冬油菜机直播高产优质栽培的氮肥运筹研究
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摘要
为探讨冬油菜高密度机直播条件下的适宜氮肥用量及施氮方式,选用主导品种川油36在成都平原开展了大田试验。结果表明,机直播条件下,氮肥运筹对机直播油菜籽粒产量、品质和氮肥利用率均有显著影响。油菜籽粒产量在90~225 kg/hm~2随施氮量增多呈增加趋势,N135、N180和N225等处理均可获得3 000 kg/hm~2以上高产水平。油菜籽粒含油量(%)随施氮量增加而下降,籽粒蛋白质含量(%)则呈增加趋势。随施氮量增加,氮肥农学利用率(27.9~15.0 kg/kg)和氮肥偏生产力(29.2~15.6 kg/kg)呈下降趋势,而氮肥贡献率(37.2%~52.5%)呈升高趋势。施氮方式对油菜产量、籽粒含油率和蛋白质含量均无显著影响。因此,在成都平原中等以上土壤肥力条件下,杂交油菜川油36高密度机直播高产优质栽培的合理施氮量为135~180 kg/hm~2,并可采用氮肥一次性底施或底肥加一次追肥的施氮方式。
The aim of the study was to obtain optimal nitrogen( N) fertilizer management techniques of winter rapeseed for high yield and high quality under the condition of direct-sown by machine. Two field experiments were conducted in Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province under a rice-rapeseed rotation system. The effects of different N applied rates( 0,90,135,180,225 kg/ha) in the same N application method and different N application method( single application of basal fertilizer,twice application of a basal fertilizer and a top dressing,three times of application as a basal fertilizer and two top dressings) in the same N rate( 180 kg/ha) on agronomic traits,yield,quality and nitrogen fertilizer used efficiency of rapeseed Chuanyou 36 were studied. The results showed that the effects of N fertilizer management on agronomic traits,yield,quality and nitrogen fertilizer used efficiency in rapeseed were significant. Seed yield was improved with the increase of N rates( 0-225 kg/ha) and high yield level( ≥3 000 kg/ha) were obtained by N135,N180 or N225 treatment. There was an obvious trend of decrease in seed oil percent,but increase in protein percent with the increased in N applied rates. With the increased in N applied rates( 90-225 kg/ha),agronomic efficiency of applied N fertilizer( 27. 9-15. 0 kg/kg) and partial factor productivity from applied N fertilizer( 29. 2-15. 6 kg/kg) of rapeseed were obviously or notably decreased and increased for N fertilizer contribution rate( 37. 2%-52. 5%). No significant difference of seed yield,seed oil percent and protein percent of rapeseed were observed. Therefore,The rate of N 135-180 kg/ha and single basal or twice applicationof a basal fertilizer and a top dressing are suitable nitrogen fertilizer management techniques for high yield and high quality of rapeseed Chuanyou 36 under the condition of high density and direct-sown by machine and moderate soil fertility of Chengdu Plain in Sichuan Province.
The aim of the study was to obtain optimal nitrogen( N) fertilizer management techniques of winter rapeseed for high yield and high quality under the condition of direct-sown by machine. Two field experiments were conducted in Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province under a rice-rapeseed rotation system. The effects of different N applied rates( 0,90,135,180,225 kg/ha) in the same N application method and different N application method( single application of basal fertilizer,twice application of a basal fertilizer and a top dressing,three times of application as a basal fertilizer and two top dressings) in the same N rate( 180 kg/ha) on agronomic traits,yield,quality and nitrogen fertilizer used efficiency of rapeseed Chuanyou 36 were studied. The results showed that the effects of N fertilizer management on agronomic traits,yield,quality and nitrogen fertilizer used efficiency in rapeseed were significant. Seed yield was improved with the increase of N rates( 0-225 kg/ha) and high yield level( ≥3 000 kg/ha) were obtained by N135,N180 or N225 treatment. There was an obvious trend of decrease in seed oil percent,but increase in protein percent with the increased in N applied rates. With the increased in N applied rates( 90-225 kg/ha),agronomic efficiency of applied N fertilizer( 27. 9-15. 0 kg/kg) and partial factor productivity from applied N fertilizer( 29. 2-15. 6 kg/kg) of rapeseed were obviously or notably decreased and increased for N fertilizer contribution rate( 37. 2%-52. 5%). No significant difference of seed yield,seed oil percent and protein percent of rapeseed were observed. Therefore,The rate of N 135-180 kg/ha and single basal or twice applicationof a basal fertilizer and a top dressing are suitable nitrogen fertilizer management techniques for high yield and high quality of rapeseed Chuanyou 36 under the condition of high density and direct-sown by machine and moderate soil fertility of Chengdu Plain in Sichuan Province.
引文
[1]张春雷,李俊,余利平,等.油菜不同栽培方式的投入产出比较研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2010,32(1):57-64,70.
