音苏盖提冰川表面流速特征分析
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摘要
跃动冰川的监测相对比较困难。本文采用Sentinel-1所携带的C波段合成孔径雷达特征匹配方法(Feature-Tracking)获得了喀喇昆仑北坡克勒青河谷音苏盖提冰川物质平衡年内比较详细的冰川表面流速。分析发现:选取的音苏盖提三条分支冰川中,南斯嘎姆里冰川(Skamri Glacier)流速整体大于其余两条,三条分支均存在快速运动区,斯嘎姆里冰川和北分支积累区流速突增,可能存在雪崩现象;两条南分支冰川整体流速夏季大于其他季节,而北分支冬季流速大于其他季节。虽然三条分支均存在快速运动区域,但是即使是流速最快的南斯嘎姆里冰川在物质平衡年内的运动速度也只有119 m·a-1,说明该物质平衡年内音苏盖提冰川并不处于跃动期。
There have been only limited studies on surge glaciers in the remote areas.In this study,the authors mapped surface velocities of the Yengisogat Glacier located in the Shaksgam River in Karakoram Mountains by using feature-tracking method on 12 pairs of Sentinel-1 images.These images are presently developed by the European Space Agency(ESA) for Copernicus Global Monitoring Program.The results show that the main streamline of the glacier(maximum velocity line) is close to the centerline of the glacier geometry and the main streamline slants to the outside in curved flow;the velocity decreases from the centerline to both sides.A comparative analysis of the study region was employed to discuss the flow velocity of the three tributaries of the Yengisogat Glacier.According to the results obtained,the south tributary(Skamri Glacier) mainly contributes to the main flow of the glacier;there exist fast movement blocks for three tributaries;there are areas with abrupt increasing deformation which are interpreted as avalanche probably;the velocities of two south tributaries in the summer are faster than in other seasons,but the north tributary is opposite.Even the fastest velocity of south Skamri Glacier was 119 m·a~(-1),indicating that the Yengisogat Glacier was not surging in this year.
There have been only limited studies on surge glaciers in the remote areas.In this study,the authors mapped surface velocities of the Yengisogat Glacier located in the Shaksgam River in Karakoram Mountains by using feature-tracking method on 12 pairs of Sentinel-1 images.These images are presently developed by the European Space Agency(ESA) for Copernicus Global Monitoring Program.The results show that the main streamline of the glacier(maximum velocity line) is close to the centerline of the glacier geometry and the main streamline slants to the outside in curved flow;the velocity decreases from the centerline to both sides.A comparative analysis of the study region was employed to discuss the flow velocity of the three tributaries of the Yengisogat Glacier.According to the results obtained,the south tributary(Skamri Glacier) mainly contributes to the main flow of the glacier;there exist fast movement blocks for three tributaries;there are areas with abrupt increasing deformation which are interpreted as avalanche probably;the velocities of two south tributaries in the summer are faster than in other seasons,but the north tributary is opposite.Even the fastest velocity of south Skamri Glacier was 119 m·a~(-1),indicating that the Yengisogat Glacier was not surging in this year.
引文
程晓,李小文,邵芸,李震.2006.南极格罗夫山地区冰川运动规律DINSAR遥感研究[J].科学通报,51(17):2060-2067.
黄磊,李震.2009.光学遥感影像的山地冰川运动速度分析方法[J].冰川冻土,31(05):935-940.
黄茂桓,孙作哲.1982.我国大陆型冰川运动的某些特征[J].冰川冻土,4(2):35-45.
蒋宗立,刘时银,许君利,王欣,莫宏伟.2011.应用SAR特征匹配方法估计音苏盖提冰川表面流速[J].冰川冻土,33(3):512-518.
李佳,李志伟,汪长城,朱建军,丁晓.2013.SAR偏移量跟踪技术估计天山南依内里切克冰川运动[J].地球物理学报,56(4):1226-1236.
刘潮海,施雅风,王宗太,谢自楚.2000.中国冰川资源及其分布特征--中国冰川目录编制完成[J].冰川冻土,22(02):106-112.
刘景时,王迪.2009.2009年夏季喀喇昆仑山叶尔羌河上游发生冰川跃动[J].冰川冻土,31(05):992.
