奶牛低淀粉型日粮研究进展
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摘要
低淀粉型日粮的应用不仅可以满足高产奶牛生产阶段的能量需要,而且可以保证奶牛瘤胃健康,避免瘤胃酸中毒。常用低淀粉型饲料有优质牧草、中性洗涤可溶性纤维源饲料以及可溶性糖三大部分。饲喂低淀粉型日粮可以有效缓解挥发性脂肪酸的产生,避免瘤胃pH降低,并促进了奶牛的采食以及养分消化,提高乳品质。本文从低淀粉型日粮的实现手段,以及瘤胃发酵参数和生产性能方面阐述低淀粉型日粮在奶牛生产中的必要性,确立今后的研究重点应该在各种原料替代谷物原料的最适比例及组合效应方面,从而完善奶牛低淀粉型日粮配制技术。
Feeding dairy cows on low-starch diets can satisfy their energy requirement during lactation,and protect the rumen health of dairy cows and avoid rumen acidosis,as well. In general,the cows were fed on low-starch diets,containing digestible forage fiber,neutral detergent-soluble fiber,and soluble sugar. Feeding on low-starch diets can effectively reduce volatile fatty acid production,inhibit decrease in ruminal pH,and promote feed intake and nutrient digestion in dairy cows. Additionally,it can improve milk quality. This study showed how to formulate the low-starch diet,influencing rumen fermentation parameters and production performance; it was necessary to feed dairy cows on the low-starch diet. In future,it would be important to investigate the optimal proportion and effect of mixing,using low-starch materials as substitutes of cereal grains,to complete the process of low-starch diet preparation for dairy cows.
Feeding dairy cows on low-starch diets can satisfy their energy requirement during lactation,and protect the rumen health of dairy cows and avoid rumen acidosis,as well. In general,the cows were fed on low-starch diets,containing digestible forage fiber,neutral detergent-soluble fiber,and soluble sugar. Feeding on low-starch diets can effectively reduce volatile fatty acid production,inhibit decrease in ruminal pH,and promote feed intake and nutrient digestion in dairy cows. Additionally,it can improve milk quality. This study showed how to formulate the low-starch diet,influencing rumen fermentation parameters and production performance; it was necessary to feed dairy cows on the low-starch diet. In future,it would be important to investigate the optimal proportion and effect of mixing,using low-starch materials as substitutes of cereal grains,to complete the process of low-starch diet preparation for dairy cows.
引文
[1]Gao X,Oba M.Effect of increasing dietary nonfiber carbohydrate with starch,sucrose,or lactose on rumen fermentation and productivity of lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2015,99(1):291-300.
[2]Dann H M,Grant R J,Eastridge M L.Feeding low starch diets.//Proceedings of the 18th Annual Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference.America:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2009:143-157.
[3]聂旭,曲云淼.奶牛饲养中优质苜蓿干草的应用及价值分析.当代畜牧,2015(9Z):97-98.Nie X,Qu Y M.Dairy farming in the application of high quality alfalfa hay and value analysis.Contemporary Animal Husbandry,2015(9Z):97-98.(in Chinese)
[4]贺忠勇,葛孔福,冯晋芳,韩静,刘景喜.紫花苜蓿产品的营养特性及其在奶牛生产中的应用.中国奶牛,2014(8):45-48.He Z Y,Ge K F,Feng J F,Han J,Liu J X.The nutrition of alfalfa product properties and its application in dairy production.China Dairy Cattle,2014(8):45-48.(in Chinese)
[5]李改英,廉红霞,孙宇,傅彤,高腾云.青贮紫花苜蓿对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮和血液生化指标的影响.草业科学,2015,32(8):1329-1336.Li G Y,Lian H X,Sun Y,Fu T,Gao T Y.Effects of alfalfa silage on production perfermance,urea nitrogen and blood biochemical index in dairy cow.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(8):1329-1336.(in Chinese)
[6]朱丹,张佩华,赵勐,刘士杰,张开展,William P W,卜登攀.不同NDF与淀粉比例饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的降解特性.草业科学,2015,32(12):2122-2130.Zhu D,Zhang P H,Zhao M,Liu S J,Zhang K Z,William P W,Bu D P.Rumen degradation characteristics of different neutral detergent fiber/starch ratio diets in dairy cattle.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(12):2122-2130.(in Chinese)
[7]Oba M.Review:Effects of feeding sugars on productivity of lactating dairy cows.Canadian Veterinary Journal La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne,2011,91(1):37-46.
