基于Landsat-7 ETM+SLC-OFF影像的山地冰川流速提取与评估——以Karakoram锡亚琴冰川为例
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摘要
Landsat-7机载扫描行校正器(Scan Line Corrector,SLC)失效后的ETM+影像(SLC-OFF影像)约有22%的数据缺失,严重限制了该影像在冰川研究中的应用,特别对长期缺乏高质量遥感影像的高亚洲地区冰川运动连续监测产生较大影响.以Karakoram中部最大的锡亚琴冰川为例,初步评估了Landsat-7 ETM+SLC-OFF影像在山地冰川表面流速提取方面的适用性和可行性.选取2009年和2010年两景SLC-OFF影像,运用局部直方图匹配法(Local Linear Histogram Match,LLHM)和加权线性回归法(Weighted Liner Regression,WLR)修复缺失数据条带,并利用亚像元互相关方法对修复后两景影像进行冰川表面流速估算.结果表明,LLHM和WLR两种方法均能有效修复冰川区Landsat-7 SLC-OFF影像,其冰流估算结果与同期Landsat-5 TM影像的冰流结果较为一致,三者冰流速估算精度分别为±5.9 m·a~(-1)、±6.3 m·a~(-1)和±4.0 m·a~(-1),验证了Landsat-7 SLC-OFF影像在山地冰川流速监测中的应用潜力.
When the Scan Line Corrector(SLC)on Landsat-7 loses efficacy and forms a wedge-shaped data gap in SLC-OFF image,resulting in roughly 22% of the pixel to be missed,and leaving a serious problem for the application of ETM + data on studying glaciers,particularly for monitoring long- term glacial variations in High Asian Mountains,where there is fewhigh quality remote sensing data. In this study,the Siachen Glacier,the largest glacier in the Central Karakoram,was selected as a monitoring site. We aim to evaluate the potential of the Landsat-7 ETM+ SLC-OFF images in deriving surface velocities of mountain glciers. A pair of SLC-OFF images acquired from 2009 and 2010 were used for this purpose. Two typical filling-gap methods,the localized linear histogram match(LLHM)and the weighted liner regression(WLR),were utilized to recover the above mentioned SLC-OFF images. Then the recovered images were applied for deriving glacier surface flow velocities using sub-pixel correlation. The results show that both LLHM and WLR methods can effectively repair the glacier area in the Landsat-7 SLC-OFF images. Besides,the surface flow velocities estimated with the recovered SLC-OFF images are highly agreement with those from the Landsat-5 TM images. The accuracy of above three flow velocities are 5.9 m·a-1,6.3 m·a-1and 4.0 m·a-1,respectively. This study verifies the potential of the Landsat-7 ETM+ SLC-OFF images in deriving surface flow velocities of mountain glaciers.
When the Scan Line Corrector(SLC)on Landsat-7 loses efficacy and forms a wedge-shaped data gap in SLC-OFF image,resulting in roughly 22% of the pixel to be missed,and leaving a serious problem for the application of ETM + data on studying glaciers,particularly for monitoring long- term glacial variations in High Asian Mountains,where there is fewhigh quality remote sensing data. In this study,the Siachen Glacier,the largest glacier in the Central Karakoram,was selected as a monitoring site. We aim to evaluate the potential of the Landsat-7 ETM+ SLC-OFF images in deriving surface velocities of mountain glciers. A pair of SLC-OFF images acquired from 2009 and 2010 were used for this purpose. Two typical filling-gap methods,the localized linear histogram match(LLHM)and the weighted liner regression(WLR),were utilized to recover the above mentioned SLC-OFF images. Then the recovered images were applied for deriving glacier surface flow velocities using sub-pixel correlation. The results show that both LLHM and WLR methods can effectively repair the glacier area in the Landsat-7 SLC-OFF images. Besides,the surface flow velocities estimated with the recovered SLC-OFF images are highly agreement with those from the Landsat-5 TM images. The accuracy of above three flow velocities are 5.9 m·a-1,6.3 m·a-1and 4.0 m·a-1,respectively. This study verifies the potential of the Landsat-7 ETM+ SLC-OFF images in deriving surface flow velocities of mountain glaciers.
