Childcare,Elderly Caring and Off-farm Employment of Rural Couples in China
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摘要
Based on the representative sample survey data of more than 1 000 farmers in 101 villages of 25 counties of 5 provinces in China,within the framework of family collective decision-making,this paper studied the effects and heterogeneity of childcare and elderly caring on the off-farm employment mode of rural couples. It found that caring the children younger than 3 years old significantly reduces the possibility of offfarm employment of rural couples; conversely,if there is 60-80 years old member in the family,it will significantly increase the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples or the wives. Caring the children above 12 years old or the elderly older than 80 years old reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of the husbands. Whether there is preschool education service facility in the village has no effect on the off-farm employment of the couples.
Based on the representative sample survey data of more than 1 000 farmers in 101 villages of 25 counties of 5 provinces in China,within the framework of family collective decision-making,this paper studied the effects and heterogeneity of childcare and elderly caring on the off-farm employment mode of rural couples. It found that caring the children younger than 3 years old significantly reduces the possibility of offfarm employment of rural couples; conversely,if there is 60-80 years old member in the family,it will significantly increase the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples or the wives. Caring the children above 12 years old or the elderly older than 80 years old reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of the husbands. Whether there is preschool education service facility in the village has no effect on the off-farm employment of the couples.
Based on the representative sample survey data of more than 1 000 farmers in 101 villages of 25 counties of 5 provinces in China,within the framework of family collective decision-making,this paper studied the effects and heterogeneity of childcare and elderly caring on the off-farm employment mode of rural couples. It found that caring the children younger than 3 years old significantly reduces the possibility of offfarm employment of rural couples; conversely,if there is 60-80 years old member in the family,it will significantly increase the possibility of off-farm employment of rural couples or the wives. Caring the children above 12 years old or the elderly older than 80 years old reduces the possibility of off-farm employment of the husbands. Whether there is preschool education service facility in the village has no effect on the off-farm employment of the couples.
引文
[1]General Office of the State Council. Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on further adjusting and optimizing the structure to improve the efficiency of the use of educational funds[EB/OL]. http://www.gov. cn/zhengce/content/2018-08/27/content_5316874. htm,2018-08-27.(in Chinese).
[2]WANG Y,WANG SG. Issues on aging of population and poverty of aged people in rural China:Relating research on migration influences[J].Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2014,31(1):108-120.(in Chinese).
[3]CAI F. How long can China’s demographic dividend last[J]. Economic Perspectives,2011,52(6):3-8.(in Chinese).
[4]LI CY,HE CZ. Research on the formal social support for left-behind elderly in rural China[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2010,27(1):113-120.(in Chinese).
[5]WU WP,ZHANG Y,LIU NQ. Housing prices and female labor participation in decision-making:Evidence from CHNS data[J]. Economic Perspectives,2016,57(11):57-67.(in Chinese).
[6]BECKER GS. A theory of the allocation of time[J]. The Economic Journal,1965,75(299):493-517.
[7]HUFFMAN WE,LANGE MD. Off-farm work decisions of husbands and wives:joint decision making[J]. Review of Economics&Statistics,1989,71(3):471-480.
[8]ZHANG CC. Impacts of number of children on the labor supply and wage earnings of married women[J]. Population&Economics,2011,32(5):29-35.(in Chinese).
[9]TOKLE JG,HUFFMAN WE. Local economic conditions and wage labor decisions of farm and rural nonfarm couples[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1991,73(3):652-670.
[10] LIU J. Off-farm employment,maternal care and child health———Evidence from rural China[J]. Economic Research Journal,2008,43(09):108-132.(in Chinese).
[11]WEI N,SU Q. Health and rural labor nonfarm employment participation:An empirical study based on simultaneous equation model[J].Rural Economy,2013,31(7):113-117.(in Chinese).
[12]WANG W. Microcosmic basis analysis of the off-farm employment decision of farmers and their spouses:A case study of Feicheng City,Shandong Province[J]. Chinese Rural Economy,2010,16(3):45-54,59.(in Chinese).
[13]ZHOU CF. Child care,elderly care and off-farm employment for rural married women[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2013,32(11):94-102.(in Chinese).