刘时银,丁永建,李晶,上官冬辉,张勇.2006.中国西部冰川对近期气候变暖的响应[J].第四纪研究,26(05):762-771.
刘时银,姚晓军,郭万钦,许君利,上官冬辉,魏俊锋,鲍伟佳,吴立宗.2015.基于第二次冰川编目的中国冰川现状[J].地理学报,70(1):3-16.
任贾文.2013.全球冰冻圈现状和未来变化的最新评估:IPCCWGI AR5 SPM发布[J].冰川冻土,35(05):1065-1067.
上官冬辉,刘时银,丁永建,丁良福,沈永平,鲁安新,李刚,张勇,谢昌卫.2005.喀喇昆仑山克勒青河谷近年来发现有跃动冰川[J].冰川冻土,27(05):641-644.
杨惠安.1987.音苏盖提冰川的一般特征[J].冰川冻土,9(1):012.
杨魁,杨建兵,江冰茹.2015.Sentinel-1卫星综述[J].城市勘测,(02):24-27.
张百平.1990.喀喇昆仑山--阿里喀喇昆仑山的自然特点和垂直自然带[J].干旱区资源与环境,4(2):49-63.
BHAMBRI R,BOLCH T,KAWISHWAR P,KAWISHWAR P,DOBHAL D P,SRIVASTAVA D,PRATAP B.2013.Heterogeneity in glacier response in the upper Shyok valley,northeast Karakoram[J].The Cryosphere,7(5):1385.
BJ?RNSSON H,PáLSSON F,SIGURDSSON O,FLOWERS G E.2003.Surges of glaciers in Iceland[J].Annals of Glaciology,36(1):82-90.
CHENG Xiao,LI Xiao-wen,SHAO Yun,LI Zhen.2006.DINSARfor monitoring ice-flow features in the Grove Mountains,Antarctica[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,51(17):2060-2067(in Chinese).
CLARKE G K C,SCHMOK J P,OMMANNEY C M L,COLLINSS G.1986.Characteristics of surge-type glaciers[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,91(B7):7165-7180.
COOK A J,FOX A J,VAUGHAN D C,FERRIGNO J G.2005.Retreating Glacier Fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the Past Half-Century[J].Science,308(5721):541.
COPLAND L,POPE S,BISHOP M P,SHRODER J F,CLENDONP,BUSH A,KAMP U,SEONG Y B,OWEN L A.2009.Glacier velocities across the central Karakoram[J].Annals of Glaciology,50(52):41-49.
COPLAND L,SYLVESTRE T,BISHOP M P,SHRODER J F,SEONG Y B,OWEN L A,BUSH A,KAMP U.2011.Expanded and Recently Increased Glacier Surging in the Karakoram[J].Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research,43(4):503-516.
GRANT K L,STOKES C R,EVANS I S.2009.Identification and characteristics of surge-type glaciers on Novaya Zemlya,Russian Arctic[J].Journal of Glaciology,55(194):960-972.
HEWITT K.2007.Tributary glacier surges:an exceptional concentration at Panmah Glacier,Karakoram Himalaya[J].Journal of Glaciology,53(181):181-188.
HEWITT K.2005.The Karakoram Anomaly?Glacier Expansion and the'Elevation Effect,'Karakoram Himalaya[J].Mountain Research&Development,25(4):332-340.
HOUGHTON J T,DING Y,GRIGGS D J,NOGUER M,LINDENP J V,DAI X,MASKELL K,JOHNSON C A.2001.Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis[M].Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:227-239.
HUANG Lei,LI Zhen.2009.Mountain Glacier Flow Velocities Analyzed from Satellite Optical Images[J].Journal of Glaciology and Cryopedology,31(05):935-940(in Chinese with English abstract).
HUANG Mao-huan,SUN Zuo-zhe.1982.Some Flow Characteristics of Continental-Type Glaciers in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Cryopedology,04(02):35-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
JIANG Zong-li,LIU Shi-yin,XU Jun-li,WANG Xin,MOHong-wei.2011.Using Feature-Tracking of ALOS PALSARImages to Acquire the Yengisogat Glacier Surface Velocities[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,33(3):512-518(in Chinese with English abstract).
JISKOOT H,MURRAY T,BOYLE P.2000.Controls on the distribution of surge-type glaciers in Svalbard[J].Journal of Glaciology,46(154):412-422.
