基于卫星资料的中国西北地区冰云特征分析
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摘要
利用2012年12月至2016年11月A-Train卫星编队中Cloud Sat卫星与CALIPSO卫星融合产品DARDAR数据对我国西北地区冰云发生概率的水平和季节分布特征,冰水含量和冰云有效半径的垂直分布进行了分析。结果表明,近4年西北地区平均冰云发生率为55.1%,春季冰云出现较多,除河西—内蒙古中西部部分地区外,春季冰云发生概率均在70%以上,季节性变化明显。2015年和2016年四季变化浮动比前两年大,四季冰云发生率在西北地区的沙漠区域相对较小,由于特殊地形的影响冰云发生率的高值区出现在青藏高原东北部;青藏高原东北部冰云发生率在春、秋冬季都较大,夏季最小。冰水含量在13 km以上几乎没有冷冰水分布,夏季最大且垂直方向5 km高度下几乎没有分布,秋冬季节冰水含量相对较小,西北各地区之间冰水含量的差异较大,在西北东部季风区分布最少;西北各地区冰云有效半径分布与其冰水含量分布趋势相似,春夏季大,秋冬季小,其中夏季冰云有效半径在5 km高度以下几乎没有分布,由于夏季温度较高,在37°N 39°N冰水含量较大的区域冰云有效粒子半径相对较小。
The Northw est China probability distribution of ice cloud occurrence frequency,ice water content and ice cloud effective radius were presented based on DARDAR data coalesce from Cloud-Aerosols Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations( CALIPSO) and Cloud Sat Satellite which come from A-Train Satellite formation during the period from December 2012 to November 2016,the distribution and vertical structures were discussed and analyzed. The results show that,the occurrence frequency of ice cloud is 55. 1% over the last four years and the occurrence frequency of ice cloud in spring is mostly greater than 70% apart from the Midwest area of Hexi-Inner Mongolia,it has obvious seasonal variation. The amplitude of season variation is bigger in 2015 and2016 than the first two years,and ice cloud occurrence frequency generally small in the desert area. The high occurrence frequency of ice cloud area is in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau because of the special terrain; The occurrence frequency of ice cloud is both bigger in spring,autumn and winter but only smaller in summer at the northeastern of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,because the warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean is blocked by the southern mountain of the plateau,which leads to a lower occurrence frequency of ice cloud in the northeastern of plateau in summer. The ice water content is almost has no ice water distribution above 13 km,ice water content in Northwest China is the biggest in summer and almost has no ice water distribution below 5 km because of the high temperature in summer that make ice cloud not easy to form in the lower floors,and the ice water content is generally smaller in autumn and winter. The difference of ice water content between different regions in northwest of China is relatively large; Ice cloud effective radius and ice water content had a similar trend in the whole of Northwest China area and five different sections,which are bigger in spring and summer and smaller in winter and autumn; Especially in summer,ice effective radius is generally larger,but ice cloud effective radius is relatively small in the numerical value of ice water content area 37°N 39°N because of the higher temperature in summer. The difference of the Ice cloud effective radius between different regions in Northwest China is relatively larger,the Ice cloud effective radius is minimum in The east seasonal wind areas of Northwest China and biggest in Northern Xinjiang and the midwest of Qilian Mountain-Qinghai area.
