祁连山冷龙岭宁缠河3号冰川表面流速特征分析
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摘要
2009年9月对祁连山冷龙岭宁缠河3号冰川外围建立控制网,于冰川表面布设了13根标志杆,随后分别于2010年7月、2010年9月再次对设立在冰川表面的花杆点进行测量,获取2009/2010年度、2009年9月-2010年7月与2010年7-9月3个时段宁缠河3号冰川表面流速.结果显示:2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川最大流速出现在海拔4 430m附近,为3.76m·a-1;2009年9月-2010年7月表面流速最大值出现在海拔4 430m附近,为0.32m·月-1;2010年7-9月最大流速出现在海拔4 380m附近,为0.47m·月-1.总体来看,2009/2010年度宁缠河3号冰川纵剖面上流速变化较为缓和,显示出流速随海拔变化而变化的规律.但不同季节表面流速在纵剖面上的分布情况不同,横剖面上主流线附近流速最大,向冰川两边逐渐递减,各观测点均平行于主流线方向向冰川末端运动,表现出冰川运动一般规律.在冰川表面运动速度观测区域内东南边缘流速略大于西北边缘,同时与规模相近的冰川运动速度相比,宁缠河3号冰川运动速度较大.
In September 2009,the expedition established a geodetic chain around the Ningchan River Glacier No.3,and 13mark points were installed on the glacier surface for surveying glacier flow velocity.In July 2010and September 2010,the mark points were surveyed again and again,and the surface flow velocities of the glacier were determined for the periods of 2009/2010,September 2009July 2010and July 2010-September 2010.It is found that the maximum surface flow velocity was 3.76m·a-1(at the elevation of 4 430m)for the periods of 2009/2010,0.32m·month-1(at the elevation of 4 430m)in the time bucket from September 2009to July 2010and 0.47m·month-1(at the elevation of 4 380m)in the time bucket from July 2010to September 2010.Overall,in 2009/ 2010,the variation of surface flow velocity was smaller and showed an elevation-dependence along a longitudinal section;along a transverse section the maximum surface flow velocity was close to the main flow line and gradually decreasing to the both sides.All flow direction was parallel to the main flow line,directing the glacier terminal.In the surveyed area,it is found that the surface flow velocities of the southeast edge were faster than those of the northwestern edge.As compared with other glaciers which have similar glacierized area,the flow velocity of the Ningchan River Glacier No.3is faster.
In September 2009,the expedition established a geodetic chain around the Ningchan River Glacier No.3,and 13mark points were installed on the glacier surface for surveying glacier flow velocity.In July 2010and September 2010,the mark points were surveyed again and again,and the surface flow velocities of the glacier were determined for the periods of 2009/2010,September 2009July 2010and July 2010-September 2010.It is found that the maximum surface flow velocity was 3.76m·a-1(at the elevation of 4 430m)for the periods of 2009/2010,0.32m·month-1(at the elevation of 4 430m)in the time bucket from September 2009to July 2010and 0.47m·month-1(at the elevation of 4 380m)in the time bucket from July 2010to September 2010.Overall,in 2009/ 2010,the variation of surface flow velocity was smaller and showed an elevation-dependence along a longitudinal section;along a transverse section the maximum surface flow velocity was close to the main flow line and gradually decreasing to the both sides.All flow direction was parallel to the main flow line,directing the glacier terminal.In the surveyed area,it is found that the surface flow velocities of the southeast edge were faster than those of the northwestern edge.As compared with other glaciers which have similar glacierized area,the flow velocity of the Ningchan River Glacier No.3is faster.
引文
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[16]Shi Yafeng.Estimation of the water resources affected by climatic warming and glacier shrinkage before 2050in west China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(4):333-341.[施雅风.2050年前气候变暖冰川萎缩对水资源影响情景预估[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):333-341.]
[17]Li Huilin,Li Zhongqin,Shen Yongping,et al.Glacier dynamic models and their applicability for the glaciers in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(2):201-208.[李慧林,李忠勤,沈永平,等.冰川动力学模式及其对中国冰川变化预测的适应性[J].冰川冻土,2007,29(2):201-208.]
[18]Adger N,Aggarwal P,Agrawala S,et al.Summary for Policymakers[M]//Parry M L,Canziani O F,Palutikof J P,et al.Climate Change 2007:Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerability:Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2007:7-22.
[19]Cao Bo,Pan Baotian,Gao Hongshan,et al.Glacier variation in the Lenglongling Range of Eastern Qilian Mountains from1972to 2007[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(2):242-248.[曹泊,潘保田,高红山,等.1972-2007年祁连山东段冷龙岭现代冰川变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(2):242-248.]
[20]Chinese Academy of Sciences.Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Fasc.5[C].Beijing:Science Press,1985:61-72.[中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所.中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊,第5号[C].北京:科学出版社,1985:61-72.]
