农牧一体化下杂草生物多样性及玉米生产效益研究
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摘要
为研究农牧一体化对杂草生物多样性的影响,通过延军农场农牧一体化长期定位试验,采用田间对比试验方法,对放牧前后田间杂草种类、密度、盖度和地上生物量以及玉米产量进行调查研究,分析农牧一体化生产方式对杂草生物多样性及玉米生产效益的影响。结果表明:放牧前,农牧一体化(API)理杂草总密度是对照(CK)的1.41倍,且杂草优势种单一且相对多度分配不均匀;API杂草地上生物量比CK高出18.12kg/hm2;API杂草群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)、Simpson优势度指数(D)和Margalef丰富度指数(DMG)分别是CK的1.09、0.92、1.05和1.08倍。放牧后,API和CK杂草总密度分别减少77.00%和23.10%,杂草群落地上生物量依次分别下降94.18%和78.17%,故田间放养鹅可将田间16.01%杂草资源化,提高杂草生产力;API玉米产量是CK的0.92倍,减产所带来的经济损失达2 443.51元/hm2,鹅肉产品输出对经济总收入的贡献率高达48.74%,折合为25 922.80元/hm2;API的产投比(2.87)是CK(2.49)的1.15倍,API能够提高生产效益。因此,API处理使用鹅来控制杂草并将杂草资源化,提高生产力和生物多样性,可实现较高经济效益。
Through the long-term positioning experiment of "Agro-pastoral integration(API)"on Yanjun Farm.Comparative field experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of agro-pastoral integration production methods on weed biodiversity and corn production efficiency.The weed species,density,coverage,aboveground biomass,and corn yield in the field pre-grazing and post-grazing were investigated.The results showed that:The total weed density API treatment was 1.41 times of that of control(CK)pre-grazing,and the weed dominant species were unitary and its relative abundance was not evenly distributed;The weeds aboveground-biomass of API was 18.12 kg/hm2 higher than that of CK;The Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H′),Pielou evenness index(E),Simpson dominance index(D)and Margalef richness index(DMG)of API weed communities were 1.09,0.92,1.05 and 1.08 times of CK,respectively;The total densities of API post-grazing and CK were reduced by 77.00% and 23.10%,respectively.The aboveground-biomass of weed community decreased by 94.18% and 78.17%.Therefore,geese transformed the16.01% weeds in the field into resources and improve weed productivity.The corn yield in API field was 0.92 times ofCK,and the economic loss caused by the reduction of production amounted was up to 2 443.51 yuan/hm2;Goose product output converted to 25 922.80 yuan/hm2,it contributed to the total economic income as high as 48.74%;API investment ratio(2.87)is 1.15 times of that of CK(2.49).In conclusion,API system by raising geese in corn fields to control weeds in API system,converted weeds into resources,improved the productivity and biodiversity,and achieved high economic efficiency.
Through the long-term positioning experiment of "Agro-pastoral integration(API)"on Yanjun Farm.Comparative field experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of agro-pastoral integration production methods on weed biodiversity and corn production efficiency.The weed species,density,coverage,aboveground biomass,and corn yield in the field pre-grazing and post-grazing were investigated.The results showed that:The total weed density API treatment was 1.41 times of that of control(CK)pre-grazing,and the weed dominant species were unitary and its relative abundance was not evenly distributed;The weeds aboveground-biomass of API was 18.12 kg/hm2 higher than that of CK;The Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H′),Pielou evenness index(E),Simpson dominance index(D)and Margalef richness index(DMG)of API weed communities were 1.09,0.92,1.05 and 1.08 times of CK,respectively;The total densities of API post-grazing and CK were reduced by 77.00% and 23.10%,respectively.The aboveground-biomass of weed community decreased by 94.18% and 78.17%.Therefore,geese transformed the16.01% weeds in the field into resources and improve weed productivity.The corn yield in API field was 0.92 times ofCK,and the economic loss caused by the reduction of production amounted was up to 2 443.51 yuan/hm2;Goose product output converted to 25 922.80 yuan/hm2,it contributed to the total economic income as high as 48.74%;API investment ratio(2.87)is 1.15 times of that of CK(2.49).In conclusion,API system by raising geese in corn fields to control weeds in API system,converted weeds into resources,improved the productivity and biodiversity,and achieved high economic efficiency.
