基于L-系统的3D虚拟植物冠层光合作用模拟模型
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摘要
为定量分析植物冠层结构与光分布及光合作用之间的关系,模拟实际环境中植物冠层的实时光合速率,为诸如作物模型中产量估测提供一种植物冠层尺度光合生产力计算方法,本文构建了基于L-系统的3D虚拟植物冠层光合作用模拟模型。模型主要分为3部分:基于L-迭代文法系统与三维图形绘制技术构建3D虚拟植物冠层结构,利用正向光线跟踪及天空可见率算法模拟虚拟冠层内光辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)传输,基于太阳几何参数、大气影响参数及地理位置等参数计算真实环境中虚拟冠层顶部实时PAR强度。利用此模型,直接输入或插值处理光合环境因子数值,采用单叶光合作用模型和相关呼吸作用模型,可计算冠层内净光合作用速率并进行周期内植物体生物量的积累估算。以实测的幼龄杉木为模拟对象,计算其冠层内净光合作用速率及周期内生物量积累,模拟结果表明,基于虚拟冠层的PAR分布模拟及其冠层光合作用速率计算,是一种对植株光合生产力估算的有效方法。
To quantitatively analyze the relationship between plant canopy structure and light distribution and photosynthesis,simulate real time photosynthetic rate of plant canopy in actual environments,and prove a plant canopy scale photosynthetic productivity calculation method for crop yield estimation,a 3 D virtual plant canopy photosynthesis simulation model was constructed based on L-system. The model was divided into three contents. The first sub-model was the 3 D virtual canopy based on L-iterative grammar system and 3 D graphic rendering technology. The second sub-model was that the photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) transformation in the virtual canopy was simulated by using forward ray tracing and sky visibility algorithm. The third sub-model was that the real-time PAR intensity at the top of a virtual canopy based on parameters such as the sun's geometric parameters,atmospheric influence parameters and geographic location. After the photosynthetic environmental factors were directly or through interpolated way to input to the sub-models,by using the single leaf photosynthesis model and related respiration models,the net photosynthesis rate within the canopy and the accumulation of plant biomass accumulation during the model simulation cycle can be calculated. The simulation results of Chinese fir showed that the simulation of the PAR distribution based on the virtual canopy and the canopy photosynthesis rate calculation was an effective method for estimating photosynthetic productivity of plants.
To quantitatively analyze the relationship between plant canopy structure and light distribution and photosynthesis,simulate real time photosynthetic rate of plant canopy in actual environments,and prove a plant canopy scale photosynthetic productivity calculation method for crop yield estimation,a 3 D virtual plant canopy photosynthesis simulation model was constructed based on L-system. The model was divided into three contents. The first sub-model was the 3 D virtual canopy based on L-iterative grammar system and 3 D graphic rendering technology. The second sub-model was that the photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) transformation in the virtual canopy was simulated by using forward ray tracing and sky visibility algorithm. The third sub-model was that the real-time PAR intensity at the top of a virtual canopy based on parameters such as the sun's geometric parameters,atmospheric influence parameters and geographic location. After the photosynthetic environmental factors were directly or through interpolated way to input to the sub-models,by using the single leaf photosynthesis model and related respiration models,the net photosynthesis rate within the canopy and the accumulation of plant biomass accumulation during the model simulation cycle can be calculated. The simulation results of Chinese fir showed that the simulation of the PAR distribution based on the virtual canopy and the canopy photosynthesis rate calculation was an effective method for estimating photosynthetic productivity of plants.
引文
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2于强,王天铎,刘建栋,等.玉米株型与冠层光合作用的数学模拟研究---Ⅰ.模型与验证[J].作物学报,1998,24(1):7-15.YU Qiang,WANG Tianduo,LIU Jiandong,et al.Mathematical simulation of photosynthesis of plant type and canopy in maize I.model and validation[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,1998,24(1):7-15.(in Chinese)
3李艳大,朱相成,汤亮,等.基于株型的水稻冠层光合生产模拟[J].作物学报,2011,37(5):868-875.LI Yanda,ZHU Xiangcheng,TANG Liang,et al.Simulation of rice canopy photosynthetic production based on plant type[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(5):868-875.(in Chinese)
4李绪孟,王小卉,郑华斌,等.水稻群体冠层光分布及光合作用模型[J].生物数学学报,2014(1):87-98.LI Xumeng,WANG Xiaohui,ZHENG Huabin,et al.Canopy light distribution and photosynthesis in rice populations[J].Chinese Journal of Biomathematics,2014(1):87-98.(in Chinese)
5 LINDENMAYER A.Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development I.filaments with one-sided inputs[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1968,18(3):280-299.
6 REFFYE P D,EDELIN C,JAEGER M,et al.Plant models faithful to botanical structure and development[J].Acm Siggraph Computer Graphics,1988,22(4):151-158.
7 REFFYE P D,HU B G.Relevant qualitative and quantitative choices for building an efficient dynamic plant growth model:greenlab case[J].Plant Growth Modeling and Applications,2003:87-107.