[21]Chinese Academy of Sciences.Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Fasc.7[C].Beijing:Science Press,1992:1-9.[中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所.中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊,第7号[M].北京:科学出版社,1992:1-9.]
[22]Zhong Xiuling.The analysis of runoff variation features of Jiutiaoling Station,Xiyinghe River[J].Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower Technology,2011,47(8):11-12.[钟秀玲.西营河九条岭站径流变化特征分析[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2011,47(8):11-12.]
[23]Wang Zongtai,Liu Chaohai,You Genxiang.Glacier Inventory of China I:Qilian Mountain[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1981:53.[王宗太,刘潮海,尤根祥.中国冰川目录I:祁连山区[M].兰州:中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所,1981:53.]
[24]Liu Yushuo,Qin Xiang,Du Wentao,et al.Analysis of the movement features of the Laohugou Glacier No.12in the Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(3):475-479.[刘宇硕,秦翔,杜文涛,等.祁连山老虎沟12号冰川运动特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(3):475-479.]
[25]Cao Min,Li Zhongqin,Li Huilin.Features of the surface flow velocity on the Qingbingtan Glacier No.72,Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(1):21-29.[曹敏,李忠勤,李慧林.天山托木尔峰地区青冰滩72号冰川表面运动速度特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(1):21-29.]
[26]Jing Zhefan,Ye Baisheng,Jiao Keqin,et al.Surface velocity on the Glacier No.51at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(5):563-566.[井哲帆,叶柏生,焦克勤,等.天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川表面运动特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(5):563-566.]
[27]Liu Yushuo,Qin Xiang,Zhang Tong,et al.Variation of the Ningchan River Glacier No.3in the Lenglongling Range,East Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(5):1031-1036.[刘宇硕,秦翔,张通,等.祁连山东段冷龙岭地区宁缠河3号冰川变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(5):1031-1036.]
[28]Xu Mingxing,Yan Ming,Ren Jiawen,et al.The studies of surface mass balance and ice flow on glaciers Austre Lovénbreen and Pedersenbreen,Svalbard,Arctic[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2010,22(1):10-22.[徐明星,闫明,任贾文,等.北极Svalbard地区Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面物质平衡和运动特征分析[J].极地研究,2010,22(1):10-22.]
[2]Shi Yafeng,Huang Maohuan,Ren Binghui.An Introduction to the Glaciers in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:88.[施雅风,黄茂桓,任炳辉.中国冰川概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1988:88.]
[3]Paterson W S B.The Physics of Glaciers[M].Zhang Xiangsong,Ding Yamei,trans.Beijing:Sciences Press,1987:37-40.[佩特森W S B.冰川物理学[M].张祥松,丁亚梅,译.北京:科学出版社,1987:37-40.]
[4]Benn D I,Warren C R,Mottram R H.Calving process and the dynamics of calving glaciers[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2007,82:143-179.
[5]Jing Zhefan,Liu Li,Zhou Zaiming,et al.Analysis on the influencing factors of glacier flow velocity:A case study of Qiyi Glacier in Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(6):1222-1228.[井哲帆,刘力,周在明,等.冰川运动速度影响因子的强度分析———以祁连山七一冰川为例[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(6):1222-1228.]
[6]Jing Zhefan.Movement and Variation of Several Typical Glaciers in China Under the Background of Climate Change[D].PhD Thesis,Lanzhou:Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.[井哲帆.气候变化背景下中国若干典型冰川的运动及其变化[D].博士论文,兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2007.]
[7]Jing Zhefan,Zhou Zaiming,Liu Li.Progress of the research on glacier velocities in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(4):749-754.[井哲帆,周在明,刘力.中国冰川运动速度研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(4):749-754.]
[8]Sun Zuozhe,Chen Yaowu,You Genxiang,et al.Flow characteristics of the Glacier No.1at the headwater ofrümqi River,Tianshan[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1985,7(1):27-40.[孙作哲,陈要武,尤根祥,等.天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的运动特征[J].冰川冻土,1985,7(1):27-40.]
[9]Li Zhongqin,Han Tianding,Jing Zhefan,et al.A summary of 40-year observed variation facts of climate and Glacier No.1at the headwaters ofrümqi River,Tianshan,China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,25(2):117-123.[李忠勤,韩添丁,井哲帆,等.乌鲁木齐河源区气候变化和1号冰川40a观测事实[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(2):117-123.]
[10]Zhou Zaiming,Li Zhongqin,Li Huilin,et al.The flow velocity features and dynamic simulation of the Glacier No.1at the headwaters ofrümqi River,Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(1):55-61.[周在明,李忠勤,李慧林,等.天山乌鲁木齐河源区1号冰川运动速度特征及其动力学模拟[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(1):55-61.]
