不同发育阶段檫木人工林树高、胸径与树冠结构关系的动态关系分析
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摘要
为充分解析檫木人工林生长发育进程中林冠(冠宽,活冠比,冠形率)变化规律及其与胸径和树高的相关性,本研究对安徽省休宁县岭南国有林场檫木林生长进程中幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林的胸径和树高与树冠因子关系进行了相关分析和通径分析。研究发现:冠宽随林龄增加而增大,幼龄到中龄期增长最快,达33.33%,冠宽变幅为0.7~7.0 m;从分级效果来看,冠宽小于0.5 m和大于4.5 m及活冠比小于0.2和大于0.9的林木极少。胸径和树高与冠宽的相关性达到显著或极显著正向水平,并在总体上对冠宽起正向作用;随林龄的增大胸径和树高对冠宽的正向作用逐渐减弱,且除过熟林外胸径对冠宽的影响作用要高于树高对冠宽的作用;胸径和树高对冠形率的直接作用大于间接作用,且胸径弱于树高;胸径对于活冠比的作用在幼龄林阶段存在较大的正向作用,随着生长期的延伸作用开始趋于稳定,树高对活冠比的作用整体上逐渐减小,且在中龄林时出现了负向作用。
To sufficiently analyze the correlation among the change regulation of crow(crown width, live crown ratio,crown shape ratio), DBH and tree height, this study adopted correlation analysis and path analysis to study the relationship between DBH and tree height and crown factors of five stand ages(young, middle-aged, pre-mature, mature,and over-mature) of Sassafras tzumu forest in Lingnan state-owned forestry farm in Xiuning Country, Anhui Province. The results showed that the crown width increased with stand age, and the crown width grew fastest from young to middle-aged stand and reached 33.33% with the crown width ranged from 0.7 m to 7.0 m. Few trees were observed to have the crown width less than 0.5 m or over 4.5 m and also few trees had the live crown ratio smaller than 0.2 or over 0.9. Significant correlation or extremely significant correlation were found between the crown width and DBH and the tree height. With the incerase of stand age, the positive effect of DBH and the tree height on crown width decreased gradually, and the effect of DBH on crown width was higher than that of tree height except over-mature. The direct path coefficients of DBH and tree height to the crown shape ratio was higher than the indirect path coefficients, and tree height was more important than DBH. DBH had a great positive effect on the live crown ratio at young stand stage, and the effect tended to be stable with tree growth. The positive effect of tree height on the live crown ratio decreased with ages, and turned into negative effect to the live crown ratio at middle-aged.
To sufficiently analyze the correlation among the change regulation of crow(crown width, live crown ratio,crown shape ratio), DBH and tree height, this study adopted correlation analysis and path analysis to study the relationship between DBH and tree height and crown factors of five stand ages(young, middle-aged, pre-mature, mature,and over-mature) of Sassafras tzumu forest in Lingnan state-owned forestry farm in Xiuning Country, Anhui Province. The results showed that the crown width increased with stand age, and the crown width grew fastest from young to middle-aged stand and reached 33.33% with the crown width ranged from 0.7 m to 7.0 m. Few trees were observed to have the crown width less than 0.5 m or over 4.5 m and also few trees had the live crown ratio smaller than 0.2 or over 0.9. Significant correlation or extremely significant correlation were found between the crown width and DBH and the tree height. With the incerase of stand age, the positive effect of DBH and the tree height on crown width decreased gradually, and the effect of DBH on crown width was higher than that of tree height except over-mature. The direct path coefficients of DBH and tree height to the crown shape ratio was higher than the indirect path coefficients, and tree height was more important than DBH. DBH had a great positive effect on the live crown ratio at young stand stage, and the effect tended to be stable with tree growth. The positive effect of tree height on the live crown ratio decreased with ages, and turned into negative effect to the live crown ratio at middle-aged.
