长期施用生物炭对塿土土壤理化性质及微生物的影响
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摘要
为了研究生物炭对土壤改良的影响是否具有长期效应,对施用不同量生物炭0kg/hm~2(CK),1 000kg/hm~2(T1),5 000kg/hm~2(T2),10 000kg/hm~2(T3)4a之后的塿土进行氮素和碳素质量分数测定和土壤氨氧化菌、反硝化细菌的定量分析。结果表明:与未添加生物炭的土壤(CK)相比,在冬前分蘖期和拔节期T2和T3处理下的氨氧化菌丰度显著高于CK;在冬前分蘖期、拔节期和成熟期生物炭处理下的反硝化细菌丰度显著高于CK。土壤铵态氮质量分数在分蘖前期、拔节期和成熟期的T3处理下显著高于CK;土壤硝态氮质量分数在拔节期和成熟期的T2和T3处理下分别显著高于CK;土壤碱解氮质量分数在越冬期和拔节期分别是CK和T3达到最高水平,且显著高于其他处理;土壤全氮质量分数在分蘖前期和开花期的T3和T1处理下达到最高水平,均显著高于CK;土壤有机碳质量分数在拔节期、开花期和成熟期的T3处理下达到最高水平,且显著高于CK,但CK和T1、T2之间无显著差异。可见,施用生物炭1 000kg/hm~2(T1)和5 000kg/hm~2(T2)4a之后,与CK相比土壤氮素和碳素的提高不明显;生物炭处理与CK相比,添加生物炭提高土壤中反硝化细菌丰度;施用生物炭10 000kg/hm~2(T3)显著提高土壤中氨氧化菌丰度。
In order to explore long-term effect of biochar on soil improvement,the field experiment was conducted with four biochar levels,including 0kg/hm~2(CK),1 000kg/hm~2(T1),5 000kg/hm~2(T2),and 10 000kg/hm~2(T3)four years ago,nitrogen and carbon mass fraction of soil was measured,and the abundance of soil microorganism was analyzed with Real-time PCR of amoA and nirS gene.The results showed that the amoA gene abundance in T2 and T3were significantly higher than CK in early tilleringand jointing stage,and the nirS gene abundance of biochar treatments were significantly higher than CK inearly tillering,jointing stage and maturity.The soil nitrate nitrogen mass fraction in T2 and T3were significantly higher than CK in jointing stage and maturity,meanwhile the soil ammonium nitrogen mass fraction in T3 was significantly higher than CK inearly tillering,jointing and maturity.The soil available nitrogen mass fraction in CK and T3 was respectively the maxium mass fraction inearly tillering and jointing stage,while the soil total nitrogen mass fraction in T3 and T1was the maxiummass fraction in early tillering and flowering stage respectively and both were significantly higher than CK.The soil organic carbonmass fraction in T3 was the highest level in jointing,flowering stage and maturity,while there was no significance difference between CK,T1 and T2in soil organic matter mass fraction.We found that after application of 1 000kg/hm~2 and 5 000kg/hm~2 biochar four years,the improvenment of soil nitrogen and carbon was no longer remarkable.Application of biochar had a long-term improvement on amoA gene abundance after four years.Adding 10 000kg/hm~2(T3)biochar to soil after years improved the nirS gene abundance significantly.