引文
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[4]Zhou Jianmin,Li Zhen,Li Xinwu.Research on rules of the vally glacier motion in Western China based on ALOS/PALSAR interferometry[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2009,38(4):341-347.[周建民,李震,李新武.基于ALOS_PALSAR数据雷达干涉测量的中国西部山谷冰川冰流规律研究[J].测绘学报,2009,38(4):341-347.]
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[6]Cao Min,Li Zhongqin,Li Huilin.Features of the Surface Flow Velocity on the Qingbingtan Glacier No.72,Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(1):21-29.[曹敏,李忠勤,李慧林.天山托木尔峰地区青冰72号冰川表面运动速度特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(1):21-29.]
[7]Lu Hongli,Han Haidong,Xu Junli,et al.Analysis of the flow features in the ablation zone of the Koxkar Glacier on south slopes of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):248-258.[鲁红莉,韩海东,许君利,等.天山南坡科其喀尔冰川消融区运动特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):248-258.]
[8]Wang Kun,Jing Zhefan,Wu Yuwei,et al.Latest survey and study of surface flow features of the Qiyi Glacier in the Ailian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):537-545.[王坤,井哲帆,吴玉伟,等.祁连山七一冰川表面运动特征最新观测研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):537-545.]
[9]Yao Tandong,Liu Shiyin,Pu Jianchen,et al.Recent retreat of High Asia Glacier and its impact on water resources of west China[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),2004,34(6):535-543.[姚檀栋,刘时银,蒲健辰,等.高亚洲冰川的近期退缩及其对西北水资源的影响[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2004,34(6):535-543.]
[10]Gao Xiao,Wu Lizong,Mool P K.Analysis of the characteristics of glacial lake variation in the Koshi River basin,the Himalayas based on RS and GIS[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(3):557-569.[高晓,吴立宗,Mool P K.基于遥感和GIS的喜马拉雅山地区科西河流域冰湖变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(3):557-569.]
[11]Paul F.Revealing glacier flow and surge dynamics from animated satellite image sequences:examples from the Karakoram[J].The Cryosphere Discussions,2015,9(2):2597-2623.
[12]Heid T,K??b A.Repeat optical satellite images reveal widespread and long term decrease in land-terminating glacier speeds[J].The Cryosphere,2012,6(2):467-478.
[13]Huang lei,Li Zhen.Mountain glacier flow velocities analyzed from satellite optical images[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(5):935-940.[黄磊,李震.光学遥感影像的山地冰川运动速度分析方法[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(5):935-940.]
[14]Copland Luke,Pope Sierra,Bishop Michael P,et al.Glacier velocities across the central Karakoram[J].Annals of Glaciology,2009,50(52):41-49.
[15]K??b A.Combination of SRTM3 and repeat ASTER data for deriving alpine glacier flow velocities in the Bhutan Himalaya[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,94(4):463-474.
[16]Berthier E,Vadon H,Baratoux D,et al.Surface motion of mountain glaciers derived from satellite optical imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,95(1):14-28.
[17]Chen Jin,Zhu Xiaolin,Vogelmann James E,et al.A simple and effective method for filling gaps in Landsat ETM+SLCOFF images[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(4):1053-1064.
[18]Shou Jingwen.Research on recovering and application of the Landsat-7 ETM+SLC-Off image[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2006.[寿敬文.陆地卫星7号ETM+图像数据缺行的修复与应用研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2006.]
[19]USGS.Phase 2 Gap-Fill Algorithm:SLC-off Gap-Filled Products Gap-Fill Algorithm Methodology[J].USGS Landsat,2004.http://Usgs.gov/documents/L7SLCGap Filled Method.pdf.
[20]Scaramuzza P,Micijevic E,Chander G.SLC gap-filled products phase one methodology[J].Landsat Technical Notes,2004.
[21]Tian Xiaohong,Lin Youming.Research on algorithms for recovering Landsat-7 Gap data[J].Computer Simulation,2007,24(12):59-61.[田晓红,林友明.Landsat_7缝隙数据恢复的算法研究[J].计算机仿真,2007,24(12):59-61.]
