论范式,也可称为“恰亚诺夫主义”或“实体主义”。
(1)国内译为《土地问题》。参见:考茨基.土地问题[M].梁琳,译.北京:三联书店,1955。该著作以德文撰写,1899年正式出版,书名为Die Agrarfrage,在英语世界里被固定译为The Agrarian Question,且Agrarian Question成为学术界通用的学术概念,将之译为“农政问题”。
(2)关于其他理论视角的农政变迁,作者另有专文论述。需要特别指出的是,由于这些不同理论视角的梳理均建立在农政概念背景之下,且都需要对农政问题和农政变迁等概念做出定义说明,因此,这些论文均以“基本概念:农政问题与农政变迁”为引言部分,内容大体一致。
(1)亨利·费尔特迈尔.农政变迁、人口迁移与发展---中国农业大学“农政与发展”系列讲座特场五,2016年12月1日。
[2]黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁[M].北京:中华书局,2000.
[3]马龙闪.有关俄国民粹主义评价的几个问题[N].社会科学报,2007-8-9(5).
[4] KAUTSKY K.The agrarian question,2vols[M].London:Zwan,1988.
[5] CHAMBERS R,CONWAY G.Sustainable rural livelihoods:practical concepts for the 21st century[R].Institute of development studies,Brighton.1992.
[6] SCOONES I.Sustainable livelihoods and rural development[M].Rugby:Practical Action Publishing,2015.
[7] SCOONES I.Sustainable rural livelihoods:a framework foranalysis[R/OL].[2018-10-25].https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/sustainable-rural-livelihoods-a-framework-for-analysis/.
[8] BEBBINGTON A.Capitals and capabilities:a framework for analysing peasant viability,rural livelihoods and poverty J].World development,1999,27(12):2012-2044.
[9] SCOONES I.Livelihoods perspectives and rural development[J].The journal of peasant studies,2009,36(1):171-196.
[10]PIKETTY T.Capital in the twenty-first century[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2014.
[11]CHAMBERS R.Rural development:putting the last first[M].Harlow:Prentice Hall,1983.
[12]ARCE A.Value contestations in development interventions:community development and sustainable livelihoods approaches[J].Community development journal,2003,38(3):199-212.
[13]JACOBS P,MAKAUDZE E.Understanding rural livelihoods in the west coast district,South Africa[J].Development Southern Africa,2012,29(4):574-587.
[14]李小云,张雪梅,唐丽霞.当前中国农村的贫困问题[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(4):67-74.
[15]张大维.生计资本视角下连片特困区的现状与治理:以集中连片特困地区武陵山区为对象[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2011(4):16-23.
[16]张和清.全球化背景下中国农村问题与农村社会工作[J].社会科学战线,2012(8):175-185.
[17]KAY C.Reflections on Latin American rural studies in the neoliberal globalization period:a new rurality?[J].Development and change,2008,39(6):915-943.
[18]BEBBINGTON A.Reencountering development:livelihood transitions and place transformations in the Andes[J].Annals of the association of American geographers,2001,90(3):495-520.
[19]亨利·伯恩斯坦.农政变迁的阶级动力[M].汪淳玉,叶敬忠,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.
[20]FILSON G C.Social implications of intensive agriculture[M]//Intensive agriculture and sustainability:a farming systems analysis.Vancouver:University of British Columbia Press,2004.
[21]VAN DER PLOEG J D,YE J Z.Multiple job holding in rural villages and the Chinese road to development[J].Journal of peasant studies,2010,37(3):525-526.
[22]ELLIS F.Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
[23]吴惠芳,饶静.农业女性化对农业发展的影响[J].农业技术经济,2009(2):55-61.
[24]贺雪峰.中国农村反贫困问题研究:类型、误区及对策[J].社会科学,2017(4):57-63.
[25]EVANS N J,ILBERY B W.The pluriactivity,part-time farming,and farm diversification debate[J].Environment and planning,1993,25(7):945-959.
[26]KINSELLA J,WILSON S,DE JONG F,et al.Pluriactivity as a livelihood strategy in Irish farm households and its role in rural development[J].Sociologia ruralis,2000,40(4):481-96.
[27]黄宗智.《中国新时代的小农经济》导言[J].开放时代,2012(3):5-9.
[28]安东尼·吉登斯.社会的构成:结构化理论纲要[M].李康,李猛,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016.