LI Jia,LI Zhi-wei,WANG Chang-cheng,ZHU Jian-jun,DINGXiao-li.2013.Using SAR offset-tracking approach to estimate surface motion of the South Inylchek Glacier in Tianshan[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(04):1226-1236(in Chinese with English abstract).
LIU Chao-hai,SHI Ya-feng,WANG Zong-tai,XIE Zi-chu.2000.Glacier Resources and Their Distributive Characteristics in China-A Review on Chinese Glacier Inventory[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,22(2):106-112(in Chinese with English abstract).
LIU Jing-shi,WANG Di.2009.The Summer of 2009,The Karakoram Yarkant River Upstream Glacier Movement[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,31(05):992(in Chinese).
LIU Shi-yin,DING Yong-jian,LI Jing,SHANGGUAN Dong-hui,ZHANG Yong.2006.Glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western CHINA[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(5):762-771(in Chinese with English abstract).
LIU Shi-yin,YAO Xiao-jun,GUO Wan-qin,XU Jun-li,SHANGGUAN Dong-hui,WEI Jun-feng,BAO Wei-jia,WULi-zong.2015.The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,70(1):3-16(in Chinese with English abstract).
MEIER M F,POST A.1969.What are glacier surges?[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,6(4):807-817.
OERLEMANS J.1994.Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers[J].Science,264(5156):243-245.
QUINCEY D J,BRAUN M,GLASSER N F,BISHOP M P,HEWITT K,LUCKMAN A.2011.Karakoram glacier surge dynamics[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(18):113-120.
REN Jia-wen.2013.Updating Assessment Results of Global Cryospheric Change from SPM of IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,35(05):1065-1067(in Chinese).
RIGNOT E,SCHEUCHL B.2011.Ice flow of the Antarctic ice sheet[J].Science,333(6048):1427-1430.
SCHERLER D,LEPRINCE S,STRECKER M R.2008.Glacier-surface velocities in alpine terrain from optical satellite imagery-Accuracy improvement and quality assessment[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,112(10):3806-3819.
SHANGGUAN Dong-hui,LIU Shi-yin,DING Yong-jian,DINGLian-fu,SHEN Yong-ping,LU An-xin,LI Gang,ZHANGYong,XIE Chang-wei.2005.Surging Glacier Found in Shaksgam River,Karakorum Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,27(5):641-644(in Chinese with English abstract).
STROZZI T,KOURAEV A,WIESMANN A,WEGMüLLER U,SHAROV A,WERNER C.2008.Estimation of Arctic glacier motion with satellite L-band SAR data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,112(3):636-645.
STROZZI T,LUCKMAN A,MURRAY T,WEGMULLER U,WERNER C L.2002.Glacier motion estimation using SARoffset-tracking procedures[J].Geoscience&Remote Sensing IEEE Transactions on,40(11):2384-2391.
SUND M,EIKEN T,HAGEN J O,KAAB A.2009.Svalbard surge dynamics derived from geometric changes[J].Annals of Glaciology,50(52):50-60.
YANG Hui-an.1987.The Characteristics of the Yengisogat Glacier[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,09(01):97-98(in Chinese).
YANG Kui,YANG Jian-bin,JIANG Bing-ru.2015.Sentinel-1Satellite Overview[J].Urban Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,(02):24-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
YDE J C,KNUDSEN N T,NIELSEN O B.2005.Glacier hydrochemistry,solute provenance,and chemical denudation at a surge-type glacier in Kuannersuit Kuussuat,Disko Island,West Greenland[J].Journal of Hydrology,300(1):172-187.
ZHANG Bai-ping.1990.Physical Features and Vertical Zones of The Karakoram and Ali-Karakoram Mountains[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,4(2):49-63(in Chinese with English abstract).
黄磊,李震.2009.光学遥感影像的山地冰川运动速度分析方法[J].冰川冻土,31(05):935-940.
黄茂桓,孙作哲.1982.我国大陆型冰川运动的某些特征[J].冰川冻土,4(2):35-45.
蒋宗立,刘时银,许君利,王欣,莫宏伟.2011.应用SAR特征匹配方法估计音苏盖提冰川表面流速[J].冰川冻土,33(3):512-518.
