玉米田养鹅对农田杂草群落结构影响的初步研究
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摘要
以西藏林芝八一镇"农牧一体化"农业生态试验站为平台,于2015年开展玉米田养鹅(RGICF)、常规(CCP)和对照(CK)长期定位试验,调查统计放牧前、放牧中和放牧后玉米农田杂草种类和密度,从杂草群落结构和功能群层面对比分析,以期揭示不同杂草管理方式对田间杂草群落结构的影响。结果表明:放牧前,RGICF和CK杂草种类高达14种,密度接近141.82株/m~2,依次高于CCP 10种和135.82株/m~2,杂草优势种少而突出,杂草功能群DA占优势。放牧中,RGICF和CK杂草总密度下降了75.68%和17.41%;CCP杂草功能群DA比重上升,总密度增加了13.07%,但优势种少而突出。放牧后,RGICF杂草种类和密度基本恒定,CK杂草总密度减少了71.74%,CCP杂草总密度增加了1.71倍,RGICF、CCP和CK均以功能群DA为主。这说明了玉米田养鹅模式下既能充分利用杂草资源,又可维持杂草群落结构的稳定性。
A long-term localization experiment for raising geese in corn fields(RGICF), conventional corn planting(CCP) and control(CK)-was conducted in 2015 in "agro-pastoral integration"agricultural experiment station in Bayi Town, Nyingchi, Tibet. The species and density of weeds in farmland Bef-, Dur-, and Aft-grazing were investigated, and comparative analysis of weed community structure and functional groups was made to reveal the effect of different weed management practices on the community structure of weeds in the field. The results showed: Bef-grazing, there were 14 species of RGICF and CK weeds with a density close to 141.82 plants/m~2, which was higher than CCP with 10 species and 135.82 plants/m~2; the dominant species of weeds were few and prominent, and the weed functional group DA predominated.Dur-grazing, the total density of RGICF and CK weeds decreased by 75.68% and 17.41%; the proportion of DA of CCP weed functional group increased, and the total density increased by 13.07%, but the dominant species were less prominent. Aft-grazing, the species and density of RGICF weeds were basically constant, the total density of CK weeds was reduced by 71.74%, and the total density of CCP weeds was increased by 1.71 times.The functional groups of DA were mainly found in RGICF, CCP and CK. This shows that raising geese in corn geese model can fully utilize the weed resources and maintain the stability of the weed community structure.
A long-term localization experiment for raising geese in corn fields(RGICF), conventional corn planting(CCP) and control(CK)-was conducted in 2015 in "agro-pastoral integration"agricultural experiment station in Bayi Town, Nyingchi, Tibet. The species and density of weeds in farmland Bef-, Dur-, and Aft-grazing were investigated, and comparative analysis of weed community structure and functional groups was made to reveal the effect of different weed management practices on the community structure of weeds in the field. The results showed: Bef-grazing, there were 14 species of RGICF and CK weeds with a density close to 141.82 plants/m~2, which was higher than CCP with 10 species and 135.82 plants/m~2; the dominant species of weeds were few and prominent, and the weed functional group DA predominated.Dur-grazing, the total density of RGICF and CK weeds decreased by 75.68% and 17.41%; the proportion of DA of CCP weed functional group increased, and the total density increased by 13.07%, but the dominant species were less prominent. Aft-grazing, the species and density of RGICF weeds were basically constant, the total density of CK weeds was reduced by 71.74%, and the total density of CCP weeds was increased by 1.71 times.The functional groups of DA were mainly found in RGICF, CCP and CK. This shows that raising geese in corn geese model can fully utilize the weed resources and maintain the stability of the weed community structure.
引文
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[18]魏守辉,强胜,马波,等.不同作物轮作制度对土壤杂草种子库特征的影响.生态学杂志,2005,24(4):385-389.
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[22]王明君,韩国栋,崔国文,等.放牧强度对草甸草原生产力和多样性的影响.生态学杂志,2010,29(5):862-868.
[23]关法春,田飞鹏,沙志鹏,等.不同生产方式下肉鹅养殖场地的贡献及生产效果.中国农业大学学报,2013,18(4):129-133.
[2]Kropff M.J,Spitters C.J.A simple model of crop loss by weed competition from early observations on relative leaf area of the weeds.Weed Research,1991,31(2):97-105.
[3]Holzner W,Numata M.Biology and Ecology of weeds[M].Dr W.Junk Publish,1982,2(20):47:73.
[4]Boutin C,Jobin B.Intensity of agricultural practice and effects on adjacent habitats.Ecological Applications,1998,8(2):544-558.
[5]谷艳芳,胡楠,丁圣彦,等.种植制度对开封和封丘地区麦田杂草群落结构和生物多样性的影响[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2007(4):391-394.
[6]Wortman S.E,Lindquist J.L,Haar M.J,et al.Increased weed diversity,density and above-ground biomass in long-term organic crop rotations.Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2010,25(4):281-295.
[7]张宇阳,王军峰,沙志鹏,等.“农牧一体化”下玉米田杂草多样性及玉米生长状况[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2014,40(6):638-646.
[8]侯向阳.农业生态系统的稳定机制.生态学杂志,1990,9(6):40-42.
[9]Wyss E.The effects of artificial weed strips on diversity and abundance of the arthropod fanua in a Swiss experimental apple orchard.Agriculture,Ecosystem and Environment,1996,60:47-59.
[10]Tilman D,Downing J A.Biodiversity and stability in grasslands.Nature,1994,367(27):363-365.
[11]陈欣,王兆骞,唐建军.农业生态系统杂草多样性保持的生态学功能.生态学报,2000,19(4):50-52.
[12]Menalled F.D,Gross K.L,Hammond M.Weed above ground and seedbank community responses to agriculture management systems.Ecological Applications,2001,11:1586-1601.
[13]Liebman M.Dyck E.Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management.Ecological applications,1993,3(1):92-122.
[14]Rydgerg N T,Milberg P.A survey of weeds in organic farming in Sweden.Biological Agriculture and Horticultuer,2000,18:175-185.
[15]Mayor J.P,Dessaint F.Influence of weed management strategies on soil seedbank diversity.Weed Research,1998,38:95-105.
[16]Puricelli E.C,Tuesca D.H.Weed density and diversity under glyphosate-resistant crop sequences.Crop Protection,2005,24:533-542.
[17]谷艳芳,胡楠,丁圣彦,等.开封地区不同土地利用方式农田杂草群落结构及动态.生态学报,2007,27(4):1359-1367.
[18]魏守辉,强胜,马波,等.不同作物轮作制度对土壤杂草种子库特征的影响.生态学杂志,2005,24(4):385-389.
[19]Goldberg D.E,Miller T E.Effects of the different resource additions on species diversity in an annual plant community.Ecoldgy,1990,71:213-225.
[20]Mahn E.G.Structural changes of weed communities and populations.Vegetatio,1984,58(2):79-85.
[21]Derksen D.A,Thomas A G,Lafond G P,et al.Impact of post-emergence herbicides on weed community diversity within conservation-tillage systems.Weed Research,1995,35(4):311-320.
[22]王明君,韩国栋,崔国文,等.放牧强度对草甸草原生产力和多样性的影响.生态学杂志,2010,29(5):862-868.
[23]关法春,田飞鹏,沙志鹏,等.不同生产方式下肉鹅养殖场地的贡献及生产效果.中国农业大学学报,2013,18(4):129-133.