[14]MCCONNELL C,BRUE SL,MACPHERSON D. Contemporary labour economics[M]. New York:Mc Graw Hill Education,2017.
[15]SASAKI M. The causal effect of family structure on labor force participation among Japanese married women[J]. The Journal of Human Resources,2002,37(2):429-440.
[16]SHEN K,ZHANG Y,YAN P. Family structure and female labor force participation in China[J]. Population Research,2012,36(5):15-27.(in Chinese).
[17]LU HY,YU JL,DU YX. The influence of older parents’care-giving activities on labor supply of adult children:A study based on CFPS[J].The Study of Finance and Economics,2017,43(12):4-16.(in Chinese).
[18]HUANG F. On the relationship between family care and female employment in urban China from the perspective of population aging[J]. The Study of Finance and Economics,2012,38(9):16-26.(in Chinese).
[19]LIU BH. Opportunity cost faced by elder informal carers in China:Analysis on the basis of family dynamic data[J]. Population Journal,2014,36(5):48-60.(in Chinese).
[20]EVANS WN,SCHWAB RM. Finishing high school and starting college:Do catholic schools make a difference?[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995,110(4):941-974.
[21]WANG H,DONG XY. Childcare provision and women’s participation in off-farm employment:Evidence from China’s low-income rural areas[J]. Market&Demographic Analysis,2010,16(3):60-68.(in Chinese).
[22]XIONG RX,LI HW. Childcare,public service and Chinese rural married women’s non-farm labor force participation:Evidence from CFPS data[J]. China Economic Quarterly,2017,16(4):393-414.(in Chinese).
[23]CONNELLY R,DEGRAFF DS,LEVISON D. Women’s employment and child care in Brazil[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1996,44(3):619-656.
[24]BLAU DM,HAGY AP. The demand for quality in child care[M]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,1998.
[25]QUISUMBING AR,HALLMAN K,RUEL MT. Maquiladoras and market mamas:Women’s work and childcare in Guatemala City and Accra[J]. Journal of Development Studies,2007,43(3):420-455.
[26]DU FL,ZHANG JY,DONG XY. The influence of child care on the labor force participation rate of urban women in China[J]. World Economic Papers,2018,62(3):1-19.(in Chinese).
[27]ZHANG LX,LUO RF,LIU CF,et al. Determinants of public goods investment in rural communities in China[J]. Economic Research Journal,2005,51(11):76-86.(in Chinese).
[28]KOLODINSKY J,SHIREY L. The impact of living with an elder parent on adult daughter’s labor supply and hours of work[J]. Journal of Family&Economic Issues,2000,21(2):149-175.
[29]ETTNER SL. The impact of"parent care"on female labor supply decisions[J]. Demography,1995,32(1):63-80.
[30]CARMICHAEL F,CHARLES S. The opportunity costs of informal care:Does gender matter?[J]. Journal of Health Economics,2003,22(5):781-803.
[31]National Bureau of Statistics. Migrant workers monitoring survey report in 2017[EB/OL]. http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjsj/zxfb/201804/t20180427_1596389. html,2018-04-27.(in Chinese).
[32]SU HS. An empirical research on the effects of gender and child care on peasants’urban work decision:Evidence from the CHNS data[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,2013,31(1):15-18.(in Chinese).
[33]LIANG ZH,LI M. Analysis on the influence of family migration on married women going out for employment[J]. Agricultural Economy,2016,36(2):68-70.(in Chinese).
[34]CHENG MW,PAN X. Empirical analysis on the effects of individual features and family traits to non-farm employment[J]. China Population·Resources and Environment,2012,22(2):94-99.(in Chinese).
[35]AO X. The impact of the rural-urban migration of the young workers on the mental health of their old parents left behind[J]. South China Population,2018,33(4):71-80.(in Chinese).
[36]XU Q. Sons or daughters? Who are caring for aging parents:A gender comparative study of Chinese family[J]. Society,2015,35(4):199-219.(in Chinese).
[37]ZHANG JQ,LIU X. Innovative ideas for the sharing and development of basic public services in rural areas in China[J]. Contemporary Economics,2018,34(9):92-96.(in Chinese).