引文
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[12]仝淑萍,关法春,曹舰艇,张宇阳,边步云,程犇.“玉米田养鹅”农田生态系统下的土壤温度影响机制[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(9):64-71Tong S P,Guan F C,Cao J T,Zhang Y Y,Bian B Y,Cheng B.Influence mechanism of the farmland ecosystem of“Raising geese in corn field”on soil temperature[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(9):64-71(in Chinese)
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[14]Guan F C,Sha Z P,Zhang Y Y,Wang J F,Wang C.Emergy assessment of three home courtyard agriculture production systems in Tibet autonomous region,China[J].Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B,2016,17(8):628-639
[15]沙志鹏,张宇阳,王超,权红,关法春.西藏“玉米田养鹅”模式下养分吸收与养分平衡特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):523-532Sha Z P,Zhang Y Y,Wang C,Quan H,Guan F C.Characteristics of nutrient absorption and nutrient balance in“Raising geese in corn field”model in Tibet[J].Journal of Soil Science,2016,53(2):523-532(in Chinese)
[16]Zhang Y Y,Sha Z P,Guan F C,Wang C,Li Y J.Impacts of geese on weed communities in corn production systems and associated economic benefits[J].Biological Control,2016,99(1):47-52
[17]Puricelli E,Tuesca D.Weed density and diversity under glyphosate-resistant crop sequences[J].Crop Protection,2005,24(6):533-542
[18]Steege H T.Measuring biological diversity[J].Environmental&Ecological Statistics,2004,1(2):95-103
[19]张宇阳,王军峰,沙志鹏,关法春,段晶.“农牧一体化”下玉米田杂草多样性及玉米生长状况[J].浙江大学学报,2014,40(6):638-646Zhang Y Y,Wang J F,Sha Z P,Guan F C,Duan J.Weed diversity and maize growth in maize field under“Ago-pastoral integration”[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2014,40(6):638-646(in Chinese)
[20]Blackshaw R E,Lemerle D,Mailer R,Young K R.Influence of wild radish on yield and quality of canola[J].Weed Science,2002,50(3),334-349
[21]Nardi S,Morari F,Berti A,Tosoni M,Giardini L.Soil organic matter properties after 40years of different use of organic and mineral fertilizers[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2004,21(3):357-367
[22]Johnston A E.Soil organic matter,effects on soils and crops[J].Soil Use&Management,1986,2(3):97-105
[23]张宇阳.“玉米田养鹅”生产模式碳平衡关键过程研究[D].林芝:西藏农牧学院,2016Zhang Y Y.Study on key processes of carbon balance in production pattern of“Raising geese in corn field”[D].Linzhi:Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University,2016(in Chinese)
[24]尹力初,蔡祖聪.长期不同施肥对玉米田间杂草生物多样性的影响[J].土壤通报,2005,36(2):220-222Yin L C,Cai Z C.Effects of long-term fertilization on weed biodiversity in corn fields[J].Soil Bulletin,2005,36(2):220-222(in Chinese)
[25]汤雷雷,万开元,陈防.养分管理与农田杂草生物多样性和遗传进化的关系研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(7):1744-1749Tang L L,Wan K Y,Chen F.Research progress on relationship between nutrient management and weed biodiversity and genetic evolution[J].Acta Ecology and Environment,2010,19(7):1744-1749(in Chinese)
[26]徐广平,张德罡,徐长林,蒲小鹏,刘晓静,柳小妮,陈建纲.放牧干扰对东祁连山高寒草地植物群落物种多样性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):789-796Xu G P,Zhang D,Xu C L,Pu X P,Liu X J,Liu X N,Chen J G.Effects of grazing disturbance on species diversity of alpine grassland plant communities in east Qilian mountains[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2005,40(6):789-796(in Chinese)
[27]杨利民,李建东,杨允菲.草地群落放牧干扰梯度β多样性研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(4):442-446Yang L M,Li J D,Yang Y F.Study on grazing disturbance gradient beta diversity in grassland communities[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(4):442-446(in Chinese)
[2]Kropff M J,Spitters C J T.A simple model of crop loss by weed competition from early observations on relative leaf area of the weeds[J].Weed Research,1991,31(2):97-105
[3]侯向阳.农业生态系统的稳定机制[J].生态学杂志,1990,9(6):40-42Hou X Y.Stabilization mechanism of agroecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1990,9(6):40-42(in Chinese)
[4]Wortman S E,Lindquist J L,Haar M J,Francis C A.Increased weed diversity,density and above-ground biomass in long-term organic crop rotations[J].Renewable Agriculture&Food Systems,2010,25(4):281-295
[5]韩惠芳,宁堂原,田慎重,王瑜,王丙文,仲惟磊,李增嘉,田欣欣.土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1140-1147Han H F,Ning T Y,Tian S Z,Wang Y,Wang B W,Zhong W L,Li Z J,Tian X X.Effects of soil tillage and straw returning on weed biodiversity in summer maize field[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(5):1140-1147(in Chinese)
[6]Tilman D,Downing J A.Biodiversity and stability in grasslands[J].Nature,1994,367(6461):363-365
[7]陈欣,王兆骞,唐建军.农业生态系统杂草多样性保持的生态学功能[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(4):50-52Chen X,Wang Z Q,Tang J J.Ecological functions of weed diversity in agroecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2000,19(4):50-52(in Chinese)