[8]Guo Y Q,Wang L B,Zou Y,Xu X F,Li S L,Cao Z J.Changes in ruminal fermentation,milk performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows with subacute ruminal acidosis and its regulation with pelleted beet pulp.Archives of Animal Nutrition,2013,67(6):433-447.
[9]李飞.奶山羊亚急性瘤胃酸中毒模型构建与奶牛日粮CBI的优化.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2014.Li F.Milk goats subacute rumen acidosis model building and cows diet optimization of CBI.Ph D Thesis.Yangling:Northwest Agriculture&Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese)
[10]小山·彼得.甜菜粕对降低饲料成本和改善奶牛健康的作用.中国乳业,2010(10):36-37.Petter X S.Beet pulp to reduce feed costs and improve cows healthy function.China Dairy,2010(10):36-37.(in Chinese)
[11]Evans E,Messerschmidt U.Review:Sugar beets as a substitute for grain for lactating dairy cattle.Journal of Animal Science&Biotechnology,2017,8(1):25.
[12]袁翠林,于子洋,林英庭,王利华.苹果渣在反刍动物生产中的应用研究进展.粮食与饲料工业,2015,12(1):43-45.Yuan C L,Yu Z Y,Lin Y T,Wang L H.Apple residue research progress in the application of ruminant production.Cereal&Feed Industry,2015,12(1):43-45.(in Chinese)
[13]邬彩霞,陈国宏,赵国琦.TMR中苜蓿干草长度对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响.中国畜牧杂志,2011,47(5):58-61.Wu C X,Chen G H,Zhao G Q.TMR in alfalfa hay length's influence on the cows rumen fermentation.Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2011,47(5):58-61.(in Chinese)
[14]Beauchemin K A,Yang W Z.Effects of physically effective fiber on intake,chewing activity,and ruminal acidosis for dairy cows fed diets based on corn silage.Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(6):2117-2133.
[15]陈青,王洪荣,葛汝方,崔慧慧,王梦芝,喻礼怀,林淼.饲粮物理有效中性洗涤纤维水平对8~10月龄奶牛瘤胃发酵参数和纤维降解菌的影响.动物营养学报,2015,27(4):1243-1251.Chen Q,Wang H R,Ge R F,Cui H H,Wang M Z,Yu L H,Lin M.Fodder physics effectively neutral detergent fiber level for 8~10months dairy cows rumen fermentation parameters and the influence of fiber degrading bacteria.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(4):1243-1251.(in Chinese)
[16]Vallimont J E,Bargo F,Cassidy T W,Luchini N D,Broderick G A,Varga G A.Effects of replacing dietary starch with sucrose on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in continuous culture.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(12):4221-4229.
[17]Ribeiro C V,Karnati S K,Eastridge M L.Biohydrogenation of fatty acids and digestibility of fresh alfalfa or alfalfa hay plus sucrose in continuous culture.Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(11):4007-4017.
[18]Kellogg D W,Owen F G.Relation of ration sucrose level and grain content to lactation performance and rumen fermentation.Journal of Dairy Science,1969,52(5):657-662.
[19]Kellogg D W,Owen F G.Alterations of in vitro rumen fermentation patterns with various levels of sucrose and cellulose.Journal of Dairy Science,1969,52(9):1458-1460.
[20]Sannes R A,Messman M A,Vagnoni D B.Form of rumen-degradable carbohydrate and nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis and protein efficiency of dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(4):900-908.
[21]Broderick G A,Luchini N D,Reynal S M,Varga G A,Ishler V A.Effect on production of replacing dietary starch with sucrose in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(12):4801-4813.
[22]Penner G B,Guan L L,Oba M.Effects of feeding fermenten on ruminal fermentation in lactating Holstein cows fed two dietary sugar concentrations.Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(4):1725-1736.
[23]Defrain J M,Hippen A R,Kalscheur K F,Schingoethe D J.Feeding lactose increases ruminal butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(8):2486-2494.
[24]Broderick G,Radloff W.Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(9):2997-3009.
[25]Leiva E,Hall M,Van Horn H.Performance of dairy cattle fed citrus pulp or corn products as sources of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates.Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(12):2866-2875.
[26]Voelker J A,Allen M S.Pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn:3.Effects on ruminal fermentation,p H,and microbial protein efficiency in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(11):3562-3570.
[27]红敏,高民.日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究.畜牧与饲料科学,2011,32(Z1):36-38.Hong M,Gao M.Physical effectively neutral fiber diet of cow nutrition regulation research.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2011,32(Z1):36-38.(in Chinese)
[28]Iraira S P,Calsamiglia S,Manteca X,Ferret A.Feed intake,ruminal fermentation,and animal behavior of beef heifers fed forage free diets containing nonforage fiber sources.Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(8):3827-3835.