[22]Qian Lexiang,Li Shifeng,Cui Haishan,et al.Image quality evaluation of Landsat 7 ETM SLC-OFF based on a single inage local regression model retrieved[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2012,28(5):21-24.[钱乐祥,李仕峰,崔海山,等.基于单一影像局部回归模型修复的Landsat7ETM SLC_OFF图像质量评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,2012,28(5):21-24.]
[23]Zeng Chao,Shen Huanfeng,Zhang Liangpei.Recovering missing pixels for Landsat ETM+SLC-OFF imagery using multitemporal regression analysis and a regularization method[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2013,131:182-194.
[24]Leprince S,Barbot S,Ayoub F,et al.Automatic and precise orthorectification,coregistration,and subpixel correlation of satellite images,application to ground deformation measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2007,45(6):1529-1558.
[25]Bolch T,Pieczonka T,Benn D.I.Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area(Nepal Himalaya)derived from stereo imagery[J].The Cryosphere,2011,5(2):349-358.
[26]Koblet T,G?rtner-Roer I,Zemp M,et al.Reanalysis of multitemporal aerial images of Storglaci?ren,Sweden(1959-99)-Part 1:Determination of length,area,and volume changes[J].The Cryosphere,2010,4(3):333-343.
[27]van den Berg L F.Estimated glacial flow from repeated SAR images using feature tracking and In SAR[D].Netherlands:Delft University of Technology,2012.
[28]Kumar V,Venkataramana G,H?gda K A.Glacier surface velocity estimation using SAR interferometry technique applying ascending and descending passes in Himalayas[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2011,13(4):545-551.
[2]Jiang Zongli,Liu Shiyin,Peters Juliane,et al.Analyzing Yengisogat Glacier surface velocities with ALOS PALSAR data feature tracking,Karakoram,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(4):1033-1043.
[3]Herman Frédéric,Anderson Brian,Leprince Sébastien.Mountain glacier velocity variation during a retreat/advance cycle quantified using sub-pixel analysis of ASTER images[J].Journal of Glaciology,2011,57(202):197-207.
[4]Zhou Jianmin,Li Zhen,Li Xinwu.Research on rules of the vally glacier motion in Western China based on ALOS/PALSAR interferometry[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2009,38(4):341-347.[周建民,李震,李新武.基于ALOS_PALSAR数据雷达干涉测量的中国西部山谷冰川冰流规律研究[J].测绘学报,2009,38(4):341-347.]
[5]Feng Tong,Liu Shiyin,Xu Junli,et al.Glacier change of the Yarkant River basin from 1968 to 2009 derived from the First and Second Glacier Inventories of China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):1-13.[冯童,刘时银,许君利,等.1968-2009年叶尔羌河流域冰川变化——基于第一、二次中国冰川编目数据[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):1-13.]
[6]Cao Min,Li Zhongqin,Li Huilin.Features of the Surface Flow Velocity on the Qingbingtan Glacier No.72,Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(1):21-29.[曹敏,李忠勤,李慧林.天山托木尔峰地区青冰72号冰川表面运动速度特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(1):21-29.]
[7]Lu Hongli,Han Haidong,Xu Junli,et al.Analysis of the flow features in the ablation zone of the Koxkar Glacier on south slopes of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):248-258.[鲁红莉,韩海东,许君利,等.天山南坡科其喀尔冰川消融区运动特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):248-258.]
[8]Wang Kun,Jing Zhefan,Wu Yuwei,et al.Latest survey and study of surface flow features of the Qiyi Glacier in the Ailian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):537-545.[王坤,井哲帆,吴玉伟,等.祁连山七一冰川表面运动特征最新观测研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):537-545.]
[9]Yao Tandong,Liu Shiyin,Pu Jianchen,et al.Recent retreat of High Asia Glacier and its impact on water resources of west China[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),2004,34(6):535-543.[姚檀栋,刘时银,蒲健辰,等.高亚洲冰川的近期退缩及其对西北水资源的影响[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2004,34(6):535-543.]
