技术创新的结构布局、专业化优势与经济增长——基于动态面板模型的实证分析
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摘要
在技术创新驱动经济增长的机制中,除了创新的总体规模外,创新的内部结构也可能影响经济增长。利用2001—2016年间中国30个地区的专利数据和经济数据,运用广义矩估计(GMM)从技术结构的集中度、差异度方面考察技术专业化对不同创新能力地区经济增长的影响,并进一步分析在特定类别的技术领域中,不同地区的专业化程度与经济增长的关系。研究发现,技术专业化不利于高创新能力地区的经济增长,但有助于中等创新能力地区和低创新能力地区的经济增长。对于不同地区,特定技术领域的专业化程度与经济增长之间呈不同的U型关系。因此低创新能力地区在选择创新发展的重点领域时不应急于效仿高创新能力地区,而应基于各自的产业优势选择差异化的发展路径。
In the mechanism of economic growth driven by technological innovation, in addition to the total scale of innovation, the internal structure of innovation may also affect economic growth.By making use of the patent data and economic data of China's 30 regions between 2001 and 2016,this paper applies GMM to investigate the effects of technological specialization on the economic growth of regions with different innovation ability from the aspects of concentration degree and difference degree of the technological structures. Then it goes further to analyze the relationship between the degree of specialization and the economic growth in different regions in a special field of technology. The findings show that technological specialization is to the disadvantage of the economic growth of the regions with higher innovation capability, but it is helpful to the economic growth of regions with lower and medium innovation capability. As for different regions, there are different U-shaped relationships between the degree of specialization and economic growth in specific technical fields. Thus the regions with lower innovation capability should not follow the regions with higher capability when choosing the key fields to develop innovation, instead, they should choose diversified development paths according to their industrial advantages respectively.
In the mechanism of economic growth driven by technological innovation, in addition to the total scale of innovation, the internal structure of innovation may also affect economic growth.By making use of the patent data and economic data of China's 30 regions between 2001 and 2016,this paper applies GMM to investigate the effects of technological specialization on the economic growth of regions with different innovation ability from the aspects of concentration degree and difference degree of the technological structures. Then it goes further to analyze the relationship between the degree of specialization and the economic growth in different regions in a special field of technology. The findings show that technological specialization is to the disadvantage of the economic growth of the regions with higher innovation capability, but it is helpful to the economic growth of regions with lower and medium innovation capability. As for different regions, there are different U-shaped relationships between the degree of specialization and economic growth in specific technical fields. Thus the regions with lower innovation capability should not follow the regions with higher capability when choosing the key fields to develop innovation, instead, they should choose diversified development paths according to their industrial advantages respectively.
引文
[1]蒋天颖.我国区域创新差异时空格局演化及其影响因素分析[J].经济地理,2013,(6):22-29.
[2]王文举,范合君.我国地区产业结构趋同的原因及其对经济影响的分析[J].当代财经,2008,(1):85-89.
[3]梁威,廖进球.江西战略性新兴产业竞争力分析及提升对策研究[J].江西财经大学学报,2015,(3):73-83.
[4]Pavitt K..Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change:Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory[J].Research Policy,1984,13(6):343-373.
[5]Archibugi D.,Pianta M..Specialization and Size of Technological Activities in Industrial Countries:the Analysis of Patent Data[J].Research Policy,1992a,21(1):79-93.
[6]Granstrand O.,Oskarsson C..Technology Diversification in“MUL-TECH”Corporations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1994,41(4):355-364.
[7]Archibugi D.,Pianta M..The Technological Specialization of Advanced Countries[J].Research Policy,1992b,24(2):303-322.
[8]Cantwell J.,Vertova G..Historical Evolution of Technological Diversification[J].Research Policy,2004,33(3):511-529.
[9]Meliciani V..The Impact of Technological Specialisation on National Performance in a Balance-of Payments-constrained Growth Model[J].Structure Chang and Economic Dynamics,2002,(13):101-118.