[29]KRANTZ L.The sustainable livelihood approach to poverty reduction:an introduction[R].Stockholm:Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency,2001.
[30]BATTERBURY S.Landscapes of diversity:a local political ecology of livelihood diversification in south-western Niger[J].Ecumene,2001,8(4):437-464.
[31]KAY C.Rural development and agrarian issues in contemporary Latin America[M]//WEEKS J.Structural adjustment and the agricultural sector in Latin America and the Caribbean.London:Martin’s Press,1995.
[32]YE J Z,HE C Z,LIU J,et al.GRASSROOTS VOICES/Left-behind elderly:shouldering a disproportionate share of production and reproduction in supporting China’s industrial development[J].The journal of peasant studies,2016,44(5):971-999.
[33]YE J Z.Stayers in China’s“hollowed-out”villages:a counter narrative on massive rural-urban migration[EB/OL].[2018-10-16].https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2128.
[34]张学英.可持续生计视域下的被征地农民就业问题研究[J].贵州社会科学,2010(4):86-91.
[35]孙新华.我国应选择哪种农业经营主体?[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013(6):18-21.
[36]GILLING J,JONES S,DUNCAN A.Sector approaches,sustainable livelihoods and rural poverty reduction[J].Development policy review,2001,19(3):303-319.
[37]Department for International Development.Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets[EB/OL].[2018-10-25].https://www.ennonline.net/dfidsustainableliving.
[38]ADDISON T,HULME D,KANBUR R.Poverty dynamics:measurement and understanding from an interdisciplinary perspective[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[39]CHANNOCK M.A peculiar sharpness:an essay on property in the history of customary law in colonial Africa[J].The journal of African history,1991,32(1):65-88.
[40]LI T M.Centering labor in the land grab debate[J].Journal of peasant studies,2011,38(2):281-298.
[41]CLEAVER F,FRANKS T.How institutions elude design:river basin management and sustainable livelihoods[R].Bradford:Bradford Centre for International Development,2005.
[42]刘娟.遭遇高速:村庄土地征占中的政治[D].北京:中国农业大学,2012:22-23.
[43]DESCHUTTER O.How not to think land grabbing:three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland[J].Journal of peasant studies,2011,38(2):249-279.
[44]花晓波,阎建忠,袁小燕.劳动力务农机会成本上升对丘陵山区农地弃耕的影响:以重庆市酉阳县为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2014(1):111-119.
[45]朱利凯,蒙吉军,刘洋,等.农牧交错区农牧户生计与土地利用——以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2011(1):133-140.
[46]叶敬忠,吴惠芳,许惠娇,等.土地流转的迷思与现实[J].开放时代,2016(5):76-91.
[47]孙新华.什么是农民,什么是土地:农民分化视野下的土地问题[J].古今农业,2011(1):29-35.
[48]温铁军.农民社会保障与土地制度改革[J].学习月刊,2006(19):20-22.
[49]O’LAUGHLIN B.Proletarianisation,agency and changing rural livelihoods:forced labour and resistance in colonial Mozambique[J].Journal of Southern African studies,2002,28(3):511-530.
(1)这里的“民粹主义”不是指作为一种政治统治策略的政治民粹主义,即不是指政治人物轻言许诺、乱开政治支票、讨好和收买底层民众的做法,也不是指非理性的群众集体狂热或极端狭隘的民族主义,而是指以恰亚诺夫为代表的研究小农农业的独特性与组织形式、“生存小农”的价值结构与存续性、土地的权利属性与分配合作、村社的独特性与乡村价值的学术思潮,是一种非意识形态的理论范式,也可称为“恰亚诺夫主义”或“实体主义”。
(1)国内译为《土地问题》。参见:考茨基.土地问题[M].梁琳,译.北京:三联书店,1955。该著作以德文撰写,1899年正式出版,书名为Die Agrarfrage,在英语世界里被固定译为The Agrarian Question,且Agrarian Question成为学术界通用的学术概念,将之译为“农政问题”。
(2)关于其他理论视角的农政变迁,作者另有专文论述。需要特别指出的是,由于这些不同理论视角的梳理均建立在农政概念背景之下,且都需要对农政问题和农政变迁等概念做出定义说明,因此,这些论文均以“基本概念:农政问题与农政变迁”为引言部分,内容大体一致。
(1)亨利·费尔特迈尔.农政变迁、人口迁移与发展---中国农业大学“农政与发展”系列讲座特场五,2016年12月1日。