[10]Gao Xiao,Wu Lizong,Mool P K.Analysis of the characteristics of glacial lake variation in the Koshi River basin,the Himalayas based on RS and GIS[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(3):557-569.[高晓,吴立宗,Mool P K.基于遥感和GIS的喜马拉雅山地区科西河流域冰湖变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(3):557-569.]
[11]Paul F.Revealing glacier flow and surge dynamics from animated satellite image sequences:examples from the Karakoram[J].The Cryosphere Discussions,2015,9(2):2597-2623.
[12]Heid T,K??b A.Repeat optical satellite images reveal widespread and long term decrease in land-terminating glacier speeds[J].The Cryosphere,2012,6(2):467-478.
[13]Huang lei,Li Zhen.Mountain glacier flow velocities analyzed from satellite optical images[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(5):935-940.[黄磊,李震.光学遥感影像的山地冰川运动速度分析方法[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(5):935-940.]
[14]Copland Luke,Pope Sierra,Bishop Michael P,et al.Glacier velocities across the central Karakoram[J].Annals of Glaciology,2009,50(52):41-49.
[15]K??b A.Combination of SRTM3 and repeat ASTER data for deriving alpine glacier flow velocities in the Bhutan Himalaya[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,94(4):463-474.
[16]Berthier E,Vadon H,Baratoux D,et al.Surface motion of mountain glaciers derived from satellite optical imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,95(1):14-28.
[17]Chen Jin,Zhu Xiaolin,Vogelmann James E,et al.A simple and effective method for filling gaps in Landsat ETM+SLCOFF images[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2011,115(4):1053-1064.
[18]Shou Jingwen.Research on recovering and application of the Landsat-7 ETM+SLC-Off image[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2006.[寿敬文.陆地卫星7号ETM+图像数据缺行的修复与应用研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2006.]
[19]USGS.Phase 2 Gap-Fill Algorithm:SLC-off Gap-Filled Products Gap-Fill Algorithm Methodology[J].USGS Landsat,2004.http://Usgs.gov/documents/L7SLCGap Filled Method.pdf.
[20]Scaramuzza P,Micijevic E,Chander G.SLC gap-filled products phase one methodology[J].Landsat Technical Notes,2004.
[21]Tian Xiaohong,Lin Youming.Research on algorithms for recovering Landsat-7 Gap data[J].Computer Simulation,2007,24(12):59-61.[田晓红,林友明.Landsat_7缝隙数据恢复的算法研究[J].计算机仿真,2007,24(12):59-61.]
[22]Qian Lexiang,Li Shifeng,Cui Haishan,et al.Image quality evaluation of Landsat 7 ETM SLC-OFF based on a single inage local regression model retrieved[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2012,28(5):21-24.[钱乐祥,李仕峰,崔海山,等.基于单一影像局部回归模型修复的Landsat7ETM SLC_OFF图像质量评价[J].地理与地理信息科学,2012,28(5):21-24.]
[23]Zeng Chao,Shen Huanfeng,Zhang Liangpei.Recovering missing pixels for Landsat ETM+SLC-OFF imagery using multitemporal regression analysis and a regularization method[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2013,131:182-194.
[24]Leprince S,Barbot S,Ayoub F,et al.Automatic and precise orthorectification,coregistration,and subpixel correlation of satellite images,application to ground deformation measurements[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2007,45(6):1529-1558.
[25]Bolch T,Pieczonka T,Benn D.I.Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area(Nepal Himalaya)derived from stereo imagery[J].The Cryosphere,2011,5(2):349-358.
[26]Koblet T,G?rtner-Roer I,Zemp M,et al.Reanalysis of multitemporal aerial images of Storglaci?ren,Sweden(1959-99)-Part 1:Determination of length,area,and volume changes[J].The Cryosphere,2010,4(3):333-343.
[27]van den Berg L F.Estimated glacial flow from repeated SAR images using feature tracking and In SAR[D].Netherlands:Delft University of Technology,2012.
[28]Kumar V,Venkataramana G,H?gda K A.Glacier surface velocity estimation using SAR interferometry technique applying ascending and descending passes in Himalayas[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2011,13(4):545-551.