[8]Menalled F D,Gross K L,Hammond M.Weed aboveground and seedbank community responses to agricultural management systems[J].Ecological Applications,2001,11(6):1586-1601
[9]Legere A,Stevenson F C.Residual effects of crop rotation and weed management on a wheat test crop and weeds[J].Weed Science,2002,50(1):101-111
[10]Rydgerg N T,Milberg P.A survey of weeds in organic farming in Sweden[J].Biological Agriculture&Horticultuer,2000,18(2):175-185
[11]沙志鹏,王军峰,关法春.西藏东南缘农牧复合系统:玉米田放牧鹅的生物多样性和经济效益分析[J].草地学报,2014,22(1):213-216Sha Z P,Wang J F,Guan F C.Analysis of biodiversity and economic benefit of raising geese in corn fields[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,22(1):213-216(in Chinese)
[12]仝淑萍,关法春,曹舰艇,张宇阳,边步云,程犇.“玉米田养鹅”农田生态系统下的土壤温度影响机制[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(9):64-71Tong S P,Guan F C,Cao J T,Zhang Y Y,Bian B Y,Cheng B.Influence mechanism of the farmland ecosystem of“Raising geese in corn field”on soil temperature[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(9):64-71(in Chinese)
[13]曹舰艇,关法春,仝淑萍,沙志鹏,边步云,程犇.玉米田养鹅对土壤理化性状、杂草多样性及玉米生长的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2018,23(2):20-28Cao J T,Guan F C,Tong S P,Sha Z P,Bian B Y,Cheng B.Effects of raising geese in cornfield on soil physical and chemical properties,weed diversity and maize growth[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2018,23(2):20-28(in Chinese)
[14]Guan F C,Sha Z P,Zhang Y Y,Wang J F,Wang C.Emergy assessment of three home courtyard agriculture production systems in Tibet autonomous region,China[J].Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B,2016,17(8):628-639
[15]沙志鹏,张宇阳,王超,权红,关法春.西藏“玉米田养鹅”模式下养分吸收与养分平衡特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):523-532Sha Z P,Zhang Y Y,Wang C,Quan H,Guan F C.Characteristics of nutrient absorption and nutrient balance in“Raising geese in corn field”model in Tibet[J].Journal of Soil Science,2016,53(2):523-532(in Chinese)
[16]Zhang Y Y,Sha Z P,Guan F C,Wang C,Li Y J.Impacts of geese on weed communities in corn production systems and associated economic benefits[J].Biological Control,2016,99(1):47-52
[17]Puricelli E,Tuesca D.Weed density and diversity under glyphosate-resistant crop sequences[J].Crop Protection,2005,24(6):533-542
[18]Steege H T.Measuring biological diversity[J].Environmental&Ecological Statistics,2004,1(2):95-103
[19]张宇阳,王军峰,沙志鹏,关法春,段晶.“农牧一体化”下玉米田杂草多样性及玉米生长状况[J].浙江大学学报,2014,40(6):638-646Zhang Y Y,Wang J F,Sha Z P,Guan F C,Duan J.Weed diversity and maize growth in maize field under“Ago-pastoral integration”[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2014,40(6):638-646(in Chinese)
[20]Blackshaw R E,Lemerle D,Mailer R,Young K R.Influence of wild radish on yield and quality of canola[J].Weed Science,2002,50(3),334-349
[21]Nardi S,Morari F,Berti A,Tosoni M,Giardini L.Soil organic matter properties after 40years of different use of organic and mineral fertilizers[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2004,21(3):357-367
[22]Johnston A E.Soil organic matter,effects on soils and crops[J].Soil Use&Management,1986,2(3):97-105
[23]张宇阳.“玉米田养鹅”生产模式碳平衡关键过程研究[D].林芝:西藏农牧学院,2016Zhang Y Y.Study on key processes of carbon balance in production pattern of“Raising geese in corn field”[D].Linzhi:Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University,2016(in Chinese)
[24]尹力初,蔡祖聪.长期不同施肥对玉米田间杂草生物多样性的影响[J].土壤通报,2005,36(2):220-222Yin L C,Cai Z C.Effects of long-term fertilization on weed biodiversity in corn fields[J].Soil Bulletin,2005,36(2):220-222(in Chinese)
[25]汤雷雷,万开元,陈防.养分管理与农田杂草生物多样性和遗传进化的关系研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(7):1744-1749Tang L L,Wan K Y,Chen F.Research progress on relationship between nutrient management and weed biodiversity and genetic evolution[J].Acta Ecology and Environment,2010,19(7):1744-1749(in Chinese)
[26]徐广平,张德罡,徐长林,蒲小鹏,刘晓静,柳小妮,陈建纲.放牧干扰对东祁连山高寒草地植物群落物种多样性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2005,40(6):789-796Xu G P,Zhang D,Xu C L,Pu X P,Liu X J,Liu X N,Chen J G.Effects of grazing disturbance on species diversity of alpine grassland plant communities in east Qilian mountains[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2005,40(6):789-796(in Chinese)
[27]杨利民,李建东,杨允菲.草地群落放牧干扰梯度β多样性研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(4):442-446Yang L M,Li J D,Yang Y F.Study on grazing disturbance gradient beta diversity in grassland communities[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(4):442-446(in Chinese)