8劳彩莲.基于蒙特卡罗光线跟踪方法的植物三维冠层辐射传输模型[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LAO Cailian.Three-dimensional canopy radiation transfer model based on Monte Carlo ray tracing method[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
9王锡平.玉米冠层光合有效辐射三维空间分布模型的构建与验证[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.WANG Xiping.Construction and verification of three-dimensional spatial distribution model of photosynthetically active radiation in maize canopies[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese)
10曹秉帅.水稻功能---结构耦合模型G-ORY构建及应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.CAO Bingshuai.Construction and application of rice functional-structure coupling Model G-ORY[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
11石佩.桃不同树形3D冠层模拟光截获与果实品质相关性分析及光合特性测定[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.SHI Pei.Correlation analysis and photosynthetic characteristics of simulated light interception of different tree shaped 3D canopy and fruit quality[D].Yangling:Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,2016.(in Chinese)
12刘刚,司永胜,冯娟.农林作物三维重建方法研究进展[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(6):38-46,19.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140607&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.06.007.LIU Gang,SI Yongsheng,FENG Juan.Research progress on the method of 3D reconstruction of agriculture and forestry crops[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(6):38-46,19.(in Chinese)
13 KANG M Z,REFFLE P D,AUCLAIR D,et al.Analytical study of a stochastic plant growth model:application to the Green Lab model[J].Mathematics&Computers in Simulation,2008,78(1):57-75.
14 MA Y,CHEN Y,ZHU J,et al.Coupling individual kernel-filling processes with source-sink interactions into GREENLAB-Maize[J].Global Change Biology,2018,121(5):961-973.
15徐照丽,孙艳,吴茜,等.烟草功能-结构模型Green Lab-Tobacco的构建[J].中国烟草学报,2016,22(3):52-59.XU Zhaoli,SUN Yan,WU Qian,et al.Construction of the functional and structural model Green Lab-Tobacco for tobacco[J].Chinese Journal of China Tobacco,2016,22(3):52-59.(in Chinese)
16 WANG Feng,KANG Mengzhen,LU Qi,et al.Calibration of topological development in the procedure of parametric identification:application of the stochastic Green Lab model for Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica[J].International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling,2010,26(5):26-33.
17王炳忠.第一讲太阳能中天文参数的计算[J].太阳能,1999(2):8-10.WANG Bingzhong.The first lecture:calculation of astronomical parameters in solar energy[J].Solar Energy,1999(2):8-10.(in Chinese)
18左大康,弓冉.中国太阳直接辐射、散射辐射和太阳总辐射间的关系[J].地理学报,1962,29(3):175-186.ZUO Dakang,GONG Ran.Relationship among direct solar radiation,scattered radiation and total solar radiation in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1962,29(3):175-186.(in Chinese)
19聂修和,聂宜茂.光合有效辐射测量原理及其单位换算[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),1992,23(3):247-253.NIE Xiuhe,NIE Yimao.Photosynthesis effective radiation measurement principle and unit conversion[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Sciences),1992,23(3):247-253.(in Chinese)
20 LEUNING R.A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal-photosynthesis model for C3 plants[J].Plant,Cell and Environment,1995,18:339-355.
21 FARQUHAR G D,CAEMMERER S,BERRY J A.A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2assimilation in leaves of C3species[J].Planta,1980,149(1):78-90.
22张小全,徐德应.杉木中龄林不同部位和叶龄针叶光合特性的日变化和季节变化[J].林业科学,2000,36(3):19-26.ZHANG Xiaoquan,XU Deying.Diurnal and seasonal changes of photosynthetic characteristics of different positions and leaf-aged needles of middle-aged Chinese fir plantation[J].Forestry Science,2000,36(3):19-26.(in Chinese)
23俞新妥.杉木栽培学[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1997:394-398.
24张佳华,姚凤梅.陆面模式的植物叶光合生理的数值模拟试验及分析[J].气象科学,2007,27(4):419-424.ZHANG Jiahua,YAO Fengmei.Numerical simulation experiment and analysis of photosynthetic physiology of plant leaves with land surface model[J].Meteorological Science,2007,27(4):419-424.(in Chinese)
2于强,王天铎,刘建栋,等.玉米株型与冠层光合作用的数学模拟研究---Ⅰ.模型与验证[J].作物学报,1998,24(1):7-15.YU Qiang,WANG Tianduo,LIU Jiandong,et al.Mathematical simulation of photosynthesis of plant type and canopy in maize I.model and validation[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,1998,24(1):7-15.(in Chinese)
3李艳大,朱相成,汤亮,等.基于株型的水稻冠层光合生产模拟[J].作物学报,2011,37(5):868-875.LI Yanda,ZHU Xiangcheng,TANG Liang,et al.Simulation of rice canopy photosynthetic production based on plant type[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2011,37(5):868-875.(in Chinese)
4李绪孟,王小卉,郑华斌,等.水稻群体冠层光分布及光合作用模型[J].生物数学学报,2014(1):87-98.LI Xumeng,WANG Xiaohui,ZHENG Huabin,et al.Canopy light distribution and photosynthesis in rice populations[J].Chinese Journal of Biomathematics,2014(1):87-98.(in Chinese)
5 LINDENMAYER A.Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development I.filaments with one-sided inputs[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1968,18(3):280-299.