In order to explore long-term effect of biochar on soil improvement,the field experiment was conducted with four biochar levels,including 0kg/hm~2(CK),1 000kg/hm~2(T1),5 000kg/hm~2(T2),and 10 000kg/hm~2(T3)four years ago,nitrogen and carbon mass fraction of soil was measured,and the abundance of soil microorganism was analyzed with Real-time PCR of amoA and nirS gene.The results showed that the amoA gene abundance in T2 and T3were significantly higher than CK in early tilleringand jointing stage,and the nirS gene abundance of biochar treatments were significantly higher than CK inearly tillering,jointing stage and maturity.The soil nitrate nitrogen mass fraction in T2 and T3were significantly higher than CK in jointing stage and maturity,meanwhile the soil ammonium nitrogen mass fraction in T3 was significantly higher than CK inearly tillering,jointing and maturity.The soil available nitrogen mass fraction in CK and T3 was respectively the maxium mass fraction inearly tillering and jointing stage,while the soil total nitrogen mass fraction in T3 and T1was the maxiummass fraction in early tillering and flowering stage respectively and both were significantly higher than CK.The soil organic carbonmass fraction in T3 was the highest level in jointing,flowering stage and maturity,while there was no significance difference between CK,T1 and T2in soil organic matter mass fraction.We found that after application of 1 000kg/hm~2 and 5 000kg/hm~2 biochar four years,the improvenment of soil nitrogen and carbon was no longer remarkable.Application of biochar had a long-term improvement on amoA gene abundance after four years.Adding 10 000kg/hm~2(T3)biochar to soil after years improved the nirS gene abundance significantly.
引文
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[7]王萌萌,周启星.生物炭的土壤环境效应及其机制研究[J].环境化学,2013,32(5):768-780.WANG M M,ZHOU Q X.Environmental effects and their mechanisms of biochar applied to soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(5):768-780(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]TENENBAUM D J.Biochar:carbon mitigation from the ground up[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2009,117(2):70-73.
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[10]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(16):3324-3333.CHEN W F,ZHANG W M,MENG J.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(16):3324-3333(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]JONES D L,ROUSK J,EDWARDS-JONES G,et al.Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,45:113-124.
[12]JONES D L,MURPHY D V,AHMAD W,et al.Shortterm biochar-induced increase in soil CO2release is both biotically and abiotically mediated[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2011,43(8):1723-1731.
[13]何飞飞,梁运姗,吴爱平,等.不同生物炭用量对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(9):2376-2383.HE F F,LIANG Y SH,WU A P,et al.Effect of biochar on nitrification from vegetable-planting acid soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(9):2376-2383(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[14]陈心想,何绪生,耿增超,等.生物炭对不同土壤化学性质、小麦和糜子产量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(20):6534-6542.CHEN X X,HE X SH,GENG Z CH,et al.Effects of biochar on selected soil chemical properties and on wheat and millet yield[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(20):6534-6542(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]张娜.生物炭对麦玉复种体系作物生长及土壤理化性质的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.ZHANG N.Effects of biochar on growth of crops and soil physical and chemical properties[D].Yangling Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2015(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]曾爱,廖允成,张俊丽,等.生物炭对塿土土壤含水量、有机碳及速效养分质量分数的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):1009-1015.ZENG A,LIAO Y CH,ZHANG J L,et al.Effects of biochar on soil moisture,organic carbon and available nutrient mass fractions in manural loessial soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(5):1009-1015(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[17]QUILLIAM R S,MARSDEN K A,GERTLER C,et al.Nutrient dynamics,microbial growth and weed emergence in biochar amended soil are influenced by time since application and reapplication rate[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2012,158(1):192-199.
