“玉米田养鹅”农田生态系统下的土壤温度影响机制
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摘要
为了解农牧一体化下"玉米田养鹅"生产模式的土壤温度影响机制,通过对比试验方法进行田间试验,结果表明:玉米田养鹅处理杂草群落平均密度为171.33株/m~2,是对照密度(11.11株/m~2)的15.42倍,处理间差异极显著(P<0.01;n=9),该处理下杂草Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.76,Simpson多样性指数为0.77,均高于对照;玉米田养鹅处理的地上生物量为386.30g/m~2,是对照(5.67g/m~2)的68.13倍,处理间差异极显著(P<0.01;n=9),同时玉米田养鹅处理的盖度为90.56%,是对照(7.22%)的12.54倍,处理间差异极显著(P<0.01;n=9)。在白天土壤温度的变化过程中,玉米田养鹅处理较高的地上生物量和丰富的地表植被使得田间地下生物生理代谢活动旺盛,土壤呼吸作用增强,土壤CO2呼吸通量增加,高达308.64 mg/(m~2·h),显著高于对照的234.90mg/(m~2·h)(P<0.05;n=9)。因此,在试验期间白天光照不足,地表接受光照辐射有限的情况下,生物代谢活动产生的热量是影响土壤温度的主导因素,白天的土壤温度高于对照。在夜间土壤温度的变化中,玉米田养鹅处理5~15cm的土壤含水量为16.14%,显著高于对照1.27%(P<0.05;n=9),水的良好导热能力促进了土壤的散热,使得玉米田养鹅处理表层土壤夜间散热较快,以致夜间该处理下的土壤温度低于对照。因此,在"玉米田养鹅"模式生产过程的前期,生物代谢活动和土壤含水量是影响土壤温度变化的主要因素。
The principle of soil temperature change of agro-pastoral integration was studied in order to clarify factors and mechanism of soil temperature under"Raising geese in corn field"mode.Field experiments were conducted by using comparative method.The results showed that the mean density of weed communities in maize field was 171.33plants/m2,which was 15.42 times of the control density(11.11plants/m2),and the difference between treatments was extremely significant(P<0.01;n=9).Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 1.76 and Simpson diversity index was0.77,which were all higher than those in the control.The above ground biomass of maize field was 386.30g/m2,whichwas 68.13 times of control(5.67g/m2),and the difference between treatments was extremely significant(P<0.01;n=9).The coverage of maize field geese was 90.56%,which was 12.54 times of that of control treatment(7.22%),and the difference between treatments was extremely significant(P<0.01;n=9).The physiologic metabolic activities of underground biota and soil respiration were also enhanced during the daytime soil temperature change due to high above ground biomass and abundant surface vegetation.In addition,soil CO2 flux increased to 308.64mg/(m2·h),which was 1.31 times higher than that in control(234.90mg/(m2·h)),and the difference was significant(P<0.05;n=9).During the test period,illumination was poor and surface radiation exposure was limited in the daytime.The light intensity of maize field goose was 5 488.89 Lx,the control treatment was 8 666.67 Lx.Soil temperature was mainly due to the heat generated by bio-metabolic activities,so the soil temperature during the day was higher than that in the control treatment;During night time,the soil water content in the 5-15 cm soil layer was 16.14%,which was significantly higher than that in control 1.27%(P<0.05;n=9).Good thermal conductivity of water promoted the heat of the soil and corn geese responded to surface soil heat faster at night.Eventually,the soil temperature at night was lower.In conclusion,biological metabolic activity and soil moisture content were the main factors affecting the soil temperature changes at preproduction stage of"Raising geese in corn field".