The Northw est China probability distribution of ice cloud occurrence frequency,ice water content and ice cloud effective radius were presented based on DARDAR data coalesce from Cloud-Aerosols Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations( CALIPSO) and Cloud Sat Satellite which come from A-Train Satellite formation during the period from December 2012 to November 2016,the distribution and vertical structures were discussed and analyzed. The results show that,the occurrence frequency of ice cloud is 55. 1% over the last four years and the occurrence frequency of ice cloud in spring is mostly greater than 70% apart from the Midwest area of Hexi-Inner Mongolia,it has obvious seasonal variation. The amplitude of season variation is bigger in 2015 and2016 than the first two years,and ice cloud occurrence frequency generally small in the desert area. The high occurrence frequency of ice cloud area is in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau because of the special terrain; The occurrence frequency of ice cloud is both bigger in spring,autumn and winter but only smaller in summer at the northeastern of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,because the warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean is blocked by the southern mountain of the plateau,which leads to a lower occurrence frequency of ice cloud in the northeastern of plateau in summer. The ice water content is almost has no ice water distribution above 13 km,ice water content in Northwest China is the biggest in summer and almost has no ice water distribution below 5 km because of the high temperature in summer that make ice cloud not easy to form in the lower floors,and the ice water content is generally smaller in autumn and winter. The difference of ice water content between different regions in northwest of China is relatively large; Ice cloud effective radius and ice water content had a similar trend in the whole of Northwest China area and five different sections,which are bigger in spring and summer and smaller in winter and autumn; Especially in summer,ice effective radius is generally larger,but ice cloud effective radius is relatively small in the numerical value of ice water content area 37°N 39°N because of the higher temperature in summer. The difference of the Ice cloud effective radius between different regions in Northwest China is relatively larger,the Ice cloud effective radius is minimum in The east seasonal wind areas of Northwest China and biggest in Northern Xinjiang and the midwest of Qilian Mountain-Qinghai area.
引文
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Delano3 J,Hogan R J,2008.A variational scheme for retrieving ice cloud properties from combined radar,lidar,and infrared radiometer[J].J Geophys Res,113(D7):1829-1836.
Delano3 J,Hogan R J,2010.Combined Cloud Sat-CALIPSO-M ODISretrievals of the properties of ice clouds[J].J Geophys Res,115(4):1307-1314.
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Francis P N,Hignett P,M acke A,1998.The retrieval of cirrus cloud properties from aircraft multi-spectral reflectance measurements during EUCREX’93[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,124:1273-1291.DOI:10.1002/qj.49712454812.
Heymsfield A J,Protat A,Bouniol D,et al,2008.Testing IWC retrieval methods using radar and ancillary measurements w ith in situ data[J].J Appl M eteor Climatol,47(1):135-163.
Hogan R J,2006.Fast approximate calculation of multiply scattered lidar returns[J].Applied Optics,45(23):5984-5992.
Hong Y,Liu G,2015.The characteristics of ice cloud properties derived from Cloud Sat and CALIPSO measurements[J].J Climate,28(9):3880-3901.
Huang J,Lin B,M innis P,et al,2006.Satellite-based assessment of possible dust aerosols semi-direct effect on cloud w ater path over East Asia[J].Geophys Res Lett,33(19):L19802.DOI:10.1029/2006GL026561.
Liou K N,1986.Influence of cirrus clouds on w eather and climate processes:A global perspective[J].M on Wea Rev,114(6):1167-1199.
Liou K N,Bohren C,1980.An introduction to atmospheric radiation[J].Physics Today,26(7):66-67.
Liu Z,Omar A H,Hu Y,et al,2005.CALIOP algorithm theoretical basis document-Part 3:Scene classification algorithms[R/OL].Release 1.0,PC-SCI-202,NASA Langley Research Center,Hampton,VA,56.[2017-04-22].http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/resources/pdfs/PC-SCI-202_Part3_v1.0.pdf.
Lynch D K,Sassen K,Del Genio A,et al,2002,Cirrus[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Mcfarquhar G M,Heymsfield A J,Spinhirne J,et al,1999.Thin and subvisualtropopause tropical cirrus:Observations and radiative impacts[J].J Atmos Sci,57(12):1841-1853.
Meyer K,Yang P,Gao B C,2007.Tropical ice cloud optical depth,ice water path,and frequency fields inferred from the MODIS level-3data[J].Atmos Res,85(2):171-182.
Ockertbell M E,Hartmann D L,1992.The effect of cloud type on earth's energy balance:Results for selected regions[J].J Climate,5(10):1157-1171.
Sassen K,Wang Z,2008.Classifying clouds around the globe with the Cloud Sat radar:1-year of results[J].Geophys Res Lett,35(4):228-236.
Stein T H M,Delano J,Hogan R J,2011.A comparison among four different retrieval methods for ice-cloud properties using data from Cloud Sat,CALIPSO,and MODIS[J].J Appli Meteor Climatol,50(9):1952-1969.