[10]Jungmittag A..Innovations,Technological Specialization and Economic Growth in EU[J].International Economics and Economic Policy,2004,(1):247-273.
[11]Laursen K..The Impact of Technological Opportunity on the Dynamics of Trade Performance[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1996,(10):341-357.
[12]Montobbio F.,Rampa F..The Impact of Technology and Structural Change on Export Performance in Nine Developing Countries[J].World Development,2005,33(4):527-547.
[13]Evangelista R.,Meliciani V.,Vezzani A..The Distribution of Technological Activities in Europe:A Regional Perspective[R].Joint Research Centre Working Papers,2016.
[14]俞文华.韩国在华发明专利申请格局、技术结构与比较优势及政策含义[J].中国科技论坛,2007,(7):132-140.
[15]俞文华.美国在华技术比较优势演变及其政策含义——基于1985—2003年美国在华职务发明专利申请统计分析[J].科学学研究,2008,(1):98-104.
[16]俞文华.发明专利、比较优势、授权差距——基于中国国内外发明专利授权量比较分析[J].中国软科学,2009,(6):19-32.
[17]官建成,王刚波.技术领域优势的国际比较研究[J].科学学研究,2008,(1):90-97.
[18]冯仁涛,余翔.我国区域技术专业化模式比较研究[J].科研管理,2012,(10):9-16.
[19]冯仁涛,余翔.中国区域技术专业化程度与技术规模和经济规模的关系[J].研究与发展管理,2014,(5):54-62.
[20]张军,吴桂英,张吉鹏.中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952—2000[J].经济研究,2004,(10):35-44.
[21]隋广军,申明浩,宋剑波.基于专利水平地区差异的高科技产业化问题研究[J].管理世界,2005,(8):87-93+169.
[22]吕拉昌,何爱,黄茹.基于知识产出的北京城市创新职能[J].地理研究,2014,33(10):1817-1824.
[23]Urraca-Ruiz A.,Laguna-Molina N.E..Dynamic Technological Specialization,Aggregated Convergence and Growth[J].International Economics and Economic Policy,2016,(13):195-211.
[24]Arellano M.,Bond S.R..Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data:Monte Carb Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations[J].Review of Economic Studies,1991,58(2):277-297.
(1)国外学者将第一种技术专业化作为斯密专业化(Smithian Specialization),第二种作为李嘉图专业化(Ricardian Specialization)。国内学者将第一种技术专业化称为技术专业化的程度,第二种称为技术专业化的模式。
(1)将专利按国民经济行业进行分类的主要方法是将国际专利主分类号(IPC)与国民经济行业分类(GB/T 4754-2011)进行匹配。数据为付费数据,来源于www.incopat.com。
(1)高新技术领域包括医药制造、专用设备制造、航空航天设备制造、计算机通信及电子设备制造、仪器仪表制造、电信广播电视和卫星传输服务;中高技术领域包括化学原料和化学制品、化学纤维制造、通用设备制造、汽车制造、电气机械和器材制造;传统技术领域包括农副食品加工、食品制造、茶酒饮料、烟草制品、纺织服装、木材加工、家具制造、造纸印刷、石油加工、橡胶和塑料制品、非金属矿物制品、金属制品、废弃资源利用、其他制造业。
[2]王文举,范合君.我国地区产业结构趋同的原因及其对经济影响的分析[J].当代财经,2008,(1):85-89.
[3]梁威,廖进球.江西战略性新兴产业竞争力分析及提升对策研究[J].江西财经大学学报,2015,(3):73-83.
[4]Pavitt K..Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change:Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory[J].Research Policy,1984,13(6):343-373.
[5]Archibugi D.,Pianta M..Specialization and Size of Technological Activities in Industrial Countries:the Analysis of Patent Data[J].Research Policy,1992a,21(1):79-93.