[18]曾爱.生物炭对塿土土壤理化性质及小麦生长的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.ZENG A.Effects of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties and the growth of wheat in manural loessial soil[D].Yangling Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2013(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]李晓慧.不同作物与施肥对黑土氨氧化微生物的影响[D].长春:中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,2013.LI X H.Impact of different crops and fertilization on ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea in black soil[D].Changchun:Northeast Institute of geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[20]孙志远.堆肥化过程中氨氧化菌群多样性分析[D].黑龙江大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学,2012.SUN ZH Y.Diversity of ammonia oxidating bacteria(AOB)and ammonia oxidating archae(AOA)during the process of composting[D].Daqing Heilongjiang:Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2012(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[21]罗烨.芦竹制备生物炭的特性表征及对土壤N2O排放的抑制[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2012.LUO Y.Production and characterization of giant reed(Arundodonax Linn.)biochars for inhibiting N2O emission from soil[D].Qingdao Shandong:Ocean University of China,2012(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]韩光明,孟军,曹婷,等.生物炭对菠菜根际微生物及土壤理化性质的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(5):515-520.HAN G M,MENG J,CAO T,et al.Effectof biochar on microorganisms quantities and soil physicochemical property in rhizosphere of Spinach[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2012,43(5):515-520(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]王晓辉,郭光霞,郑瑞伦,等.生物炭对设施退化土壤氮相关功能微生物群落丰度的影响[J].土壤学报,2013,50(3):624-631.WANG X H,GUO G X,ZHENG R L,et al.Effect of biochar on abundance of N-related functional microbial communities in degraded greenhouse soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(3):624-631(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]邢肖毅,黄懿梅,安韶山,等.黄土丘陵区不同植被土壤氮素转化微生物生理群特征及差异[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5608-5614.XING X Y,HUANG Y M,AN SH SH,et al.Characteristics of physiological groups of soil nitrogen-transforming microbes in different vegetation types in the Loess Gully region,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(18):5608-5614(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]顾美英,徐万里,唐光木,等.生物炭对灰漠土和风沙土土壤微生物多样性及与氮素相关微生物功能的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(5):926-934.GU M Y,XU W L,TANG G M,et al.Effects of biochar on soil microbial diversity and function related with Ntransformation in grey desert soil and aeolian sandy soil in Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2014,51(5):926-934(in Chinese with English abstract).
[26]曾希柏,王亚男,王玉忠,等.施肥对设施菜地nirK型反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):505-514.ZENG X B,WANG Y N,WANG Y ZH,et al.Effects of different fertilization regimes on abundance and community structure of the nirK type denitrifying bacteria in greenhouse vegetable soils[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(2):505-514(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]LIANG B,LEHMANN J,SOHI S P,et al.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41(41):206-213.
[28]LAIRD D A,FLEMING P,DAVIS D D,et al.Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3-4):443-449.
[2]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.JU X T,GU B J.Status-quo problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(4):783-795(in Chinese with English abstract).
[3]LEHMANN J,JOSEPH S.Biochar for environment management science and technology[J].Science and Technology:Earthscan,2009,25(1):15801-15811.
[4]张千丰,王光华.生物炭理化性质及对土壤改良效果的研究进展[J].土壤与作物,2012,1(4):219-226.ZHANG Q F,WANG G H.Research progress of physiochemical properties of biochar and its effects as soil amendments[J].Soil and Crop,2012,1(4):219-226(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]MCHENRY M P.Soil organic carbon,biochar,and applicable research results for increasing farm productivity under australian agricultural conditions[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2011,42(10):1187-1199.
[6]张晗芝,黄云,刘钢,等.生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(11):2713-2717.ZHANG H ZH,HUANG Y,LIU G,et al.Effects of biochar on corn growth,nutrient and soil chemical properties in seeding stage uptake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(11):2713-2717(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]王萌萌,周启星.生物炭的土壤环境效应及其机制研究[J].环境化学,2013,32(5):768-780.WANG M M,ZHOU Q X.Environmental effects and their mechanisms of biochar applied to soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(5):768-780(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]TENENBAUM D J.Biochar:carbon mitigation from the ground up[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2009,117(2):70-73.
[9]NOVAK J M,BUSSCHER W J,LAIRD D L,et al.Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil[J].Soil Science,2009,174(2):105-112.
[10]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(16):3324-3333.CHEN W F,ZHANG W M,MENG J.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(16):3324-3333(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]JONES D L,ROUSK J,EDWARDS-JONES G,et al.Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,45:113-124.
[12]JONES D L,MURPHY D V,AHMAD W,et al.Shortterm biochar-induced increase in soil CO2release is both biotically and abiotically mediated[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2011,43(8):1723-1731.
