极地环境监测网的设计及其在南极普里兹湾的应用
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摘要
为了保护南极和北极的生态系统和环境,中国自20世纪90年代初开始推行和实施了极地环境监测计划,部署了各学科监测传感器阵列;采集了多学科数据,包括海洋、大气、冰冻圈、生物圈等主题;架构了"R/V雪龙号破冰船—极地考察站—国内基地"之间的快速数据传输网络;建立了海洋环境监测系统、太阳能地面空间监测系统、生态环境监测系统等系列监测系统。为了实现长期监测,达到预测和预警目标,本文针对国内外现状,在现有基础上设计了一套中国极地环境长期监测网(Polar Environment monitoring network of China,CPEMN)。该监测网集成各监测系统并在监测指标设计上覆盖我国极地所有常规监测/观测任务,且根据国际科研动态和长期监测规划拓展了预期监测范围。最后本文利用南极普里兹湾进行的破冰导航应用示范验证了CPEMN具有可执行性。
China has promoted and implemented an environmental monitoring program and arrayed multidisciplinary monitoring sensors since the early 1990 s to protect polar environment and the associated dependent ecosystems. Multidisciplinary data, including hydrological, meteorological, geophysical, and biological, were collected. A rapid data transmission network connecting R/V Xuelong, polar stations, and domestic berth was framed. A series of monitoring systems were set up, including marine environment monitoring system, solar–terrestrial space monitoring system, and ecological environment monitoring system. For forecasting and prediction based on long-term monitoring, this study designed a long-term China Polar Environmental Monitoring Network(CPEMN) based on the existing work. All the conventional monitoring works in China were covered in the design objectives of this network. We also expanded the monitoring works according to new international developments and long-term planning. CPEMN has been proved to be performable and exemplary in the ice-breaking navigation work in the Antarctic Prydz Bay.
China has promoted and implemented an environmental monitoring program and arrayed multidisciplinary monitoring sensors since the early 1990 s to protect polar environment and the associated dependent ecosystems. Multidisciplinary data, including hydrological, meteorological, geophysical, and biological, were collected. A rapid data transmission network connecting R/V Xuelong, polar stations, and domestic berth was framed. A series of monitoring systems were set up, including marine environment monitoring system, solar–terrestrial space monitoring system, and ecological environment monitoring system. For forecasting and prediction based on long-term monitoring, this study designed a long-term China Polar Environmental Monitoring Network(CPEMN) based on the existing work. All the conventional monitoring works in China were covered in the design objectives of this network. We also expanded the monitoring works according to new international developments and long-term planning. CPEMN has been proved to be performable and exemplary in the ice-breaking navigation work in the Antarctic Prydz Bay.
引文
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[2]Tin T,Fleming Z L,Hughes K A,et al.Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment[J].Antarctic Science,2009,21(1):3-33.
[3]Hellmer H H,Kauker F,Timmermann R,et al.The fate of the Southern Weddell Sea continental shelf in a warming climate[J].Journal of Climate,2017,30(12):4337-4350.
[4]Cohen J,Screen J A,Furtado J C,et al.Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather[J].Nature Geoscience,2014,7(9):627-637.
[5]Francis J A,Vavrus S J.Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid latitudes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39(6):L06801.
[6]Mori M,Watanabe M,Shiogama H,et al.Robust Arctic sea-ice influence on the frequent Eurasian cold winters in past decades[J].Nature Geoscience,2014,7(12):869-873.
[7]杜宗亮.南极冰盖表面信息遥感监测及粒雪层密度模型研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.Du Zhongliang.The Antarctic ice sheet surface remote sensing monitoring and grain density layers model research[D].Beijing:University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.
[8]贾路路,汪汉胜,相龙伟,等.冰川均衡调整对南极冰质量平衡监测的影响及其不确定性[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(6):1466-1477.Jia Lulu,Wang Hansheng,Xiang Longwei,et al.Effects of glacial isostatic adjustment on the estimate of ice mass balance over Antarctica and the uncertainties[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(6):1466-1477.