[6]Granstrand O.,Oskarsson C..Technology Diversification in“MUL-TECH”Corporations[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1994,41(4):355-364.
[7]Archibugi D.,Pianta M..The Technological Specialization of Advanced Countries[J].Research Policy,1992b,24(2):303-322.
[8]Cantwell J.,Vertova G..Historical Evolution of Technological Diversification[J].Research Policy,2004,33(3):511-529.
[9]Meliciani V..The Impact of Technological Specialisation on National Performance in a Balance-of Payments-constrained Growth Model[J].Structure Chang and Economic Dynamics,2002,(13):101-118.
[10]Jungmittag A..Innovations,Technological Specialization and Economic Growth in EU[J].International Economics and Economic Policy,2004,(1):247-273.
[11]Laursen K..The Impact of Technological Opportunity on the Dynamics of Trade Performance[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1996,(10):341-357.
[12]Montobbio F.,Rampa F..The Impact of Technology and Structural Change on Export Performance in Nine Developing Countries[J].World Development,2005,33(4):527-547.
[13]Evangelista R.,Meliciani V.,Vezzani A..The Distribution of Technological Activities in Europe:A Regional Perspective[R].Joint Research Centre Working Papers,2016.
[14]俞文华.韩国在华发明专利申请格局、技术结构与比较优势及政策含义[J].中国科技论坛,2007,(7):132-140.
[15]俞文华.美国在华技术比较优势演变及其政策含义——基于1985—2003年美国在华职务发明专利申请统计分析[J].科学学研究,2008,(1):98-104.
[16]俞文华.发明专利、比较优势、授权差距——基于中国国内外发明专利授权量比较分析[J].中国软科学,2009,(6):19-32.
[17]官建成,王刚波.技术领域优势的国际比较研究[J].科学学研究,2008,(1):90-97.
[18]冯仁涛,余翔.我国区域技术专业化模式比较研究[J].科研管理,2012,(10):9-16.
[19]冯仁涛,余翔.中国区域技术专业化程度与技术规模和经济规模的关系[J].研究与发展管理,2014,(5):54-62.
[20]张军,吴桂英,张吉鹏.中国省际物质资本存量估算:1952—2000[J].经济研究,2004,(10):35-44.
[21]隋广军,申明浩,宋剑波.基于专利水平地区差异的高科技产业化问题研究[J].管理世界,2005,(8):87-93+169.
[22]吕拉昌,何爱,黄茹.基于知识产出的北京城市创新职能[J].地理研究,2014,33(10):1817-1824.
[23]Urraca-Ruiz A.,Laguna-Molina N.E..Dynamic Technological Specialization,Aggregated Convergence and Growth[J].International Economics and Economic Policy,2016,(13):195-211.
[24]Arellano M.,Bond S.R..Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data:Monte Carb Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations[J].Review of Economic Studies,1991,58(2):277-297.
(1)国外学者将第一种技术专业化作为斯密专业化(Smithian Specialization),第二种作为李嘉图专业化(Ricardian Specialization)。国内学者将第一种技术专业化称为技术专业化的程度,第二种称为技术专业化的模式。
(1)将专利按国民经济行业进行分类的主要方法是将国际专利主分类号(IPC)与国民经济行业分类(GB/T 4754-2011)进行匹配。数据为付费数据,来源于www.incopat.com。
(1)高新技术领域包括医药制造、专用设备制造、航空航天设备制造、计算机通信及电子设备制造、仪器仪表制造、电信广播电视和卫星传输服务;中高技术领域包括化学原料和化学制品、化学纤维制造、通用设备制造、汽车制造、电气机械和器材制造;传统技术领域包括农副食品加工、食品制造、茶酒饮料、烟草制品、纺织服装、木材加工、家具制造、造纸印刷、石油加工、橡胶和塑料制品、非金属矿物制品、金属制品、废弃资源利用、其他制造业。