[13]何飞飞,梁运姗,吴爱平,等.不同生物炭用量对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(9):2376-2383.HE F F,LIANG Y SH,WU A P,et al.Effect of biochar on nitrification from vegetable-planting acid soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(9):2376-2383(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[14]陈心想,何绪生,耿增超,等.生物炭对不同土壤化学性质、小麦和糜子产量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(20):6534-6542.CHEN X X,HE X SH,GENG Z CH,et al.Effects of biochar on selected soil chemical properties and on wheat and millet yield[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(20):6534-6542(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]张娜.生物炭对麦玉复种体系作物生长及土壤理化性质的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.ZHANG N.Effects of biochar on growth of crops and soil physical and chemical properties[D].Yangling Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2015(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]曾爱,廖允成,张俊丽,等.生物炭对塿土土壤含水量、有机碳及速效养分质量分数的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):1009-1015.ZENG A,LIAO Y CH,ZHANG J L,et al.Effects of biochar on soil moisture,organic carbon and available nutrient mass fractions in manural loessial soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(5):1009-1015(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[17]QUILLIAM R S,MARSDEN K A,GERTLER C,et al.Nutrient dynamics,microbial growth and weed emergence in biochar amended soil are influenced by time since application and reapplication rate[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2012,158(1):192-199.
[18]曾爱.生物炭对塿土土壤理化性质及小麦生长的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.ZENG A.Effects of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties and the growth of wheat in manural loessial soil[D].Yangling Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2013(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]李晓慧.不同作物与施肥对黑土氨氧化微生物的影响[D].长春:中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,2013.LI X H.Impact of different crops and fertilization on ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea in black soil[D].Changchun:Northeast Institute of geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[20]孙志远.堆肥化过程中氨氧化菌群多样性分析[D].黑龙江大庆:黑龙江八一农垦大学,2012.SUN ZH Y.Diversity of ammonia oxidating bacteria(AOB)and ammonia oxidating archae(AOA)during the process of composting[D].Daqing Heilongjiang:Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2012(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[21]罗烨.芦竹制备生物炭的特性表征及对土壤N2O排放的抑制[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2012.LUO Y.Production and characterization of giant reed(Arundodonax Linn.)biochars for inhibiting N2O emission from soil[D].Qingdao Shandong:Ocean University of China,2012(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]韩光明,孟军,曹婷,等.生物炭对菠菜根际微生物及土壤理化性质的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(5):515-520.HAN G M,MENG J,CAO T,et al.Effectof biochar on microorganisms quantities and soil physicochemical property in rhizosphere of Spinach[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2012,43(5):515-520(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]王晓辉,郭光霞,郑瑞伦,等.生物炭对设施退化土壤氮相关功能微生物群落丰度的影响[J].土壤学报,2013,50(3):624-631.WANG X H,GUO G X,ZHENG R L,et al.Effect of biochar on abundance of N-related functional microbial communities in degraded greenhouse soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(3):624-631(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]邢肖毅,黄懿梅,安韶山,等.黄土丘陵区不同植被土壤氮素转化微生物生理群特征及差异[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5608-5614.XING X Y,HUANG Y M,AN SH SH,et al.Characteristics of physiological groups of soil nitrogen-transforming microbes in different vegetation types in the Loess Gully region,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(18):5608-5614(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]顾美英,徐万里,唐光木,等.生物炭对灰漠土和风沙土土壤微生物多样性及与氮素相关微生物功能的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(5):926-934.GU M Y,XU W L,TANG G M,et al.Effects of biochar on soil microbial diversity and function related with Ntransformation in grey desert soil and aeolian sandy soil in Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2014,51(5):926-934(in Chinese with English abstract).
[26]曾希柏,王亚男,王玉忠,等.施肥对设施菜地nirK型反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):505-514.ZENG X B,WANG Y N,WANG Y ZH,et al.Effects of different fertilization regimes on abundance and community structure of the nirK type denitrifying bacteria in greenhouse vegetable soils[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(2):505-514(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]LIANG B,LEHMANN J,SOHI S P,et al.Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,41(41):206-213.
[28]LAIRD D A,FLEMING P,DAVIS D D,et al.Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3-4):443-449.