引文
Biging G.S.,and Dobbertin M.,1992,A comparison of distance-de pendent competition measures for height and basal are growth of individual conifer trees,Forest Science,38(3)695-720
Biging G.S.,and Dobbertin M.,1995,Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models,Forest Science,41(2):360-377
Bragg D.C.,2001,A local basal area adjustment for crown width prediction,Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,18(1):22-28
Chen J.L.,Jiang X.,and Han L.,2014,Analysis of relationship among tree height,basal diameter,crown diameter and breast diameter in the Populus euphratica plantation,Zhong guo Nongxue Tongbao(Chinese Agricultural Science Bul letin),30(16):18-21(陈加利,姜喜,韩路,2014,人工林胡杨树高,基径,冠径与胸径的关系分析,中国农学通报,30(16)18-21)
Chen X.Y.,2015,Study on the growth of Sassafras tsumu in plantations of different mixed patterns,Anhui Linye Kej(Anhui Forestry Science and Technology),41(4):9-11(陈喜友,2015,檫木不同混交方式生长情况研究,安徽林业科技,41(4):9-11)
Curtis R.O.,and Reukema D.L.,1970,Crown development and site estimates in a douglas-fir plantation spacing test,Fores Science,16(3):287-301
Dai F.,Li F.R.,Jia W.W.,and Chen Y.,2009,Research crown di ameter and diameter at breast height relations of ten kinds o major natural secondary broad-leaved tree in Maoershan,Zhi wu Yanjiu(Bulletin of Botanical Research),29(5):597-602(戴福,李凤日,贾炜玮,陈禹,2009,帽儿山天然次生林10种主要阔叶树冠径与胸径关系研究,植物研究,29(5)597-602)
Duursma R.A.,and M覿kel覿A.,2007,Summary models for ligh interception and light-use efficiency of non-homogeneou canopies,Tree Physiology,27(6):859-870
Fu L.Y.,and Sun H.,2013,Individual crown diameter prediction for Cunninghamia lanceolata forests based on mixed effect models,Linye Kexue(Scientia Silvae Sinicae),49(8):65-74(符利勇,孙华,2013,基于混合效应模型的杉木单木冠幅预测模型,林业科学,49(8):65-74)
Gai J.Y.,ed.,2004,Methods of experimental statistics,China Agricultural University Press,Beijing,China,pp.172-189(盖钧镒,主编,2004,试验统计方法,中国农业出版社,中国北京,pp.172-189)
Gao L.,Wang R.H.,Wang R.,Xie Y.J.,and Wu Z.H.,2014,Cor relation analyses between DBH,crown width,height and volume of Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Anshu Keji(Eucalyp Science&Technology),31(4):17-22(高灵,王瑞辉,王睿谢耀坚,吴志华,2014,幼年赤桉胸径与冠幅,树高,材积的相关性分析,桉树科技,31(4):17-22)
Hu H.X.,She J.Y.,Li J.,Zhang M.,Meng W.,and Cheng Y.N.,2013Study on individual tree growth model of Sassafras tsumu sec ondary forest on Osmanthus forest farm in Hubei province Zhongnan Linye Keji Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Central South Forestry University),33(4):61-65(胡焕香,佘济云,李俊,张敏,孟伟,程玉娜,2013,湖北桂花林场檫木次生林单木生长模型的研究,中南林业科技大学学报,33(4):61-65)
Kim H.S.,Palmroth S.,Mathieu Thérézien M.,Stenberg P.,and Oren R.,2011,Analysis of the sensitivity of absorbed light and incident light profile to various canopy architecture and stand conditions,Tree Physiology,31(1):30-47
Lei X.D.,Zhang Z.L.,and Chen X.G.,2006,Crown-width prediction models for several tree species including Larix olgensis in northeastern China,Beijing Linye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Beijing Forestry University),28(6):75-79(雷相东,张则路,陈晓光,2006,长白落叶松等几个树种冠幅预测模型的研究,北京林业大学学报,28(6):75-79)