Tian W,Tian H,Dhomse S,et al,2011.A study of upper troposphere and lower stratosphere water vapor above the Tibetan Plateau using AIRS and MLS data[J].Atmos Sci Lett,12(2):233-239.
Wu D L,Austin R T,Deng M,et al,2009.Comparisons of global cloud ice from MLS,Cloud Sat,and correlative data sets[J].J Geophys Res,2009,114(D8):D00A24.DOI:10.1029/2008JD009946.
Wu D L,Jiang J H,Davis C P,2006.EOS MLS cloud ice measurements and cloudy-sky radiative transfer model[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,44(5):1156-1165.
Wyser K,1998.The effective radius in ice clouds[J].J Climate,11(7):1793-1802.
陈超,孟辉,靳瑞军,等,2014.基于Cloud Sat云分类资料的华北地区云宏观特征分析[J].气象科技,42(2):294-301.Chen C,Meng H,Jin R J,et al,2014.Cloud macroscopic characteristics over North China based on Cloud Sat data[J].Meteor Sci Technol,42(2):294-301.
陈勇航,陈艳,黄建平,等,2007.中国西北地区云的分布及其变化趋势[J].高原气象,26(4):741-748.Chen Y H,Chen Y,Huang J P,et al,2007.Distribution and variation trend of cloud over Northwestern China[J].Plateau Meteor,26(4):741-748.
陈勇航,黄建平,陈长和,等,2005a.西北地区空中云水资源的时空分布特征[J].高原气象,24(6):905-912.Chen Y H,Huang J P,Chen C H,et al,2005a.Temporal and spatial distributions of cloud water resources over Northwestern China[J].Plateau Meteor,24(6):905-912.
陈勇航,黄建平,王天河,等,2005b.西北地区不同类型云的时空分布及其与降水的关系[J].应用气象学报,16(6):717-727.Chen Y H,Huang J P,Wang T H,et al,2005b.Temporal and spatial distributions of the different clouds over Northwestern China with the relation to precipitation[J].J Appli Meteor,16(6):717-727.
霍娟,2015.基于Cloud Sat/CALIPSO资料的海陆上空中云的物理属性分析[J].气候与环境研究,20(1):30-40.Huo J,2015.Physical properties of mid-level clouds based on Cloud Sat/CALIPSO data over land and sea[J].Climatic Environ Res,20(1):30-40.
刘建军,陈葆德,2017.基于Cloud Sat卫星资料的青藏高原云系发生频率及其结构[J].高原气象,36(3):632-642.Liu J J,Chen BD,2017.Cloud occurrence frequency and structure over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from Cloud Sat observation[J].Plateau Meteor,36(3):632-642.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00028.
刘瑞霞,刘玉洁,杜秉玉,2004.中国云气候特征的分析[J].应用气象学报,15(4):468-476.Liu R X,Liu Y J,Du B Y,2004.Cloud climatology characteristics of China from ISCCP data[J].JAppli Meteor,15(4):468-476.
闵敏,王普才,宗雪梅,2011.中国地区卷云分布特征的星载激光雷达遥感[J].气候与环境研究,16(3):301-309.Min M,Wang PC,Zong X M,2011.Cirrus cloud distribution over China from Spaceborne Lidar observations[J].Climatic Environ Res,16(3):301-309.
彭杰,沈新勇,王志立,等,2010.中国地区云的观测研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,38(24):13070-13073.Peng J,Shen X Y,Wang Z L,et al,2010.Overview of observational researches on cloud over China[J].Anhui Agricultural Sciences,38(24):13070-13073.
杨冰韵,张华,彭杰,等,2014.利用Cloud Sat卫星资料分析云微物理和光学性质的分布特征[J].高原气象,33(4):1105-1118.Yang B Y,Zhang H,Peng J,et al,2014.Analysis on global distribution characteristics of cloud microphysical and optical properties based on the Cloud Sat data[J].Plateau Meteor,33(4):1105-1118.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00026.
叶培龙,王天河,尚可政,等,2014.基于卫星资料的中国西部地区云垂直结构分析[J].高原气象,33(4):977-98.Ye P L,WangT H,Shang K Z,et al,2014.Analysis of cloud vertical structure o-ver Western China based on active satellite data[J].Plateau Mete-or,33(4):977-98.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00158.