李佳,李志伟,汪长城,朱建军,丁晓.2013.SAR偏移量跟踪技术估计天山南依内里切克冰川运动[J].地球物理学报,56(4):1226-1236.
刘潮海,施雅风,王宗太,谢自楚.2000.中国冰川资源及其分布特征--中国冰川目录编制完成[J].冰川冻土,22(02):106-112.
刘景时,王迪.2009.2009年夏季喀喇昆仑山叶尔羌河上游发生冰川跃动[J].冰川冻土,31(05):992.
刘时银,丁永建,李晶,上官冬辉,张勇.2006.中国西部冰川对近期气候变暖的响应[J].第四纪研究,26(05):762-771.
刘时银,姚晓军,郭万钦,许君利,上官冬辉,魏俊锋,鲍伟佳,吴立宗.2015.基于第二次冰川编目的中国冰川现状[J].地理学报,70(1):3-16.
任贾文.2013.全球冰冻圈现状和未来变化的最新评估:IPCCWGI AR5 SPM发布[J].冰川冻土,35(05):1065-1067.
上官冬辉,刘时银,丁永建,丁良福,沈永平,鲁安新,李刚,张勇,谢昌卫.2005.喀喇昆仑山克勒青河谷近年来发现有跃动冰川[J].冰川冻土,27(05):641-644.
杨惠安.1987.音苏盖提冰川的一般特征[J].冰川冻土,9(1):012.
杨魁,杨建兵,江冰茹.2015.Sentinel-1卫星综述[J].城市勘测,(02):24-27.
张百平.1990.喀喇昆仑山--阿里喀喇昆仑山的自然特点和垂直自然带[J].干旱区资源与环境,4(2):49-63.
BHAMBRI R,BOLCH T,KAWISHWAR P,KAWISHWAR P,DOBHAL D P,SRIVASTAVA D,PRATAP B.2013.Heterogeneity in glacier response in the upper Shyok valley,northeast Karakoram[J].The Cryosphere,7(5):1385.
BJ?RNSSON H,PáLSSON F,SIGURDSSON O,FLOWERS G E.2003.Surges of glaciers in Iceland[J].Annals of Glaciology,36(1):82-90.
CHENG Xiao,LI Xiao-wen,SHAO Yun,LI Zhen.2006.DINSARfor monitoring ice-flow features in the Grove Mountains,Antarctica[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,51(17):2060-2067(in Chinese).
CLARKE G K C,SCHMOK J P,OMMANNEY C M L,COLLINSS G.1986.Characteristics of surge-type glaciers[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,91(B7):7165-7180.
COOK A J,FOX A J,VAUGHAN D C,FERRIGNO J G.2005.Retreating Glacier Fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the Past Half-Century[J].Science,308(5721):541.
COPLAND L,POPE S,BISHOP M P,SHRODER J F,CLENDONP,BUSH A,KAMP U,SEONG Y B,OWEN L A.2009.Glacier velocities across the central Karakoram[J].Annals of Glaciology,50(52):41-49.
COPLAND L,SYLVESTRE T,BISHOP M P,SHRODER J F,SEONG Y B,OWEN L A,BUSH A,KAMP U.2011.Expanded and Recently Increased Glacier Surging in the Karakoram[J].Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research,43(4):503-516.
GRANT K L,STOKES C R,EVANS I S.2009.Identification and characteristics of surge-type glaciers on Novaya Zemlya,Russian Arctic[J].Journal of Glaciology,55(194):960-972.
HEWITT K.2007.Tributary glacier surges:an exceptional concentration at Panmah Glacier,Karakoram Himalaya[J].Journal of Glaciology,53(181):181-188.
HEWITT K.2005.The Karakoram Anomaly?Glacier Expansion and the'Elevation Effect,'Karakoram Himalaya[J].Mountain Research&Development,25(4):332-340.
HOUGHTON J T,DING Y,GRIGGS D J,NOGUER M,LINDENP J V,DAI X,MASKELL K,JOHNSON C A.2001.Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis[M].Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:227-239.
HUANG Lei,LI Zhen.2009.Mountain Glacier Flow Velocities Analyzed from Satellite Optical Images[J].Journal of Glaciology and Cryopedology,31(05):935-940(in Chinese with English abstract).