Liu G.S.,Xu D.M.,Xu Z.J.,Wang H.Y.,and Liu W.P.,2003,Relationship between hydrolase activity in soils and soil properties in Zhejiang province,Turang Xuebao(Acta Pedologica Sinica),40(5):756-762(刘广深,徐冬梅,许中坚,王红宇,刘维屏,2003,用通径分析法研究土壤水解酶活性与土壤性质的关系,土壤学报,40(5):756-762)
Liu J.,Hong W.,Wu C.Z.,He D.J.,Bi X.L.,and Yan S.J.,2001,A study on the law of competition in naturally regenerated Sassafras tzumu forest,Jiangxi Nongye Daxue Xuebao(Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis),23(2):240-243(柳江,洪伟,吴承祯,何东进,毕晓丽,闫淑君,2001,天然更新檫木林竞争规律研究,江西农业大学学报,23(2):240-243)
Liu P.,Wang Y.T.,and Ma L.Y.,2014,Individual crown width prediction models and accuracy appraisal for Platycladus orientalis pantation in low mountainous area,Linye Ziyuan Guanli(Forest Resources Management),2:52-58(刘平,王玉涛,马履一,2014,低山侧柏人工林单木冠幅预测模型及精度评价,林业资源管理,2:52-58)
Lu N.N.,Wang X.J.,Zhang P.,Gao Z.X.,Guo Q.,Chen Y.,and Li H.P.,2015,Path analysis between diameter at breast height,height and crown width of Cunninghamia lanceolata in different age,Dongbei Linye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Northeast Forestry University),43(4):12-16(卢妮妮,王新杰张鹏,高志雄,郭琦,陈阳,李海萍,2015,不同林龄杉木胸径树高与冠幅的通径分析,东北林业大学学报,43(4):12-16)
Monleon V.J.,Azuma D.,and Gedney D.,2004,Equations for predicting uncompacted crown ratio based on compacted crown ratio and tree attributes,Western Journal of Applied Forestry,19(4):260-267
Monserud R.A.,and Sterba H.,1996,A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even-and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria,Forest Ecology and Management,80(1996):57-80
Ritchie M.W.,and Hamann J.D.,2008,Individual-tree height-diameter and crown-width increment equations for young Douglas-fir plantations,New Forests,35(3):173-186
Russell M.B.,and Weiskittel A.R.,2011,Maximum and largest crown width equations for 15 tree species in Maine,Western Journal of Applied Forestry,28(2):84-91
Shi Y.J.,Wang X.D.,and Chen M.Q.,2015,Effect of drought stress on physiological properties of Sassafras tsumu seedlings,Zhongguo Wenyi Wenzhai(Chinese Horticulture Abstracts),7:6-9,35(施一骥,王小德,陈敏旗,2015,干旱胁迫对檫木幼苗生理生化特性的影响,中国文艺文摘,7:6-9,35)
Tian X.Y.,2008,The gray model of tree diameter and crown width and its application,Keji Zixun(Science&Technology Information),25:86(田晓筠,2008,林木直径与冠幅的灰色模型及应用,科技资讯,25:86)
Toney C.,and Reeves M.C.,2009,Equations to convert compacted crown ratio to uncompacted crown ratio for trees in the interior west,Western Journal of Applied Forestry,24(2):76-82
Wang N.N.,Yin W.G.,Huang Q.J.,Ding C.J.,Yang Z.Y.,Su X.H.,and Shen Y.B.,2015,Application of 3 D scanner technology to analysis the crown architecture parameters of poplar plantations,Linye Kexue(Scientia Silvae Sinicae),51(5):108-116(王宁宁,尹文广,黄秦军,丁昌俊,杨志岩,苏晓华,沈应柏,2015,三维扫描技术在获取杨树树冠结构特征参数上的应用,林业科学,51(5):108-116)
Wang Z.J.,Li F.Y.,Yan D.F.,Li S.C.,and Zhang L.L.,2009,Study on crown width,crown length and growth of different Populus tomentosa clones,Henan Keji Xueyuan Xuebao(Journal of Henan Institute of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition)),37(4):14-18(汪泽军,李福英,阎东峰,李顺灿,张玲玲,2009,毛白杨无性系冠幅,冠长与生长的相关性研究,河南科技学院学报,37(4):14-18)
Xu J.R.,ed.,2006,Quantitative genetics in forestry,Higher Education Press,Beijing,China,pp.63-69(续九如,主编,2006,林木数量遗传学,高等教育出版社,中国,北京,pp.63-69)