Chen B,Liu X,2005.Seasonal migration of cirrus clouds over the Asian M onsoon regions and the Tibetan Plateau measured from M O-DIS/Terra[J].Geophys Res Lett,32(1):L01804.DOI:10.1029/2004GL020868.
Delano3 J,Hogan R J,2008.A variational scheme for retrieving ice cloud properties from combined radar,lidar,and infrared radiometer[J].J Geophys Res,113(D7):1829-1836.
Delano3 J,Hogan R J,2010.Combined Cloud Sat-CALIPSO-M ODISretrievals of the properties of ice clouds[J].J Geophys Res,115(4):1307-1314.
Eliasson S,Buehler S A,M ilz M,et al,2010.Assessing observed and modelled spatial distributions of ice w ater path using satellite data[J].Atmos Chem Phys,11(1):375-391.
Eliasson S,Holl G,Buehler S A,et al,2013.Systematic and random errors betw een collocated satellite ice w ater path observations[J].JGeophys Res Atmos,118(6):2629-2642.
Foot J S,1988.Some observations of the optical properties of clouds.I:Stratocumulus[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,114(479):129-144.
Francis P N,Hignett P,M acke A,1998.The retrieval of cirrus cloud properties from aircraft multi-spectral reflectance measurements during EUCREX’93[J].Quart J Roy M eteor Soc,124:1273-1291.DOI:10.1002/qj.49712454812.
Heymsfield A J,Protat A,Bouniol D,et al,2008.Testing IWC retrieval methods using radar and ancillary measurements w ith in situ data[J].J Appl M eteor Climatol,47(1):135-163.
Hogan R J,2006.Fast approximate calculation of multiply scattered lidar returns[J].Applied Optics,45(23):5984-5992.
Hong Y,Liu G,2015.The characteristics of ice cloud properties derived from Cloud Sat and CALIPSO measurements[J].J Climate,28(9):3880-3901.
Huang J,Lin B,M innis P,et al,2006.Satellite-based assessment of possible dust aerosols semi-direct effect on cloud w ater path over East Asia[J].Geophys Res Lett,33(19):L19802.DOI:10.1029/2006GL026561.
Liou K N,1986.Influence of cirrus clouds on w eather and climate processes:A global perspective[J].M on Wea Rev,114(6):1167-1199.
Liou K N,Bohren C,1980.An introduction to atmospheric radiation[J].Physics Today,26(7):66-67.
Liu Z,Omar A H,Hu Y,et al,2005.CALIOP algorithm theoretical basis document-Part 3:Scene classification algorithms[R/OL].Release 1.0,PC-SCI-202,NASA Langley Research Center,Hampton,VA,56.[2017-04-22].http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/resources/pdfs/PC-SCI-202_Part3_v1.0.pdf.
Lynch D K,Sassen K,Del Genio A,et al,2002,Cirrus[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Mcfarquhar G M,Heymsfield A J,Spinhirne J,et al,1999.Thin and subvisualtropopause tropical cirrus:Observations and radiative impacts[J].J Atmos Sci,57(12):1841-1853.
Meyer K,Yang P,Gao B C,2007.Tropical ice cloud optical depth,ice water path,and frequency fields inferred from the MODIS level-3data[J].Atmos Res,85(2):171-182.
Ockertbell M E,Hartmann D L,1992.The effect of cloud type on earth's energy balance:Results for selected regions[J].J Climate,5(10):1157-1171.
Sassen K,Wang Z,2008.Classifying clouds around the globe with the Cloud Sat radar:1-year of results[J].Geophys Res Lett,35(4):228-236.
Stein T H M,Delano J,Hogan R J,2011.A comparison among four different retrieval methods for ice-cloud properties using data from Cloud Sat,CALIPSO,and MODIS[J].J Appli Meteor Climatol,50(9):1952-1969.
Tian W,Tian H,Dhomse S,et al,2011.A study of upper troposphere and lower stratosphere water vapor above the Tibetan Plateau using AIRS and MLS data[J].Atmos Sci Lett,12(2):233-239.