[2]马霓,肖圣元,张明海,等.栽培方式对油菜中双11生长及收获特性的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2011,50(2):244-247.
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[8]陈红琳,陈尚洪,王昌桃,等.苗期渍水胁迫对免耕直播油菜产量和品质的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2014,30(2):259-263.
[9]陈红琳,陈尚洪,王昌桃,等.成都平原不同秸秆还田量对土壤水分及机播油菜生长的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2015,37(2):264-268.
[10]李剑,朱青,陈正刚,等.氮肥不同施用量对油研599养分吸收量及产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(7):62-64.
[11]Brennan R F,Bolland M D A.Effect of fertilizer phosphorus and nitrogen on the concentrations of oi1 and protein in grain yield of canola(Brassica napus L.)grown in south-western Australia[J].Australian Journal of Experiment Agriculture,2007,47(8):984-991.
[12]Brennan R F,Bolland M.Influence of Potassium and nitrogen fertiliser on yield,oil and protein concentration of canola(Brassica napus L.)grain harvested in SouthWestern Australia[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2007,47(8):976-983.
[13]朱珊,李银水,余常兵,等.密度和氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2013,35(2):179-184.
[14]王寅,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.移栽和直播油菜的氮肥施用效果及适宜施氮量[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(21):4406-4414.
[15]吴永成,陈天才,彭海浪,等.施氮量和种植密度对迟直播油菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响[J].西南农业学报,2012,25(4):1320-1325.
[16]吴永成,马霓,黄晓明,等.施氮量对中双11号油菜农艺性状、产量品质及氮肥利用率的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2014,32(3):260-264,282.
[17]李志玉,郭庆元,廖星,等.不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(2):184-188.
[18]肖庆生,夏志涛,周灿金,等.氮磷钾肥对迟直播油菜产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2010,32(2):263-269.
[19]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究[J].作物学报,2011,37(4):729-734.
[20]吴永成,李壮,牛应泽.高密度直播油菜高产优质和氮肥高效的适宜氮肥施用模式[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5):1184-1189.
[2]马霓,肖圣元,张明海,等.栽培方式对油菜中双11生长及收获特性的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2011,50(2):244-247.
[3]傅寿仲,戚存扣,浦惠明,等.中国油菜栽培科学技术的发展[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(1):86-91.
[4]官春云.改变冬油菜栽培方式,提高和发展油菜生产[J].中国油料作物学报,2006,28(1):83-85.
[5]王汉中.中国油料产业发展的现状、问题与对策[J].中国油料作物学报,2005,27(4):100-105.
[6]蒋梁材,黄驰,蒲晓斌,等.甘蓝型油菜NEA胞质不育高产广适杂交种川油36的选育[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(5):1660-1664.
[7]罗素娟,代莉,付学林.川油36配套栽培技术及推广建议[J].四川农业科技,2015(5):28-29.
[8]陈红琳,陈尚洪,王昌桃,等.苗期渍水胁迫对免耕直播油菜产量和品质的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2014,30(2):259-263.
[9]陈红琳,陈尚洪,王昌桃,等.成都平原不同秸秆还田量对土壤水分及机播油菜生长的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2015,37(2):264-268.
[10]李剑,朱青,陈正刚,等.氮肥不同施用量对油研599养分吸收量及产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(7):62-64.
[11]Brennan R F,Bolland M D A.Effect of fertilizer phosphorus and nitrogen on the concentrations of oi1 and protein in grain yield of canola(Brassica napus L.)grown in south-western Australia[J].Australian Journal of Experiment Agriculture,2007,47(8):984-991.
[12]Brennan R F,Bolland M.Influence of Potassium and nitrogen fertiliser on yield,oil and protein concentration of canola(Brassica napus L.)grain harvested in SouthWestern Australia[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2007,47(8):976-983.
[13]朱珊,李银水,余常兵,等.密度和氮肥用量对油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2013,35(2):179-184.
[14]王寅,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.移栽和直播油菜的氮肥施用效果及适宜施氮量[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(21):4406-4414.
[15]吴永成,陈天才,彭海浪,等.施氮量和种植密度对迟直播油菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响[J].西南农业学报,2012,25(4):1320-1325.
[16]吴永成,马霓,黄晓明,等.施氮量对中双11号油菜农艺性状、产量品质及氮肥利用率的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2014,32(3):260-264,282.
[17]李志玉,郭庆元,廖星,等.不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(2):184-188.
[18]肖庆生,夏志涛,周灿金,等.氮磷钾肥对迟直播油菜产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2010,32(2):263-269.
[19]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究[J].作物学报,2011,37(4):729-734.
[20]吴永成,李壮,牛应泽.高密度直播油菜高产优质和氮肥高效的适宜氮肥施用模式[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5):1184-1189.