Zheng W.J.,ed.,1997,Chinese journal of trees,China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing,China,pp.606-610(郑万钧,主编,1997,中国树木志,中国林业出版社,中国,北京,pp.606-610)
Biging G.S.,and Dobbertin M.,1995,Evaluation of competition indices in individual tree growth models,Forest Science,41(2):360-377
Bragg D.C.,2001,A local basal area adjustment for crown width prediction,Northern Journal of Applied Forestry,18(1):22-28
Chen J.L.,Jiang X.,and Han L.,2014,Analysis of relationship among tree height,basal diameter,crown diameter and breast diameter in the Populus euphratica plantation,Zhong guo Nongxue Tongbao(Chinese Agricultural Science Bul letin),30(16):18-21(陈加利,姜喜,韩路,2014,人工林胡杨树高,基径,冠径与胸径的关系分析,中国农学通报,30(16)18-21)
Chen X.Y.,2015,Study on the growth of Sassafras tsumu in plantations of different mixed patterns,Anhui Linye Kej(Anhui Forestry Science and Technology),41(4):9-11(陈喜友,2015,檫木不同混交方式生长情况研究,安徽林业科技,41(4):9-11)
Curtis R.O.,and Reukema D.L.,1970,Crown development and site estimates in a douglas-fir plantation spacing test,Fores Science,16(3):287-301
Dai F.,Li F.R.,Jia W.W.,and Chen Y.,2009,Research crown di ameter and diameter at breast height relations of ten kinds o major natural secondary broad-leaved tree in Maoershan,Zhi wu Yanjiu(Bulletin of Botanical Research),29(5):597-602(戴福,李凤日,贾炜玮,陈禹,2009,帽儿山天然次生林10种主要阔叶树冠径与胸径关系研究,植物研究,29(5)597-602)
Duursma R.A.,and M覿kel覿A.,2007,Summary models for ligh interception and light-use efficiency of non-homogeneou canopies,Tree Physiology,27(6):859-870
Fu L.Y.,and Sun H.,2013,Individual crown diameter prediction for Cunninghamia lanceolata forests based on mixed effect models,Linye Kexue(Scientia Silvae Sinicae),49(8):65-74(符利勇,孙华,2013,基于混合效应模型的杉木单木冠幅预测模型,林业科学,49(8):65-74)
Gai J.Y.,ed.,2004,Methods of experimental statistics,China Agricultural University Press,Beijing,China,pp.172-189(盖钧镒,主编,2004,试验统计方法,中国农业出版社,中国北京,pp.172-189)
Gao L.,Wang R.H.,Wang R.,Xie Y.J.,and Wu Z.H.,2014,Cor relation analyses between DBH,crown width,height and volume of Eucalyptus camaldulensis,Anshu Keji(Eucalyp Science&Technology),31(4):17-22(高灵,王瑞辉,王睿谢耀坚,吴志华,2014,幼年赤桉胸径与冠幅,树高,材积的相关性分析,桉树科技,31(4):17-22)
Hu H.X.,She J.Y.,Li J.,Zhang M.,Meng W.,and Cheng Y.N.,2013Study on individual tree growth model of Sassafras tsumu sec ondary forest on Osmanthus forest farm in Hubei province Zhongnan Linye Keji Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Central South Forestry University),33(4):61-65(胡焕香,佘济云,李俊,张敏,孟伟,程玉娜,2013,湖北桂花林场檫木次生林单木生长模型的研究,中南林业科技大学学报,33(4):61-65)
Kim H.S.,Palmroth S.,Mathieu Thérézien M.,Stenberg P.,and Oren R.,2011,Analysis of the sensitivity of absorbed light and incident light profile to various canopy architecture and stand conditions,Tree Physiology,31(1):30-47
Lei X.D.,Zhang Z.L.,and Chen X.G.,2006,Crown-width prediction models for several tree species including Larix olgensis in northeastern China,Beijing Linye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Beijing Forestry University),28(6):75-79(雷相东,张则路,陈晓光,2006,长白落叶松等几个树种冠幅预测模型的研究,北京林业大学学报,28(6):75-79)
Liu G.S.,Xu D.M.,Xu Z.J.,Wang H.Y.,and Liu W.P.,2003,Relationship between hydrolase activity in soils and soil properties in Zhejiang province,Turang Xuebao(Acta Pedologica Sinica),40(5):756-762(刘广深,徐冬梅,许中坚,王红宇,刘维屏,2003,用通径分析法研究土壤水解酶活性与土壤性质的关系,土壤学报,40(5):756-762)
