应对气候变暖:中国旅游业的政策和行动（英文）
|
摘要
中国旅游业规模大且近年来发展迅速,是全球旅游应对气候变暖的重要组成部分。本文运用PSR框架,综述性考察中国旅游业的减排压力、碳排放状态和以政府为主的利益相关者反应。研究发现:(1)源于中央政府的节能减排战略要求和旅游业快速壮大的产业规模,中国旅游业具有较大的碳减排压力。(2)中国旅游业碳排放量占全球旅游的12.5%–14.6%,占中国碳排放的3%左右,中国游客每人次旅游碳排放量低于全球水平的1/2。(3)中国政府重视节能减排,国家旅游局等部门主要通过制定行业标准的方式,引导饭店、景区等旅游企业建立绿色经营和管理体系;在交通领域,近年来中国高速铁路、新能源汽车、城市智能共享单车发展十分迅速,有效降低了旅行中的碳排放;中国游客普遍具有较高的低碳旅游认知和意愿,但也还需要更多的宣传和引导提高公众意识。
China's tourism industry has witnessed rapid progress in recent years, and is now an important part of global tourism in dealing with climate change. Within a framework of Pressure-State-Response(PSR), this paper focuses on the emission reduction pressure, carbon emission status, and responses of stakeholders in China's tourism industry. Findings include: 1) The central government's strategy and rapid growth of the industry scale exert rising pressure on China's tourism to reduce carbon emissions. 2) Carbon emissions of China's tourism account for 13%–14.6% of global tourism, and about 3% of China's emissions overall. Chinese tourists' per capita carbon emission is lower than half of the global level. 3) The Chinese government attaches great importance to energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. In the tourism industry, documents, standards and other regulative measures have been issued to ensure that business practitioners set up green operational and managerial systems. In the field of tourism transportation, China's high-speed rail, new energy vehicles, and urban shared bicycles, have developed very rapidly in recent years, and they have effectively reduced the carbon emissions in traveling. Furthermore, this paper finds that Chinese tourists already have awareness and willingness for low-carbon tourism.
China's tourism industry has witnessed rapid progress in recent years, and is now an important part of global tourism in dealing with climate change. Within a framework of Pressure-State-Response(PSR), this paper focuses on the emission reduction pressure, carbon emission status, and responses of stakeholders in China's tourism industry. Findings include: 1) The central government's strategy and rapid growth of the industry scale exert rising pressure on China's tourism to reduce carbon emissions. 2) Carbon emissions of China's tourism account for 13%–14.6% of global tourism, and about 3% of China's emissions overall. Chinese tourists' per capita carbon emission is lower than half of the global level. 3) The Chinese government attaches great importance to energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. In the tourism industry, documents, standards and other regulative measures have been issued to ensure that business practitioners set up green operational and managerial systems. In the field of tourism transportation, China's high-speed rail, new energy vehicles, and urban shared bicycles, have developed very rapidly in recent years, and they have effectively reduced the carbon emissions in traveling. Furthermore, this paper finds that Chinese tourists already have awareness and willingness for low-carbon tourism.
引文
Becken S,Patterson M,Viner D.2006.Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,14(4):323-338.
Becken S.2013.A review of tourism and climate change as an evolving knowledge domain.Tourism Management Perspectives,6:53-62.
British Institute of Energy Economics.2017.BP statistical review of world energy 2016.Available online:http://www.biee.org/meeting-list/bpstatistical-review-world-energy-2016/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
Bruijn K,Driven R,Eijgelaar E.2013.Travelling large in 2012:the carbon footprint of dutch holidaymakers in 2012 and the development since2002.Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport,NHTV,Breda,Netherlands,2013.Available online:http://www.cstt.nl/userdata/documents/cstt2013_travellinglargein2012_lowres.pdf.(accessed on 20 May2017)
Central people’s Government of the People's Republic of China.2017.Enhanced actions on climate change:China’s intended nationally determined contributions.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-06/30/content_2887330.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017)(In Chinese)
Chang B,Kendall A.2011.Life cycle greenhouse gas assessment of infrastructure construction for California’s high-speed rail system.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,16(6):429-434.