[38]LIAO QF. Diversity in unity:Value orientation of Chinese rural education[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2015,32(1):106-118.(in Chinese).
[39]LIANG HY,DAI Y,MA X. A study about the influence of family pattern on the employment of migrant female worker:Taking the dynamic monitoring of floating population in Yunnan and Inner Mongolia in 2014as an example[J]. Human Resource Development of China,2017,34(3):144-153.(in Chinese).
[40]JI Y,LI JW. Investigation and research on the current situation and oldage care planning of the elderly living in alternate generations in the countryside[J]. The World of Survey and Research,2017,20(5):24-29.(in Chinese).
[41]ZOU H,PENG ZC,LUAN BJ. Intergenerational care and female labor supply:Analysis of the paradox of universal second child and delayed retirement from the perspective of care[J]. Economic Perspectives,2018,59(7):37-52.(in Chinese).
[42]LIU H,LAN Q. Investment in education in poor areas cannot be reduced[J]. People’s Tribune,2017,28(30):80-81.(in Chinese).
[2]WANG Y,WANG SG. Issues on aging of population and poverty of aged people in rural China:Relating research on migration influences[J].Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2014,31(1):108-120.(in Chinese).
[3]CAI F. How long can China’s demographic dividend last[J]. Economic Perspectives,2011,52(6):3-8.(in Chinese).
[4]LI CY,HE CZ. Research on the formal social support for left-behind elderly in rural China[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2010,27(1):113-120.(in Chinese).
[5]WU WP,ZHANG Y,LIU NQ. Housing prices and female labor participation in decision-making:Evidence from CHNS data[J]. Economic Perspectives,2016,57(11):57-67.(in Chinese).
[6]BECKER GS. A theory of the allocation of time[J]. The Economic Journal,1965,75(299):493-517.
[7]HUFFMAN WE,LANGE MD. Off-farm work decisions of husbands and wives:joint decision making[J]. Review of Economics&Statistics,1989,71(3):471-480.
[8]ZHANG CC. Impacts of number of children on the labor supply and wage earnings of married women[J]. Population&Economics,2011,32(5):29-35.(in Chinese).
[9]TOKLE JG,HUFFMAN WE. Local economic conditions and wage labor decisions of farm and rural nonfarm couples[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1991,73(3):652-670.
[10] LIU J. Off-farm employment,maternal care and child health———Evidence from rural China[J]. Economic Research Journal,2008,43(09):108-132.(in Chinese).
[11]WEI N,SU Q. Health and rural labor nonfarm employment participation:An empirical study based on simultaneous equation model[J].Rural Economy,2013,31(7):113-117.(in Chinese).
[12]WANG W. Microcosmic basis analysis of the off-farm employment decision of farmers and their spouses:A case study of Feicheng City,Shandong Province[J]. Chinese Rural Economy,2010,16(3):45-54,59.(in Chinese).
[13]ZHOU CF. Child care,elderly care and off-farm employment for rural married women[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2013,32(11):94-102.(in Chinese).
[14]MCCONNELL C,BRUE SL,MACPHERSON D. Contemporary labour economics[M]. New York:Mc Graw Hill Education,2017.
[15]SASAKI M. The causal effect of family structure on labor force participation among Japanese married women[J]. The Journal of Human Resources,2002,37(2):429-440.
[16]SHEN K,ZHANG Y,YAN P. Family structure and female labor force participation in China[J]. Population Research,2012,36(5):15-27.(in Chinese).
[17]LU HY,YU JL,DU YX. The influence of older parents’care-giving activities on labor supply of adult children:A study based on CFPS[J].The Study of Finance and Economics,2017,43(12):4-16.(in Chinese).
[18]HUANG F. On the relationship between family care and female employment in urban China from the perspective of population aging[J]. The Study of Finance and Economics,2012,38(9):16-26.(in Chinese).
[19]LIU BH. Opportunity cost faced by elder informal carers in China:Analysis on the basis of family dynamic data[J]. Population Journal,2014,36(5):48-60.(in Chinese).