[29]Krause K M,Oetzel G R.Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds:A review.Animal Feed Science&Technology,2006,126(3):215-236.
[30]Mccormick M E,Redfearn D D,Ward J D,Blouin D C.Effect of protein source and soluble carbohydrate addition on rumen fermentation and lactation performance of Holstein cows 1.Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(7):1686-1701.
[31]Aasadi A,Alikhani M,Ghorbani G R,Zebeli Q.Effects of inclusion of neutral detergent soluble fibre sources in diets varying in forage particle size on feed intake,digestive processes,and performance of mid-lactation Holstein cows.Animal Feed Science&Technology,2009,154(1/2):9-23.
[32]Penner G B,Oba M.Increasing dietary sugar concentration may improve dry matter intake,ruminal fermentation,and productivity of dairy cows in the postpartum phase of the transition period.Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(7):3341-3353.
[33]Hall M B,Herejk C.Differences in yields of microbial crude protein from in vitro fermentation of carbohydrates.Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(11):2486-2493.
[34]Hall M B,Weimer P J.Sucrose concentration alters fermentation kinetics,products,and carbon fates duringin vitro fermentation with mixed ruminal microbes.Journal of Dairy Science,2007,85:1467-1478.
[35]杨春,王国刚,王明利.我国的燕麦草生产和贸易.草业科学,2017,34(5):1129-1135.Yang C,Wang G G,Wang M L.Production and trade of wild oat forage in China.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(5):1129-1135.(in Chinese)
[36]Lee M R F,Harris L J,Moorby J M.Rumen metabolism and nitrogen flow to the small intestine in steers offered forage diets bred for elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrates.Animalence,2009,74(3):587-596.
[37]Berthiaume R,Benchaar C,Chaves A V,Tremblay G F,Castonguay Y,Bertrand A,Belanger G,Michaud R,Lafreniere C,Mc Allister T A,Brito A F.Effects of nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in alfalfa on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in continuous culture.Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(2):693-700.
[38]Broderick G A,Mertens D R,Simons R.Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage.Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(7):1767-1776.
[39]Charbonneau E,Chouinard P Y,Allard G,Lapierre H,Pellerin D.Milk from forage as affected by carbohydrate source and degradability with alfalfa silage-based diets.Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(1):283-293.
[40]Kleefisch M T,Zebeli Q,Humer E,Kroger I,Ertl P,Klevenhusen F.Effects of the replacement of concentrate and fibre-rich hay by high-quality hay on chewing,rumination and nutrient digestibility in non-lactating Holstein cows.Archives of Animal Nutrition,2017,22(3):1-16.
[41]Dann H M,Tucker H A,Cotanch K W,Krawczel P D,Mooney C S,Grant R J,Eguchi T.Evaluation of lower-starch diets for lactating Holstein dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(11):7151-7161.
[42]钟良琴,刘作华,王永才,杨飞云,姚焰础.柑橘渣的饲用价值研究.饲料研究,2010(1):74-77.Zhong L Q,Liu Z H,Wang Y C,Yang F Y,Yao Y C.Citrus pulp forage value research.Feed Research,2010(1):74-77.(in Chinese)
[43]严平.青贮苹果渣对西门塔尔牛产奶量及乳品质的影响.中国奶牛,2016(8):1-4.Yan P.Silage apple residue of simmental milk production and milk quality.China Dairy Cattle,2016(8):1-4.(in Chinese)
[44]Boerman J P,Potts S B,Vandehaar M J,Allen M S,Lock A L.Milk production responses to a change in dietary starch concentration vary by production level in dairy cattle.Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(7):4698-4713.
[45]Chibisa G E,Gorka P,Penner G B,Berthiaume R,Mutsvangwa T.Effects of partial replacement of dietary starch from barley or corn with lactose on ruminal function,short-chain fatty acid absorption,nitrogen utilization,and production performance of dairy cows.Jour-nal of Dairy Science,2015,98(4):2627-2641.
[2]Dann H M,Grant R J,Eastridge M L.Feeding low starch diets.//Proceedings of the 18th Annual Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference.America:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2009:143-157.