China Automotive Technology and Research Center.2016.China’s new energy automotive industry development report(2016).Beijing,China:Social Science Literature Publishing House.(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017a.China tourism development report(2016).Available online:http://travel.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0519/c41570-28363589.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017b.Guidance on further promoting energy conservation and emission reduction in the tourism industry.Available online:http://www.cnta.gov.cn/xxfb/jdxwnew2/201506/t20150625_459668.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017c.National A-class tourist attractions online publicity list.Available online:http://www.cnta.gov.cn/zwgk/201702/t20170216_815055.shtml.(accessed on 20 May2017).(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017d.Several opinions on tourism in addressing climate change.Available online:http://www.cnta.gov.cn/xxfb/jdxwnew2/201506/t20150625_458317.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Fishman E,Washington S,Haworth N,et al.2015.Factors in influencing bike share membership:Analysis of Melbourne and Brisbane.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,71:17-30.
GB/T 26362-2010.2010.Construction and operation guidelines for prototype-zone of national ecotourism attractions.Beijing,China:China Tourism Press.(in Chinese)
GB/T 14308-1993.1993.Star-rating standard for tourist hotels.Beijing,China:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
GB/T 17775-1999.1999.Standard of rating for quality of tourist attractions.Beijing,China:China Tourism Press.(in Chinese)
G?ssling S,Hall M.2008.Swedish tourism and climate change mitigation:An emerging conflict?Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,8:141-158.
Gu A L,Li Z Q.2016.Effects of economic structure change on carbon emissions of China:Analysis based on IO-SDA Model.China Population,Resources and Environment,26(3):37-45.(in Chinese)
Hein L,Metzger MJ,Moreno A.2009.Potential impacts of climate change on tourism:A case study for Spain.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,1(2):170-178.
Jones C.2013.Scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions reduction from tourism:An extended tourism satellite account approach in a regional setting.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21:458-472.
Kemp R.2004.Transport energy consumption.Power Engineer,10:1-7.
LB/T 048-2016.2016.Demonstration Destination for Green Tourism.Beijing,China:China Tourism Press.(in Chinese)
LB/T 018-2011.2011.Guidelines for Energy-saving and Emission Reduction of Tourist hotel.Beijing,China:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
LB/T 007-2006.2006.Green Hotels.Beijing,China:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Liu Z J.2016.China’s first published“China’s transport development”.People’s Daily,2016-12-30.(in Chinese)
Meddin R,DeMaio P.2017.The bike-sharing world map.Available online:http://www.bikesharingworld.com.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.2017.Administrative measures for the national demonstration zone of ISO 14000.Available online:http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/ISO14000/pxjg/200605/t20060517_76739.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017)(in Chinese)
Ministry of Finance of China,Ministry of Science and Technology of China.2017.Notice on starting new energy vehicles pilot promotion.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2009-02/05/content_1222338.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Ministry of Finance of China,Ministry of Science and Technology of China,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China,National Development and Reform Commission of China.2017.Notice on furthering new energy vehicles pilot promotion.Available online:http://www.most.gov.cn/tztg/201111/t20111110_90811.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Ministry of Finance of China,Ministry of Science and Technology of China,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China,National Development and Reform Commission of China.2017.Notice on adjusting the application of financial subsidy policy for new energy vehicles.Available online:http://www.miit.gov.cn/n146285/n1146352/n3054355/n3057585/n3057590/c5449526/content.html.(accessed on 20May 2017).(in Chinese)
National Bureau of statistics of the People’s Republic of China.(1997-2016).China Statistical Yearbook.China Statistics Press:Beijing,China,1997-2016.(in Chinese)
National Development and Reform Commission of China.2017.Notice of printing and distributing the“Medium and Long Term Railway Network Planning”.Available online:http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201607/t20160720_811696.html.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
OECD.2017.OECD core set of indicators for environmental performance reviews:A synthesis report by the group on the state of the environment.Available online:http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/armenia/soe2000/eng/oec dind.pdf.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
OECD,UNEP.2017.Climate change and tourism policy in OECD countries.Available online:http://sdg.iisd.org/news/unep-oecd-launch-climatechange-and-tourism-policy-report/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
Shi P H,Feng L,Wu P.2010.The energy consumption and carbon emission status of China’s tourism.In energy saving and emission reduction and low-carbon development in tourism industry:Policy system and practice guide.China Tourism Press:Beijing,China.(in Chinese)
Shi P H,Wu P.2011.A rough estimation of energy consumption and CO2emissions in tourism sector of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,66(2):235-243.(in Chinese)
Smith I J,Rodger CJ.2009.Carbon emission offsets for aviation-generated emissions due to international travel to and from New Zealand.Energy Policy,37(9):3438-3447.