The principle of soil temperature change of agro-pastoral integration was studied in order to clarify factors and mechanism of soil temperature under"Raising geese in corn field"mode.Field experiments were conducted by using comparative method.The results showed that the mean density of weed communities in maize field was 171.33plants/m2,which was 15.42 times of the control density(11.11plants/m2),and the difference between treatments was extremely significant(P<0.01;n=9).Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 1.76 and Simpson diversity index was0.77,which were all higher than those in the control.The above ground biomass of maize field was 386.30g/m2,whichwas 68.13 times of control(5.67g/m2),and the difference between treatments was extremely significant(P<0.01;n=9).The coverage of maize field geese was 90.56%,which was 12.54 times of that of control treatment(7.22%),and the difference between treatments was extremely significant(P<0.01;n=9).The physiologic metabolic activities of underground biota and soil respiration were also enhanced during the daytime soil temperature change due to high above ground biomass and abundant surface vegetation.In addition,soil CO2 flux increased to 308.64mg/(m2·h),which was 1.31 times higher than that in control(234.90mg/(m2·h)),and the difference was significant(P<0.05;n=9).During the test period,illumination was poor and surface radiation exposure was limited in the daytime.The light intensity of maize field goose was 5 488.89 Lx,the control treatment was 8 666.67 Lx.Soil temperature was mainly due to the heat generated by bio-metabolic activities,so the soil temperature during the day was higher than that in the control treatment;During night time,the soil water content in the 5-15 cm soil layer was 16.14%,which was significantly higher than that in control 1.27%(P<0.05;n=9).Good thermal conductivity of water promoted the heat of the soil and corn geese responded to surface soil heat faster at night.Eventually,the soil temperature at night was lower.In conclusion,biological metabolic activity and soil moisture content were the main factors affecting the soil temperature changes at preproduction stage of"Raising geese in corn field".
引文
[1]张慧智,史学正,于东升,王洪杰,赵永存,孙维侠,黄宝荣.中国土壤温度的季节性变化及其区域分异研究[J].土壤学报,2009,46(2):227-234Zhang H Z,Shi X Z,Yu D S,Wang H J,Zhao Y C,Sun W X,Huang B R.Seasonal and regional variations of soil temperature in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(2):227-234(in Chinese)
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[3]巩玉玲,王兆锋,张镱锂,冯永军.拉萨灌丛草甸区土壤温度变化特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):411-420Gong Y L,Wang Z F,Zhang Y L,Feng Y J.Characteristics of variation of soil temperature in shrub meadow area of Lhasa[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):411-420(in Chinese)
[4]张赛,王龙昌,周航飞,罗海秀,张晓雨,马仲炼.西南丘陵区不同耕作模式下玉米田土壤呼吸及影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(21):6244-6255Zhang S,Wang L C,Zhou H F,Luo H X,Zhang X Y,Ma Z L.Analysis of soil respiration and influencing factors in maize farmland under different tillage patterns in hilly area in Southwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(21):6244-6255(in Chinese)
[5]刘斐,陈军,慕军营,吴朋涛,韩文霆.土壤温度检测及其与含水率关系研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(3):95-99Liu F,Chen J,Mu J Y,Wu P T,Han W T.Detection of soil temperature and its relationship with moisture content[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(3):95-99(in Chinese)
[6]Liu X S,Luo T X.Spatiotemporal variability of soil temperature and moisture across two contrasting timberline ecotones in the sergyemla mountains,southeast Tibet[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,2011,43(2):229
[7]沙志鹏,王军峰,关法春.西藏东南缘农牧复合系统:玉米田放牧鹅的生物多样性和经济效益分析[J].草地学报,2014,22(1):213-216Sha Z P,Wang J F,Guan F C.The agri-pastoral compound ecosystem of southeast Tibet-analyses of biodiversity and economic benefits of raising geese in cornfields[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,22(1):213-216(in Chinese)
[8]沙志鹏,张宇阳,王超,权红,关法春.西藏“玉米田养鹅”模式下养分吸收与养分平衡特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):523-532Sha Z P,Zhang Y Y,Wang C,Quan H,Guan F C.Nutrient absorption and nutrient balance in an agro-pastoral compound production pattern of“Raising Geese in Corn Fields”in Tibet[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):523-532(in Chinese)