[11]Jing Zhefan,Yao Tandong,Wang Ninglian.The surface flow features of the Puruogangri Ice Field[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,25(3):288-290.[井哲帆,姚檀栋,王宁练.普若岗日冰原表面运动特征观测研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(3):288-290.]
[12]Chinese Academy of Sciences.Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Russian Academy of Sciences.Institute of Geography.Glaciers and Environment in the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau(I)-The Gongga Mountain[M].Beijing:Science Press,1994:1-201.
[13]Scientific Expedition Team of China Mountaineering in Mt.Qomolangma.Report of Scientific Expedition in Mt.Qomolangma Region[M].Beijing:Science Press,1962:10-291.[中国珠穆朗玛峰登山队科学考察队.珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1962:10-291.]
[14]Echelmeyer K,Harrison W D.Jakobshavns Isbrae,West Greenland:Seasonal variations in velocity—or lack thereof[J].Journal of Glaciology,1990,36(122):82-88.
[15]Iken A,Truffer M.The relationship between subglacial water pressure and velocity of Findelengletscher,Switzerland,during its advance and retreat[J].Journal of Glaciology,1997,43(144):328-338.
[16]Shi Yafeng.Estimation of the water resources affected by climatic warming and glacier shrinkage before 2050in west China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(4):333-341.[施雅风.2050年前气候变暖冰川萎缩对水资源影响情景预估[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):333-341.]
[17]Li Huilin,Li Zhongqin,Shen Yongping,et al.Glacier dynamic models and their applicability for the glaciers in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(2):201-208.[李慧林,李忠勤,沈永平,等.冰川动力学模式及其对中国冰川变化预测的适应性[J].冰川冻土,2007,29(2):201-208.]
[18]Adger N,Aggarwal P,Agrawala S,et al.Summary for Policymakers[M]//Parry M L,Canziani O F,Palutikof J P,et al.Climate Change 2007:Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerability:Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2007:7-22.
[19]Cao Bo,Pan Baotian,Gao Hongshan,et al.Glacier variation in the Lenglongling Range of Eastern Qilian Mountains from1972to 2007[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(2):242-248.[曹泊,潘保田,高红山,等.1972-2007年祁连山东段冷龙岭现代冰川变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(2):242-248.]
[20]Chinese Academy of Sciences.Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Fasc.5[C].Beijing:Science Press,1985:61-72.[中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所.中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊,第5号[C].北京:科学出版社,1985:61-72.]
[21]Chinese Academy of Sciences.Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology.Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Fasc.7[C].Beijing:Science Press,1992:1-9.[中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所.中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊,第7号[M].北京:科学出版社,1992:1-9.]
[22]Zhong Xiuling.The analysis of runoff variation features of Jiutiaoling Station,Xiyinghe River[J].Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower Technology,2011,47(8):11-12.[钟秀玲.西营河九条岭站径流变化特征分析[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2011,47(8):11-12.]
[23]Wang Zongtai,Liu Chaohai,You Genxiang.Glacier Inventory of China I:Qilian Mountain[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1981:53.[王宗太,刘潮海,尤根祥.中国冰川目录I:祁连山区[M].兰州:中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所,1981:53.]
[24]Liu Yushuo,Qin Xiang,Du Wentao,et al.Analysis of the movement features of the Laohugou Glacier No.12in the Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(3):475-479.[刘宇硕,秦翔,杜文涛,等.祁连山老虎沟12号冰川运动特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(3):475-479.]
[25]Cao Min,Li Zhongqin,Li Huilin.Features of the surface flow velocity on the Qingbingtan Glacier No.72,Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(1):21-29.[曹敏,李忠勤,李慧林.天山托木尔峰地区青冰滩72号冰川表面运动速度特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(1):21-29.]
[26]Jing Zhefan,Ye Baisheng,Jiao Keqin,et al.Surface velocity on the Glacier No.51at Haxilegen of the Kuytun River,Tianshan Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(5):563-566.[井哲帆,叶柏生,焦克勤,等.天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川表面运动特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(5):563-566.]
[27]Liu Yushuo,Qin Xiang,Zhang Tong,et al.Variation of the Ningchan River Glacier No.3in the Lenglongling Range,East Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(5):1031-1036.[刘宇硕,秦翔,张通,等.祁连山东段冷龙岭地区宁缠河3号冰川变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(5):1031-1036.]
[28]Xu Mingxing,Yan Ming,Ren Jiawen,et al.The studies of surface mass balance and ice flow on glaciers Austre Lovénbreen and Pedersenbreen,Svalbard,Arctic[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2010,22(1):10-22.[徐明星,闫明,任贾文,等.北极Svalbard地区Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面物质平衡和运动特征分析[J].极地研究,2010,22(1):10-22.]