Wu D L,Austin R T,Deng M,et al,2009.Comparisons of global cloud ice from MLS,Cloud Sat,and correlative data sets[J].J Geophys Res,2009,114(D8):D00A24.DOI:10.1029/2008JD009946.
Wu D L,Jiang J H,Davis C P,2006.EOS MLS cloud ice measurements and cloudy-sky radiative transfer model[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,44(5):1156-1165.
Wyser K,1998.The effective radius in ice clouds[J].J Climate,11(7):1793-1802.
陈超,孟辉,靳瑞军,等,2014.基于Cloud Sat云分类资料的华北地区云宏观特征分析[J].气象科技,42(2):294-301.Chen C,Meng H,Jin R J,et al,2014.Cloud macroscopic characteristics over North China based on Cloud Sat data[J].Meteor Sci Technol,42(2):294-301.
陈勇航,陈艳,黄建平,等,2007.中国西北地区云的分布及其变化趋势[J].高原气象,26(4):741-748.Chen Y H,Chen Y,Huang J P,et al,2007.Distribution and variation trend of cloud over Northwestern China[J].Plateau Meteor,26(4):741-748.
陈勇航,黄建平,陈长和,等,2005a.西北地区空中云水资源的时空分布特征[J].高原气象,24(6):905-912.Chen Y H,Huang J P,Chen C H,et al,2005a.Temporal and spatial distributions of cloud water resources over Northwestern China[J].Plateau Meteor,24(6):905-912.
陈勇航,黄建平,王天河,等,2005b.西北地区不同类型云的时空分布及其与降水的关系[J].应用气象学报,16(6):717-727.Chen Y H,Huang J P,Wang T H,et al,2005b.Temporal and spatial distributions of the different clouds over Northwestern China with the relation to precipitation[J].J Appli Meteor,16(6):717-727.
霍娟,2015.基于Cloud Sat/CALIPSO资料的海陆上空中云的物理属性分析[J].气候与环境研究,20(1):30-40.Huo J,2015.Physical properties of mid-level clouds based on Cloud Sat/CALIPSO data over land and sea[J].Climatic Environ Res,20(1):30-40.
刘建军,陈葆德,2017.基于Cloud Sat卫星资料的青藏高原云系发生频率及其结构[J].高原气象,36(3):632-642.Liu J J,Chen BD,2017.Cloud occurrence frequency and structure over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from Cloud Sat observation[J].Plateau Meteor,36(3):632-642.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00028.
刘瑞霞,刘玉洁,杜秉玉,2004.中国云气候特征的分析[J].应用气象学报,15(4):468-476.Liu R X,Liu Y J,Du B Y,2004.Cloud climatology characteristics of China from ISCCP data[J].JAppli Meteor,15(4):468-476.
闵敏,王普才,宗雪梅,2011.中国地区卷云分布特征的星载激光雷达遥感[J].气候与环境研究,16(3):301-309.Min M,Wang PC,Zong X M,2011.Cirrus cloud distribution over China from Spaceborne Lidar observations[J].Climatic Environ Res,16(3):301-309.
彭杰,沈新勇,王志立,等,2010.中国地区云的观测研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,38(24):13070-13073.Peng J,Shen X Y,Wang Z L,et al,2010.Overview of observational researches on cloud over China[J].Anhui Agricultural Sciences,38(24):13070-13073.
杨冰韵,张华,彭杰,等,2014.利用Cloud Sat卫星资料分析云微物理和光学性质的分布特征[J].高原气象,33(4):1105-1118.Yang B Y,Zhang H,Peng J,et al,2014.Analysis on global distribution characteristics of cloud microphysical and optical properties based on the Cloud Sat data[J].Plateau Meteor,33(4):1105-1118.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00026.
叶培龙,王天河,尚可政,等,2014.基于卫星资料的中国西部地区云垂直结构分析[J].高原气象,33(4):977-98.Ye P L,WangT H,Shang K Z,et al,2014.Analysis of cloud vertical structure o-ver Western China based on active satellite data[J].Plateau Mete-or,33(4):977-98.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00158.