Tang B J,Ma Y,Wei Y M,et al.2016.Analysis of energy conservation and emission reduction of new energy vehicles in Beijing during the“13th Five-Year Plan”.Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition),18(2):13-17.(in Chinese)
Tang M F,Cao H M,Shen Y,et al.2014.Visitors’cognition and willingness to low-carbon tourism--Taking Lijiang City as an example.Journal of Ecology,34(17):5096-5102.(in Chinese)
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China.2017a.Energy conservation and new energy automotive industry development plan(2012-2020).Available online:http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-07/10/c_131705726.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China.2017b.Opinions on accelerating the development of tourism.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/xxgk/pub/govpublic/mrlm/200912/t20091203_56294.html.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China.2017c.The 12th Five-Year Plan for the national economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/2011lh/content_1825838.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Tongheng Urban Data Lab.2017.2017 white paper of share bicycle and urban development.Available online:http://mt.sohu.com/it/d20170413/133766880_585110.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
UNWTO.2009.Towards a low carbon travel&tourism sector.World Economic Forum,2009.
UNWTO.2017.Climate change and tourism:responding to global challenges.Available online:http://www.openisbn.com/preview/928441234X/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
WTM.2007.Why the Ministers’Summit 2007 is crucial to the industry.The UNWTO Ministers Summit on tourism and climate change,2007.
Yuan Y J.2013.Tourism in China:Indirect energy consumption and carbon emissions.Tourism Tribune,28(10):81-88.(in Chinese)
Zhang C L.2016.Analysis on calculation and characters of total carbon dioxide emission.Journal of Jiangsu Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),42(5):98-104.(in Chinese)
Zhang G X,Zhang Z H,Guan X.2017.Is the synergy between measures and objectives of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in China effective?Research on 1052 energy conservation and emission reduction policies.Journal of Management Sciences in China,20(3):162-182.(in Chinese)
Zhang L L,Hang J L,Cao H.2016.Analysis on the cognition,willingness and behavior of low-carbon tourism of tourists-A case study of Gulangyu,Xiamen.Environmental Science,42(3):58-64.(in Chinese)
Zhong Y D,Shi S Y,Li S H,et al.2014.Empirical research on construction of measurement framework for tourism carbon emission in China.China Population,Resources and Environment,24(1):78-86.(in Chinese)
Zhou X J.2015.China’s needs to develop high-speed railways-concurrently on energy saving and emission reduction effects of high-speed railways.China Economic Report,7:66-69.(in Chinese)
1 Naked Hotel&Resort Management Co.,Limited,2017.Available online:http://www.nakedretreats.cn/naked-stables/zh-CN/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
2 Naked Hotel&Resort Management Co.,Limited,2017.Available online:http://www.nakedretreats.cn/booking/room.html?hotelCode=H000002&lang=zh-CN&showDebug=false.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
Becken S.2013.A review of tourism and climate change as an evolving knowledge domain.Tourism Management Perspectives,6:53-62.
British Institute of Energy Economics.2017.BP statistical review of world energy 2016.Available online:http://www.biee.org/meeting-list/bpstatistical-review-world-energy-2016/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
Bruijn K,Driven R,Eijgelaar E.2013.Travelling large in 2012:the carbon footprint of dutch holidaymakers in 2012 and the development since2002.Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport,NHTV,Breda,Netherlands,2013.Available online:http://www.cstt.nl/userdata/documents/cstt2013_travellinglargein2012_lowres.pdf.(accessed on 20 May2017)
Central people’s Government of the People's Republic of China.2017.Enhanced actions on climate change:China’s intended nationally determined contributions.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-06/30/content_2887330.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017)(In Chinese)
Chang B,Kendall A.2011.Life cycle greenhouse gas assessment of infrastructure construction for California’s high-speed rail system.Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,16(6):429-434.