Liu J.,Hong W.,Wu C.Z.,He D.J.,Bi X.L.,and Yan S.J.,2001,A study on the law of competition in naturally regenerated Sassafras tzumu forest,Jiangxi Nongye Daxue Xuebao(Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis),23(2):240-243(柳江,洪伟,吴承祯,何东进,毕晓丽,闫淑君,2001,天然更新檫木林竞争规律研究,江西农业大学学报,23(2):240-243)
Liu P.,Wang Y.T.,and Ma L.Y.,2014,Individual crown width prediction models and accuracy appraisal for Platycladus orientalis pantation in low mountainous area,Linye Ziyuan Guanli(Forest Resources Management),2:52-58(刘平,王玉涛,马履一,2014,低山侧柏人工林单木冠幅预测模型及精度评价,林业资源管理,2:52-58)
Lu N.N.,Wang X.J.,Zhang P.,Gao Z.X.,Guo Q.,Chen Y.,and Li H.P.,2015,Path analysis between diameter at breast height,height and crown width of Cunninghamia lanceolata in different age,Dongbei Linye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Northeast Forestry University),43(4):12-16(卢妮妮,王新杰张鹏,高志雄,郭琦,陈阳,李海萍,2015,不同林龄杉木胸径树高与冠幅的通径分析,东北林业大学学报,43(4):12-16)
Monleon V.J.,Azuma D.,and Gedney D.,2004,Equations for predicting uncompacted crown ratio based on compacted crown ratio and tree attributes,Western Journal of Applied Forestry,19(4):260-267
Monserud R.A.,and Sterba H.,1996,A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even-and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria,Forest Ecology and Management,80(1996):57-80
Ritchie M.W.,and Hamann J.D.,2008,Individual-tree height-diameter and crown-width increment equations for young Douglas-fir plantations,New Forests,35(3):173-186
Russell M.B.,and Weiskittel A.R.,2011,Maximum and largest crown width equations for 15 tree species in Maine,Western Journal of Applied Forestry,28(2):84-91
Shi Y.J.,Wang X.D.,and Chen M.Q.,2015,Effect of drought stress on physiological properties of Sassafras tsumu seedlings,Zhongguo Wenyi Wenzhai(Chinese Horticulture Abstracts),7:6-9,35(施一骥,王小德,陈敏旗,2015,干旱胁迫对檫木幼苗生理生化特性的影响,中国文艺文摘,7:6-9,35)
Tian X.Y.,2008,The gray model of tree diameter and crown width and its application,Keji Zixun(Science&Technology Information),25:86(田晓筠,2008,林木直径与冠幅的灰色模型及应用,科技资讯,25:86)
Toney C.,and Reeves M.C.,2009,Equations to convert compacted crown ratio to uncompacted crown ratio for trees in the interior west,Western Journal of Applied Forestry,24(2):76-82
Wang N.N.,Yin W.G.,Huang Q.J.,Ding C.J.,Yang Z.Y.,Su X.H.,and Shen Y.B.,2015,Application of 3 D scanner technology to analysis the crown architecture parameters of poplar plantations,Linye Kexue(Scientia Silvae Sinicae),51(5):108-116(王宁宁,尹文广,黄秦军,丁昌俊,杨志岩,苏晓华,沈应柏,2015,三维扫描技术在获取杨树树冠结构特征参数上的应用,林业科学,51(5):108-116)
Wang Z.J.,Li F.Y.,Yan D.F.,Li S.C.,and Zhang L.L.,2009,Study on crown width,crown length and growth of different Populus tomentosa clones,Henan Keji Xueyuan Xuebao(Journal of Henan Institute of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition)),37(4):14-18(汪泽军,李福英,阎东峰,李顺灿,张玲玲,2009,毛白杨无性系冠幅,冠长与生长的相关性研究,河南科技学院学报,37(4):14-18)
Xu J.R.,ed.,2006,Quantitative genetics in forestry,Higher Education Press,Beijing,China,pp.63-69(续九如,主编,2006,林木数量遗传学,高等教育出版社,中国,北京,pp.63-69)
Zheng W.J.,ed.,1997,Chinese journal of trees,China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing,China,pp.606-610(郑万钧,主编,1997,中国树木志,中国林业出版社,中国,北京,pp.606-610)