6 REFFYE P D,EDELIN C,JAEGER M,et al.Plant models faithful to botanical structure and development[J].Acm Siggraph Computer Graphics,1988,22(4):151-158.
7 REFFYE P D,HU B G.Relevant qualitative and quantitative choices for building an efficient dynamic plant growth model:greenlab case[J].Plant Growth Modeling and Applications,2003:87-107.
8劳彩莲.基于蒙特卡罗光线跟踪方法的植物三维冠层辐射传输模型[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LAO Cailian.Three-dimensional canopy radiation transfer model based on Monte Carlo ray tracing method[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
9王锡平.玉米冠层光合有效辐射三维空间分布模型的构建与验证[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.WANG Xiping.Construction and verification of three-dimensional spatial distribution model of photosynthetically active radiation in maize canopies[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese)
10曹秉帅.水稻功能---结构耦合模型G-ORY构建及应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.CAO Bingshuai.Construction and application of rice functional-structure coupling Model G-ORY[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese)
11石佩.桃不同树形3D冠层模拟光截获与果实品质相关性分析及光合特性测定[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.SHI Pei.Correlation analysis and photosynthetic characteristics of simulated light interception of different tree shaped 3D canopy and fruit quality[D].Yangling:Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,2016.(in Chinese)
12刘刚,司永胜,冯娟.农林作物三维重建方法研究进展[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(6):38-46,19.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140607&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2014.06.007.LIU Gang,SI Yongsheng,FENG Juan.Research progress on the method of 3D reconstruction of agriculture and forestry crops[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(6):38-46,19.(in Chinese)
13 KANG M Z,REFFLE P D,AUCLAIR D,et al.Analytical study of a stochastic plant growth model:application to the Green Lab model[J].Mathematics&Computers in Simulation,2008,78(1):57-75.
14 MA Y,CHEN Y,ZHU J,et al.Coupling individual kernel-filling processes with source-sink interactions into GREENLAB-Maize[J].Global Change Biology,2018,121(5):961-973.
15徐照丽,孙艳,吴茜,等.烟草功能-结构模型Green Lab-Tobacco的构建[J].中国烟草学报,2016,22(3):52-59.XU Zhaoli,SUN Yan,WU Qian,et al.Construction of the functional and structural model Green Lab-Tobacco for tobacco[J].Chinese Journal of China Tobacco,2016,22(3):52-59.(in Chinese)
16 WANG Feng,KANG Mengzhen,LU Qi,et al.Calibration of topological development in the procedure of parametric identification:application of the stochastic Green Lab model for Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica[J].International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling,2010,26(5):26-33.
17王炳忠.第一讲太阳能中天文参数的计算[J].太阳能,1999(2):8-10.WANG Bingzhong.The first lecture:calculation of astronomical parameters in solar energy[J].Solar Energy,1999(2):8-10.(in Chinese)
18左大康,弓冉.中国太阳直接辐射、散射辐射和太阳总辐射间的关系[J].地理学报,1962,29(3):175-186.ZUO Dakang,GONG Ran.Relationship among direct solar radiation,scattered radiation and total solar radiation in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1962,29(3):175-186.(in Chinese)
19聂修和,聂宜茂.光合有效辐射测量原理及其单位换算[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),1992,23(3):247-253.NIE Xiuhe,NIE Yimao.Photosynthesis effective radiation measurement principle and unit conversion[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Sciences),1992,23(3):247-253.(in Chinese)
20 LEUNING R.A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal-photosynthesis model for C3 plants[J].Plant,Cell and Environment,1995,18:339-355.
21 FARQUHAR G D,CAEMMERER S,BERRY J A.A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2assimilation in leaves of C3species[J].Planta,1980,149(1):78-90.
22张小全,徐德应.杉木中龄林不同部位和叶龄针叶光合特性的日变化和季节变化[J].林业科学,2000,36(3):19-26.ZHANG Xiaoquan,XU Deying.Diurnal and seasonal changes of photosynthetic characteristics of different positions and leaf-aged needles of middle-aged Chinese fir plantation[J].Forestry Science,2000,36(3):19-26.(in Chinese)
23俞新妥.杉木栽培学[M].福州:福建科学技术出版社,1997:394-398.
24张佳华,姚凤梅.陆面模式的植物叶光合生理的数值模拟试验及分析[J].气象科学,2007,27(4):419-424.ZHANG Jiahua,YAO Fengmei.Numerical simulation experiment and analysis of photosynthetic physiology of plant leaves with land surface model[J].Meteorological Science,2007,27(4):419-424.(in Chinese)