China Automotive Technology and Research Center.2016.China’s new energy automotive industry development report(2016).Beijing,China:Social Science Literature Publishing House.(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017a.China tourism development report(2016).Available online:http://travel.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0519/c41570-28363589.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017b.Guidance on further promoting energy conservation and emission reduction in the tourism industry.Available online:http://www.cnta.gov.cn/xxfb/jdxwnew2/201506/t20150625_459668.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017c.National A-class tourist attractions online publicity list.Available online:http://www.cnta.gov.cn/zwgk/201702/t20170216_815055.shtml.(accessed on 20 May2017).(in Chinese)
China National Tourism Administration.2017d.Several opinions on tourism in addressing climate change.Available online:http://www.cnta.gov.cn/xxfb/jdxwnew2/201506/t20150625_458317.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Fishman E,Washington S,Haworth N,et al.2015.Factors in influencing bike share membership:Analysis of Melbourne and Brisbane.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,71:17-30.
GB/T 26362-2010.2010.Construction and operation guidelines for prototype-zone of national ecotourism attractions.Beijing,China:China Tourism Press.(in Chinese)
GB/T 14308-1993.1993.Star-rating standard for tourist hotels.Beijing,China:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
GB/T 17775-1999.1999.Standard of rating for quality of tourist attractions.Beijing,China:China Tourism Press.(in Chinese)
G?ssling S,Hall M.2008.Swedish tourism and climate change mitigation:An emerging conflict?Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism,8:141-158.
Gu A L,Li Z Q.2016.Effects of economic structure change on carbon emissions of China:Analysis based on IO-SDA Model.China Population,Resources and Environment,26(3):37-45.(in Chinese)
Hein L,Metzger MJ,Moreno A.2009.Potential impacts of climate change on tourism:A case study for Spain.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,1(2):170-178.
Jones C.2013.Scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions reduction from tourism:An extended tourism satellite account approach in a regional setting.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21:458-472.
Kemp R.2004.Transport energy consumption.Power Engineer,10:1-7.
LB/T 048-2016.2016.Demonstration Destination for Green Tourism.Beijing,China:China Tourism Press.(in Chinese)
LB/T 018-2011.2011.Guidelines for Energy-saving and Emission Reduction of Tourist hotel.Beijing,China:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
LB/T 007-2006.2006.Green Hotels.Beijing,China:China Statistics Press.(in Chinese)
Liu Z J.2016.China’s first published“China’s transport development”.People’s Daily,2016-12-30.(in Chinese)
Meddin R,DeMaio P.2017.The bike-sharing world map.Available online:http://www.bikesharingworld.com.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.2017.Administrative measures for the national demonstration zone of ISO 14000.Available online:http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/ISO14000/pxjg/200605/t20060517_76739.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017)(in Chinese)
Ministry of Finance of China,Ministry of Science and Technology of China.2017.Notice on starting new energy vehicles pilot promotion.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2009-02/05/content_1222338.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Ministry of Finance of China,Ministry of Science and Technology of China,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China,National Development and Reform Commission of China.2017.Notice on furthering new energy vehicles pilot promotion.Available online:http://www.most.gov.cn/tztg/201111/t20111110_90811.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Ministry of Finance of China,Ministry of Science and Technology of China,Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China,National Development and Reform Commission of China.2017.Notice on adjusting the application of financial subsidy policy for new energy vehicles.Available online:http://www.miit.gov.cn/n146285/n1146352/n3054355/n3057585/n3057590/c5449526/content.html.(accessed on 20May 2017).(in Chinese)
National Bureau of statistics of the People’s Republic of China.(1997-2016).China Statistical Yearbook.China Statistics Press:Beijing,China,1997-2016.(in Chinese)
National Development and Reform Commission of China.2017.Notice of printing and distributing the“Medium and Long Term Railway Network Planning”.Available online:http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201607/t20160720_811696.html.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
OECD.2017.OECD core set of indicators for environmental performance reviews:A synthesis report by the group on the state of the environment.Available online:http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/armenia/soe2000/eng/oec dind.pdf.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
OECD,UNEP.2017.Climate change and tourism policy in OECD countries.Available online:http://sdg.iisd.org/news/unep-oecd-launch-climatechange-and-tourism-policy-report/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
Shi P H,Feng L,Wu P.2010.The energy consumption and carbon emission status of China’s tourism.In energy saving and emission reduction and low-carbon development in tourism industry:Policy system and practice guide.China Tourism Press:Beijing,China.(in Chinese)
Shi P H,Wu P.2011.A rough estimation of energy consumption and CO2emissions in tourism sector of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,66(2):235-243.(in Chinese)
Smith I J,Rodger CJ.2009.Carbon emission offsets for aviation-generated emissions due to international travel to and from New Zealand.Energy Policy,37(9):3438-3447.