[9]Pellizari F,Silva M C,Silva E M,et al.Diversity and spatial distribution of seaweeds in the South Shetlands,Antarctica:an updated database for environmental monitoring under climate changes scenarios[J].Polar Biol,2016,40(8):1671-1685.
[10]Bharti P K,Sharma B,Singh R K,et al.Waste generation and Management in Antarctica[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2016,35:40-50.
[11]Bharti P K.Environmental monitoring and assessment in Antarctica[C]//Bharti P K,Gajananda K.Environmental Health and Problems.Delhi:Discovery Publishing House,2013:178-186.
[12]Harald Grip,H?kan Olsson.Swedish Environmental Monitoring North of 60°N[R/OL].http://monitoring N6O.slu.se.2009:1-60.
[13]Turner J,Colwell S R,Marshall G J,et al.Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years[J].International Journal of Climatology,2005,25(3):279-294.
[14]Goessling H F,Jung T,Klebe S,et al.Paving the way for the year of polar prediction[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2016:151106131820001.
[15]Press A J,Head Inquirer.20 Year Australian Antarctic Stragegic Plan[R].Australia:AAD.2014.
[16]张洁,凌晓良,汪大立,等.探讨建立基于Web的中国南极环境评估系统[J].极地研究,2006,18(4):273-281.Zhang Jie,Ling Xiaoliang,Wang Dali,et al.Study on the web-accessible Chinese Antarctic environment evaluation system[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2006,18(4):273-281.
[17]Stephen R Rintoul,Mike Sparrow,Michael P Meredith,et al.The Southern Ocean Observing System:Initial Science and Implementation Strategy[R].Australia:CSIRO and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre,2011:1-76.
[18]Australian Antarctic Division.Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan 2011–12 to 2020–21[R/OL].http://www.omtarctica.gov.aul/_data/assets/pdf_file/0019/27307/AASSP_final-pullshed-version-Apr-2011.pdf.2010:1-85.
[19]Hung H,Katsoyiannis A,Brorstr?m-Lundén E,et al.Temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in arctic air:20years of monitoring under the arctic monitoring and assessment programme(AMAP)[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,217:52-61.
[20]Lee O,Eicken H,Kling G,et al.A Framework for Prioritization,Design and Coordination of Arctic Longterm Observing Networks:A Perspective from the U.S.SEARCH Program[J].Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,2015,68(5):669.
[21]Boulder,Colorado.Arctic Observing Network(AON):2009 program status report[R].The Third AON Principal Investigators(PI)Meeting.2009:170.
[22]南素兰,李建平.春季南半球环状模与长江流域夏季降水的关系[J].气象学报,2005,63(6):837-846.Nan Sulan,Li Jianping.The Relationship Between The Summer Precipitation In The Yangtze River Valley And The Boreal Spring Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005,63(6):837-846.
[23]Zhao X,Xu L,Stein A,et al.The impact of averaging methods on the trend analysis of the Antarctic sea ice extent and perimeter[J].Spatial Statistics,2016.
[24]韩家炜,坎伯,著.数据挖掘:概念与技术[M].范明,孟小峰,译.2版.北京:机械工业出版社,2001:100-103.Han Jiawei,Micheline Kamber.Data mining:Concepts and techniques[M].Fan ming,Meng Xiaofeng.Second edition.Beijing:China Machine Press,2001:100-103.
[25]王伟,程文芳,李四海,等.SOA理念在“数字海洋”数据体系构建中的应用[J].海洋通报,2009,28(4):121-125.Wang W,Cheng W F,LI S H,et al.The application of SOA concept in the construction of“digital ocean”data system[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2009,28(4):121-125.
[26]Stephen Rintoul,Esmee van wijk,Anna Wahlin,et al.Seeing below the ice:A strategy for observing the ocean beneath Antarctic sea ice and ice shelves[R].Australia:SOOS,2016.
[27]Kusahara K,Williams G D,Massom R,et al.Roles of wind stress and thermodynamic forcing in recent trends in Antarctic sea ice and Southern Ocean SST:An ocean-sea ice model study[J].Global&Planetary Change,2017,158:103-118.