[9]张宇阳,王军峰,沙志鹏,关法春,段晶.“农牧一体化”下玉米田杂草多样性及玉米生长状况[J].浙江大学学报:农业和生命科学版,2014,40(6):638-646Zhang Y Y,Wang J F,Sha Z P,Guan F C,Duan J.Weeds biodiversity and maize growth in agro-pastoral integration system[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture and Life Sciences,2014,40(6):638-646(in Chinese)
[10]宋秋来.松嫩平原旱作农田土壤CO2排放规律及土壤碳平衡研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2014Song Q L.Studies on CO2 emission and carbon balance of farmland in Songnen Plain[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2014(in Chinese)
[11]Ufuk O,Ferhat G.Effect of vegetation change from forest to herbaceous vegetation cover on soil moisture and temperature regimes and soil water chemistry[J].CATENA,2017,149:158-166
[12]关法春,梁正伟.稻草覆盖对羊草育苗床土水热条件及其出苗的影响[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(5):47-53Guan F C,Liang Z W.Effects of straw mulching on hydro:Thermal factor of seedbed soil and emergence of Leymus chinensis[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2008,30(5):47-53(in Chinese)
[13]刘炜,高亚军,杨君林,杨学云,李生秀.旱地冬小麦返青前秸秆覆盖的土壤温度效应[J].干旱地区农业,研究,2007,5(4):197-201Liu W,Gao Y J,Yang J L,Yang X Y,Li S X.Effect of straw mulching on soil temperature before the greening stage of winter wheat in dryland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2007,5(4):197-201(in Chinese)
[14]陈素英,张喜英,裴冬,孙宏勇.玉米秸秆覆盖对麦田土壤温度和土壤蒸发的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(10):171-173Chen S Y,Zhang X Y,Pei D,Sun H Y.Effects of corn straw mulching on soil temperature and soil evaporation of winter wheat field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(10):171-173(in Chinese)
[15]Wang J Y,Song C C,Zhang J,Wang L L,Zhu X Y,Shi F X.Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon mine-realization and nitrous oxide emission in different ecosystems along a mountain wetland-forest ecotone in the continuous permafrost of Northeast China[J].CATENA,2014,121:110-118
[16]李娟,李跃清,蒋兴文,高笃鸣.青藏高原东南部复杂地形区不同天气状况下陆气能量交换特征分析[J].大气科学,2016,40(4):777-791Li J,Li Y Q,Jiang X W,Gao D M.Characteristics of landatmosphere energy exchanges over complex terrain area of southeastern Tibetan Plateau under different synoptic conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2016,40(4):777-791(in Chinese)
[17]任海建.不同植被覆盖度条件下小麦生长参数的高光谱监测研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012Ren H J.Monitoring growth parameters with hyperspectrum under different vegetation coverage conditions in wheat[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012(in Chinese)
[18]刘春生,杨吉华,马玉增,郑永明.对板栗园树盘土壤双重覆盖的效应研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):69-71Liu C S,Yang J H,Ma Y Z,Zheng Y M.Effects of dual mulches on chestnut orchard soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2004,20(1):69-71(in Chinese)
[19]Migaa K,WojtuńB,Szymański W,Muskaa P.Soil moisture and temperature variation under different types of tundra vegetation during the growing season:A case study from the Fuglebekken catchment,SW Spitsbergen[J].CATENA,2014,116:10-18
[2]陈继康,李素娟,张宇,陈阜,张海林.不同耕作方式麦田土壤温度及其对气温的响应特征:土壤温度日变化及其对气温的响应[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(7):2592-2600Chen J K,Li S J,Zhang Y,Chen F,Zhang H L.Characteristics of soil temperature and response to air temperature under different tillage systems:Diurnal dynamic of soil temperature and its response to air temperature[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(7):2592-2600(in Chinese)
[3]巩玉玲,王兆锋,张镱锂,冯永军.拉萨灌丛草甸区土壤温度变化特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):411-420Gong Y L,Wang Z F,Zhang Y L,Feng Y J.Characteristics of variation of soil temperature in shrub meadow area of Lhasa[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):411-420(in Chinese)
[4]张赛,王龙昌,周航飞,罗海秀,张晓雨,马仲炼.西南丘陵区不同耕作模式下玉米田土壤呼吸及影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(21):6244-6255Zhang S,Wang L C,Zhou H F,Luo H X,Zhang X Y,Ma Z L.Analysis of soil respiration and influencing factors in maize farmland under different tillage patterns in hilly area in Southwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(21):6244-6255(in Chinese)