Tang B J,Ma Y,Wei Y M,et al.2016.Analysis of energy conservation and emission reduction of new energy vehicles in Beijing during the“13th Five-Year Plan”.Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition),18(2):13-17.(in Chinese)
Tang M F,Cao H M,Shen Y,et al.2014.Visitors’cognition and willingness to low-carbon tourism--Taking Lijiang City as an example.Journal of Ecology,34(17):5096-5102.(in Chinese)
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China.2017a.Energy conservation and new energy automotive industry development plan(2012-2020).Available online:http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-07/10/c_131705726.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China.2017b.Opinions on accelerating the development of tourism.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/xxgk/pub/govpublic/mrlm/200912/t20091203_56294.html.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
The State Council of the People’s Republic of China.2017c.The 12th Five-Year Plan for the national economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China.Available online:http://www.gov.cn/2011lh/content_1825838.htm.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
Tongheng Urban Data Lab.2017.2017 white paper of share bicycle and urban development.Available online:http://mt.sohu.com/it/d20170413/133766880_585110.shtml.(accessed on 20 May 2017).(in Chinese)
UNWTO.2009.Towards a low carbon travel&tourism sector.World Economic Forum,2009.
UNWTO.2017.Climate change and tourism:responding to global challenges.Available online:http://www.openisbn.com/preview/928441234X/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
WTM.2007.Why the Ministers’Summit 2007 is crucial to the industry.The UNWTO Ministers Summit on tourism and climate change,2007.
Yuan Y J.2013.Tourism in China:Indirect energy consumption and carbon emissions.Tourism Tribune,28(10):81-88.(in Chinese)
Zhang C L.2016.Analysis on calculation and characters of total carbon dioxide emission.Journal of Jiangsu Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),42(5):98-104.(in Chinese)
Zhang G X,Zhang Z H,Guan X.2017.Is the synergy between measures and objectives of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in China effective?Research on 1052 energy conservation and emission reduction policies.Journal of Management Sciences in China,20(3):162-182.(in Chinese)
Zhang L L,Hang J L,Cao H.2016.Analysis on the cognition,willingness and behavior of low-carbon tourism of tourists-A case study of Gulangyu,Xiamen.Environmental Science,42(3):58-64.(in Chinese)
Zhong Y D,Shi S Y,Li S H,et al.2014.Empirical research on construction of measurement framework for tourism carbon emission in China.China Population,Resources and Environment,24(1):78-86.(in Chinese)
Zhou X J.2015.China’s needs to develop high-speed railways-concurrently on energy saving and emission reduction effects of high-speed railways.China Economic Report,7:66-69.(in Chinese)
1 Naked Hotel&Resort Management Co.,Limited,2017.Available online:http://www.nakedretreats.cn/naked-stables/zh-CN/.(accessed on 20 May 2017)
2 Naked Hotel&Resort Management Co.,Limited,2017.Available online:http://www.nakedretreats.cn/booking/room.html?hotelCode=H000002&lang=zh-CN&showDebug=false.(accessed on 20 May 2017)