[3]聂旭,曲云淼.奶牛饲养中优质苜蓿干草的应用及价值分析.当代畜牧,2015(9Z):97-98.Nie X,Qu Y M.Dairy farming in the application of high quality alfalfa hay and value analysis.Contemporary Animal Husbandry,2015(9Z):97-98.(in Chinese)
[4]贺忠勇,葛孔福,冯晋芳,韩静,刘景喜.紫花苜蓿产品的营养特性及其在奶牛生产中的应用.中国奶牛,2014(8):45-48.He Z Y,Ge K F,Feng J F,Han J,Liu J X.The nutrition of alfalfa product properties and its application in dairy production.China Dairy Cattle,2014(8):45-48.(in Chinese)
[5]李改英,廉红霞,孙宇,傅彤,高腾云.青贮紫花苜蓿对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮和血液生化指标的影响.草业科学,2015,32(8):1329-1336.Li G Y,Lian H X,Sun Y,Fu T,Gao T Y.Effects of alfalfa silage on production perfermance,urea nitrogen and blood biochemical index in dairy cow.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(8):1329-1336.(in Chinese)
[6]朱丹,张佩华,赵勐,刘士杰,张开展,William P W,卜登攀.不同NDF与淀粉比例饲粮在奶牛瘤胃的降解特性.草业科学,2015,32(12):2122-2130.Zhu D,Zhang P H,Zhao M,Liu S J,Zhang K Z,William P W,Bu D P.Rumen degradation characteristics of different neutral detergent fiber/starch ratio diets in dairy cattle.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(12):2122-2130.(in Chinese)
[7]Oba M.Review:Effects of feeding sugars on productivity of lactating dairy cows.Canadian Veterinary Journal La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne,2011,91(1):37-46.
[8]Guo Y Q,Wang L B,Zou Y,Xu X F,Li S L,Cao Z J.Changes in ruminal fermentation,milk performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows with subacute ruminal acidosis and its regulation with pelleted beet pulp.Archives of Animal Nutrition,2013,67(6):433-447.
[9]李飞.奶山羊亚急性瘤胃酸中毒模型构建与奶牛日粮CBI的优化.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2014.Li F.Milk goats subacute rumen acidosis model building and cows diet optimization of CBI.Ph D Thesis.Yangling:Northwest Agriculture&Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese)
[10]小山·彼得.甜菜粕对降低饲料成本和改善奶牛健康的作用.中国乳业,2010(10):36-37.Petter X S.Beet pulp to reduce feed costs and improve cows healthy function.China Dairy,2010(10):36-37.(in Chinese)
[11]Evans E,Messerschmidt U.Review:Sugar beets as a substitute for grain for lactating dairy cattle.Journal of Animal Science&Biotechnology,2017,8(1):25.
[12]袁翠林,于子洋,林英庭,王利华.苹果渣在反刍动物生产中的应用研究进展.粮食与饲料工业,2015,12(1):43-45.Yuan C L,Yu Z Y,Lin Y T,Wang L H.Apple residue research progress in the application of ruminant production.Cereal&Feed Industry,2015,12(1):43-45.(in Chinese)
[13]邬彩霞,陈国宏,赵国琦.TMR中苜蓿干草长度对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响.中国畜牧杂志,2011,47(5):58-61.Wu C X,Chen G H,Zhao G Q.TMR in alfalfa hay length's influence on the cows rumen fermentation.Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2011,47(5):58-61.(in Chinese)
[14]Beauchemin K A,Yang W Z.Effects of physically effective fiber on intake,chewing activity,and ruminal acidosis for dairy cows fed diets based on corn silage.Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(6):2117-2133.
[15]陈青,王洪荣,葛汝方,崔慧慧,王梦芝,喻礼怀,林淼.饲粮物理有效中性洗涤纤维水平对8~10月龄奶牛瘤胃发酵参数和纤维降解菌的影响.动物营养学报,2015,27(4):1243-1251.Chen Q,Wang H R,Ge R F,Cui H H,Wang M Z,Yu L H,Lin M.Fodder physics effectively neutral detergent fiber level for 8~10months dairy cows rumen fermentation parameters and the influence of fiber degrading bacteria.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(4):1243-1251.(in Chinese)
[16]Vallimont J E,Bargo F,Cassidy T W,Luchini N D,Broderick G A,Varga G A.Effects of replacing dietary starch with sucrose on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in continuous culture.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(12):4221-4229.
[17]Ribeiro C V,Karnati S K,Eastridge M L.Biohydrogenation of fatty acids and digestibility of fresh alfalfa or alfalfa hay plus sucrose in continuous culture.Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(11):4007-4017.
[18]Kellogg D W,Owen F G.Relation of ration sucrose level and grain content to lactation performance and rumen fermentation.Journal of Dairy Science,1969,52(5):657-662.