[20]EVANS WN,SCHWAB RM. Finishing high school and starting college:Do catholic schools make a difference?[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995,110(4):941-974.
[21]WANG H,DONG XY. Childcare provision and women’s participation in off-farm employment:Evidence from China’s low-income rural areas[J]. Market&Demographic Analysis,2010,16(3):60-68.(in Chinese).
[22]XIONG RX,LI HW. Childcare,public service and Chinese rural married women’s non-farm labor force participation:Evidence from CFPS data[J]. China Economic Quarterly,2017,16(4):393-414.(in Chinese).
[23]CONNELLY R,DEGRAFF DS,LEVISON D. Women’s employment and child care in Brazil[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1996,44(3):619-656.
[24]BLAU DM,HAGY AP. The demand for quality in child care[M]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,1998.
[25]QUISUMBING AR,HALLMAN K,RUEL MT. Maquiladoras and market mamas:Women’s work and childcare in Guatemala City and Accra[J]. Journal of Development Studies,2007,43(3):420-455.
[26]DU FL,ZHANG JY,DONG XY. The influence of child care on the labor force participation rate of urban women in China[J]. World Economic Papers,2018,62(3):1-19.(in Chinese).
[27]ZHANG LX,LUO RF,LIU CF,et al. Determinants of public goods investment in rural communities in China[J]. Economic Research Journal,2005,51(11):76-86.(in Chinese).
[28]KOLODINSKY J,SHIREY L. The impact of living with an elder parent on adult daughter’s labor supply and hours of work[J]. Journal of Family&Economic Issues,2000,21(2):149-175.
[29]ETTNER SL. The impact of"parent care"on female labor supply decisions[J]. Demography,1995,32(1):63-80.
[30]CARMICHAEL F,CHARLES S. The opportunity costs of informal care:Does gender matter?[J]. Journal of Health Economics,2003,22(5):781-803.
[31]National Bureau of Statistics. Migrant workers monitoring survey report in 2017[EB/OL]. http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjsj/zxfb/201804/t20180427_1596389. html,2018-04-27.(in Chinese).
[32]SU HS. An empirical research on the effects of gender and child care on peasants’urban work decision:Evidence from the CHNS data[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Finance and Economics,2013,31(1):15-18.(in Chinese).
[33]LIANG ZH,LI M. Analysis on the influence of family migration on married women going out for employment[J]. Agricultural Economy,2016,36(2):68-70.(in Chinese).
[34]CHENG MW,PAN X. Empirical analysis on the effects of individual features and family traits to non-farm employment[J]. China Population·Resources and Environment,2012,22(2):94-99.(in Chinese).
[35]AO X. The impact of the rural-urban migration of the young workers on the mental health of their old parents left behind[J]. South China Population,2018,33(4):71-80.(in Chinese).
[36]XU Q. Sons or daughters? Who are caring for aging parents:A gender comparative study of Chinese family[J]. Society,2015,35(4):199-219.(in Chinese).
[37]ZHANG JQ,LIU X. Innovative ideas for the sharing and development of basic public services in rural areas in China[J]. Contemporary Economics,2018,34(9):92-96.(in Chinese).
[38]LIAO QF. Diversity in unity:Value orientation of Chinese rural education[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2015,32(1):106-118.(in Chinese).
[39]LIANG HY,DAI Y,MA X. A study about the influence of family pattern on the employment of migrant female worker:Taking the dynamic monitoring of floating population in Yunnan and Inner Mongolia in 2014as an example[J]. Human Resource Development of China,2017,34(3):144-153.(in Chinese).
[40]JI Y,LI JW. Investigation and research on the current situation and oldage care planning of the elderly living in alternate generations in the countryside[J]. The World of Survey and Research,2017,20(5):24-29.(in Chinese).
[41]ZOU H,PENG ZC,LUAN BJ. Intergenerational care and female labor supply:Analysis of the paradox of universal second child and delayed retirement from the perspective of care[J]. Economic Perspectives,2018,59(7):37-52.(in Chinese).
[42]LIU H,LAN Q. Investment in education in poor areas cannot be reduced[J]. People’s Tribune,2017,28(30):80-81.(in Chinese).