HUANG Mao-huan,SUN Zuo-zhe.1982.Some Flow Characteristics of Continental-Type Glaciers in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Cryopedology,04(02):35-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
JIANG Zong-li,LIU Shi-yin,XU Jun-li,WANG Xin,MOHong-wei.2011.Using Feature-Tracking of ALOS PALSARImages to Acquire the Yengisogat Glacier Surface Velocities[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,33(3):512-518(in Chinese with English abstract).
JISKOOT H,MURRAY T,BOYLE P.2000.Controls on the distribution of surge-type glaciers in Svalbard[J].Journal of Glaciology,46(154):412-422.
LI Jia,LI Zhi-wei,WANG Chang-cheng,ZHU Jian-jun,DINGXiao-li.2013.Using SAR offset-tracking approach to estimate surface motion of the South Inylchek Glacier in Tianshan[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(04):1226-1236(in Chinese with English abstract).
LIU Chao-hai,SHI Ya-feng,WANG Zong-tai,XIE Zi-chu.2000.Glacier Resources and Their Distributive Characteristics in China-A Review on Chinese Glacier Inventory[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,22(2):106-112(in Chinese with English abstract).
LIU Jing-shi,WANG Di.2009.The Summer of 2009,The Karakoram Yarkant River Upstream Glacier Movement[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,31(05):992(in Chinese).
LIU Shi-yin,DING Yong-jian,LI Jing,SHANGGUAN Dong-hui,ZHANG Yong.2006.Glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western CHINA[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(5):762-771(in Chinese with English abstract).
LIU Shi-yin,YAO Xiao-jun,GUO Wan-qin,XU Jun-li,SHANGGUAN Dong-hui,WEI Jun-feng,BAO Wei-jia,WULi-zong.2015.The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,70(1):3-16(in Chinese with English abstract).
MEIER M F,POST A.1969.What are glacier surges?[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,6(4):807-817.
OERLEMANS J.1994.Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers[J].Science,264(5156):243-245.
QUINCEY D J,BRAUN M,GLASSER N F,BISHOP M P,HEWITT K,LUCKMAN A.2011.Karakoram glacier surge dynamics[J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(18):113-120.
REN Jia-wen.2013.Updating Assessment Results of Global Cryospheric Change from SPM of IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,35(05):1065-1067(in Chinese).
RIGNOT E,SCHEUCHL B.2011.Ice flow of the Antarctic ice sheet[J].Science,333(6048):1427-1430.
SCHERLER D,LEPRINCE S,STRECKER M R.2008.Glacier-surface velocities in alpine terrain from optical satellite imagery-Accuracy improvement and quality assessment[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,112(10):3806-3819.
SHANGGUAN Dong-hui,LIU Shi-yin,DING Yong-jian,DINGLian-fu,SHEN Yong-ping,LU An-xin,LI Gang,ZHANGYong,XIE Chang-wei.2005.Surging Glacier Found in Shaksgam River,Karakorum Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,27(5):641-644(in Chinese with English abstract).
STROZZI T,KOURAEV A,WIESMANN A,WEGMüLLER U,SHAROV A,WERNER C.2008.Estimation of Arctic glacier motion with satellite L-band SAR data[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,112(3):636-645.
STROZZI T,LUCKMAN A,MURRAY T,WEGMULLER U,WERNER C L.2002.Glacier motion estimation using SARoffset-tracking procedures[J].Geoscience&Remote Sensing IEEE Transactions on,40(11):2384-2391.
SUND M,EIKEN T,HAGEN J O,KAAB A.2009.Svalbard surge dynamics derived from geometric changes[J].Annals of Glaciology,50(52):50-60.
YANG Hui-an.1987.The Characteristics of the Yengisogat Glacier[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,09(01):97-98(in Chinese).
YANG Kui,YANG Jian-bin,JIANG Bing-ru.2015.Sentinel-1Satellite Overview[J].Urban Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,(02):24-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
YDE J C,KNUDSEN N T,NIELSEN O B.2005.Glacier hydrochemistry,solute provenance,and chemical denudation at a surge-type glacier in Kuannersuit Kuussuat,Disko Island,West Greenland[J].Journal of Hydrology,300(1):172-187.
ZHANG Bai-ping.1990.Physical Features and Vertical Zones of The Karakoram and Ali-Karakoram Mountains[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,4(2):49-63(in Chinese with English abstract).