[5]刘斐,陈军,慕军营,吴朋涛,韩文霆.土壤温度检测及其与含水率关系研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(3):95-99Liu F,Chen J,Mu J Y,Wu P T,Han W T.Detection of soil temperature and its relationship with moisture content[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(3):95-99(in Chinese)
[6]Liu X S,Luo T X.Spatiotemporal variability of soil temperature and moisture across two contrasting timberline ecotones in the sergyemla mountains,southeast Tibet[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,2011,43(2):229
[7]沙志鹏,王军峰,关法春.西藏东南缘农牧复合系统:玉米田放牧鹅的生物多样性和经济效益分析[J].草地学报,2014,22(1):213-216Sha Z P,Wang J F,Guan F C.The agri-pastoral compound ecosystem of southeast Tibet-analyses of biodiversity and economic benefits of raising geese in cornfields[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,22(1):213-216(in Chinese)
[8]沙志鹏,张宇阳,王超,权红,关法春.西藏“玉米田养鹅”模式下养分吸收与养分平衡特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):523-532Sha Z P,Zhang Y Y,Wang C,Quan H,Guan F C.Nutrient absorption and nutrient balance in an agro-pastoral compound production pattern of“Raising Geese in Corn Fields”in Tibet[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(2):523-532(in Chinese)
[9]张宇阳,王军峰,沙志鹏,关法春,段晶.“农牧一体化”下玉米田杂草多样性及玉米生长状况[J].浙江大学学报:农业和生命科学版,2014,40(6):638-646Zhang Y Y,Wang J F,Sha Z P,Guan F C,Duan J.Weeds biodiversity and maize growth in agro-pastoral integration system[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture and Life Sciences,2014,40(6):638-646(in Chinese)
[10]宋秋来.松嫩平原旱作农田土壤CO2排放规律及土壤碳平衡研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2014Song Q L.Studies on CO2 emission and carbon balance of farmland in Songnen Plain[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2014(in Chinese)
[11]Ufuk O,Ferhat G.Effect of vegetation change from forest to herbaceous vegetation cover on soil moisture and temperature regimes and soil water chemistry[J].CATENA,2017,149:158-166
[12]关法春,梁正伟.稻草覆盖对羊草育苗床土水热条件及其出苗的影响[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(5):47-53Guan F C,Liang Z W.Effects of straw mulching on hydro:Thermal factor of seedbed soil and emergence of Leymus chinensis[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2008,30(5):47-53(in Chinese)
[13]刘炜,高亚军,杨君林,杨学云,李生秀.旱地冬小麦返青前秸秆覆盖的土壤温度效应[J].干旱地区农业,研究,2007,5(4):197-201Liu W,Gao Y J,Yang J L,Yang X Y,Li S X.Effect of straw mulching on soil temperature before the greening stage of winter wheat in dryland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2007,5(4):197-201(in Chinese)
[14]陈素英,张喜英,裴冬,孙宏勇.玉米秸秆覆盖对麦田土壤温度和土壤蒸发的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(10):171-173Chen S Y,Zhang X Y,Pei D,Sun H Y.Effects of corn straw mulching on soil temperature and soil evaporation of winter wheat field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(10):171-173(in Chinese)
[15]Wang J Y,Song C C,Zhang J,Wang L L,Zhu X Y,Shi F X.Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon mine-realization and nitrous oxide emission in different ecosystems along a mountain wetland-forest ecotone in the continuous permafrost of Northeast China[J].CATENA,2014,121:110-118
[16]李娟,李跃清,蒋兴文,高笃鸣.青藏高原东南部复杂地形区不同天气状况下陆气能量交换特征分析[J].大气科学,2016,40(4):777-791Li J,Li Y Q,Jiang X W,Gao D M.Characteristics of landatmosphere energy exchanges over complex terrain area of southeastern Tibetan Plateau under different synoptic conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2016,40(4):777-791(in Chinese)
[17]任海建.不同植被覆盖度条件下小麦生长参数的高光谱监测研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012Ren H J.Monitoring growth parameters with hyperspectrum under different vegetation coverage conditions in wheat[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012(in Chinese)
[18]刘春生,杨吉华,马玉增,郑永明.对板栗园树盘土壤双重覆盖的效应研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):69-71Liu C S,Yang J H,Ma Y Z,Zheng Y M.Effects of dual mulches on chestnut orchard soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2004,20(1):69-71(in Chinese)
[19]Migaa K,WojtuńB,Szymański W,Muskaa P.Soil moisture and temperature variation under different types of tundra vegetation during the growing season:A case study from the Fuglebekken catchment,SW Spitsbergen[J].CATENA,2014,116:10-18