[19]Kellogg D W,Owen F G.Alterations of in vitro rumen fermentation patterns with various levels of sucrose and cellulose.Journal of Dairy Science,1969,52(9):1458-1460.
[20]Sannes R A,Messman M A,Vagnoni D B.Form of rumen-degradable carbohydrate and nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis and protein efficiency of dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(4):900-908.
[21]Broderick G A,Luchini N D,Reynal S M,Varga G A,Ishler V A.Effect on production of replacing dietary starch with sucrose in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(12):4801-4813.
[22]Penner G B,Guan L L,Oba M.Effects of feeding fermenten on ruminal fermentation in lactating Holstein cows fed two dietary sugar concentrations.Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(4):1725-1736.
[23]Defrain J M,Hippen A R,Kalscheur K F,Schingoethe D J.Feeding lactose increases ruminal butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(8):2486-2494.
[24]Broderick G,Radloff W.Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage.Journal of Dairy Science,2004,87(9):2997-3009.
[25]Leiva E,Hall M,Van Horn H.Performance of dairy cattle fed citrus pulp or corn products as sources of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates.Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(12):2866-2875.
[26]Voelker J A,Allen M S.Pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn:3.Effects on ruminal fermentation,p H,and microbial protein efficiency in lactating dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(11):3562-3570.
[27]红敏,高民.日粮物理有效中性纤维对奶牛营养调控的研究.畜牧与饲料科学,2011,32(Z1):36-38.Hong M,Gao M.Physical effectively neutral fiber diet of cow nutrition regulation research.Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2011,32(Z1):36-38.(in Chinese)
[28]Iraira S P,Calsamiglia S,Manteca X,Ferret A.Feed intake,ruminal fermentation,and animal behavior of beef heifers fed forage free diets containing nonforage fiber sources.Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(8):3827-3835.
[29]Krause K M,Oetzel G R.Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds:A review.Animal Feed Science&Technology,2006,126(3):215-236.
[30]Mccormick M E,Redfearn D D,Ward J D,Blouin D C.Effect of protein source and soluble carbohydrate addition on rumen fermentation and lactation performance of Holstein cows 1.Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(7):1686-1701.
[31]Aasadi A,Alikhani M,Ghorbani G R,Zebeli Q.Effects of inclusion of neutral detergent soluble fibre sources in diets varying in forage particle size on feed intake,digestive processes,and performance of mid-lactation Holstein cows.Animal Feed Science&Technology,2009,154(1/2):9-23.
[32]Penner G B,Oba M.Increasing dietary sugar concentration may improve dry matter intake,ruminal fermentation,and productivity of dairy cows in the postpartum phase of the transition period.Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(7):3341-3353.
[33]Hall M B,Herejk C.Differences in yields of microbial crude protein from in vitro fermentation of carbohydrates.Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(11):2486-2493.
[34]Hall M B,Weimer P J.Sucrose concentration alters fermentation kinetics,products,and carbon fates duringin vitro fermentation with mixed ruminal microbes.Journal of Dairy Science,2007,85:1467-1478.
[35]杨春,王国刚,王明利.我国的燕麦草生产和贸易.草业科学,2017,34(5):1129-1135.Yang C,Wang G G,Wang M L.Production and trade of wild oat forage in China.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(5):1129-1135.(in Chinese)
[36]Lee M R F,Harris L J,Moorby J M.Rumen metabolism and nitrogen flow to the small intestine in steers offered forage diets bred for elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrates.Animalence,2009,74(3):587-596.
[37]Berthiaume R,Benchaar C,Chaves A V,Tremblay G F,Castonguay Y,Bertrand A,Belanger G,Michaud R,Lafreniere C,Mc Allister T A,Brito A F.Effects of nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in alfalfa on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in continuous culture.Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(2):693-700.
[38]Broderick G A,Mertens D R,Simons R.Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage.Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(7):1767-1776.
[39]Charbonneau E,Chouinard P Y,Allard G,Lapierre H,Pellerin D.Milk from forage as affected by carbohydrate source and degradability with alfalfa silage-based diets.Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(1):283-293.
[40]Kleefisch M T,Zebeli Q,Humer E,Kroger I,Ertl P,Klevenhusen F.Effects of the replacement of concentrate and fibre-rich hay by high-quality hay on chewing,rumination and nutrient digestibility in non-lactating Holstein cows.Archives of Animal Nutrition,2017,22(3):1-16.
[41]Dann H M,Tucker H A,Cotanch K W,Krawczel P D,Mooney C S,Grant R J,Eguchi T.Evaluation of lower-starch diets for lactating Holstein dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science,2014,97(11):7151-7161.
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