南极冰盖表面冰流速研究综述
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摘要
冰川表面流速作为南极冰盖物质平衡估算的一项重要内容,对于研究全球变暖背景下的海平面上升具有重要意义。随着技术的进步,南极的冰流速监测方法已经从传统的花杆测量、光学仪器边角测量,发展到先进的GPS测量和遥感观测。南极冰盖冰流速总体特征是:海岸带冰流速快于内陆冰流速,冰架冰流速快于陆地冰流速,西南极冰流速快于东南极冰流速。未来加强对数据稀疏地区的冰流速监测,扩大冰流速研究的时间尺度,开发冰流速研究的新方法以及构建冰流速波动与气候变化相互关系模型等,成为南极冰流速研究的新热点。
The ice flow velocity of glaciers is important for estimating the Antarctic ice sheet mass balance,and it is of great significance for studies into rising sea level under the background of global warming. Traditional methods of monitoring Antarctic ice flow velocity,such as stake measurements and edge measurements based on optical instruments,have been replaced by GPS and remote sensing measurements. Thus,it has been established that the general characteristics of Antarctic ice flow velocity are that ice flow velocity in coastal zones is faster than inland,the ice flow velocity of the ice shelf is faster than that on the continent,and the ice flow velocity in western Antarctica is faster than in the east. Therefore,it is predicted that with increased monitoring of ice velocity over longer periods in data sparse regions,and the development of new approaches to the study of ice velocity,models of the interrelation between ice velocity and global climate change shall become a new hot topic of research.
The ice flow velocity of glaciers is important for estimating the Antarctic ice sheet mass balance,and it is of great significance for studies into rising sea level under the background of global warming. Traditional methods of monitoring Antarctic ice flow velocity,such as stake measurements and edge measurements based on optical instruments,have been replaced by GPS and remote sensing measurements. Thus,it has been established that the general characteristics of Antarctic ice flow velocity are that ice flow velocity in coastal zones is faster than inland,the ice flow velocity of the ice shelf is faster than that on the continent,and the ice flow velocity in western Antarctica is faster than in the east. Therefore,it is predicted that with increased monitoring of ice velocity over longer periods in data sparse regions,and the development of new approaches to the study of ice velocity,models of the interrelation between ice velocity and global climate change shall become a new hot topic of research.
引文
1 施雅风,刘时银.中国冰川对21世纪全球变暖响应的预估.科学通报,2000,45(4):434—438.
2 李慧林,李忠勤,沈永平,等.冰川动力学模式及其对中国冰川变化预测的适应性.冰川冻土,2007,29(2):201—208.
3 邱权,韩建达.一种使用GPS、罗盘和激光测距仪测定南极冰川运动的方法.仪器仪表学报,2009,30(10):315—318.
4 Dorrer E,Hofmann W,Seufert W.Geodetic results of the Ross Ice Shelf survey expeditions,1962—1963 and 1965—1966.Journal of Glaciology,1969,52(8):67—90.
5 Hofmann W,Dorrer E,Nottarp K.The Ross Ice Shelf survey(RISS)1962—1963//Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies.Washington,D C,United States:American Geophysical Union,1964,45:83—117.
6 徐绍铨,鄂栋臣,王升定.南极纳尔逊岛冰川运动监测.武测科技,1988,(4):30—35.
7 Frezzotti M,Capra A,Vittuari L.Comparison between glacier ice velocities inferred from GPS and sequential satellite images.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27(15):54—60.
8 王清华,鄂栋臣,陈春明.中山站至A冰穹考察及沿线GPS复测结果分析.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2001,26(3):200—231.
9 Manson R,Coleman R,Morgan P,et al.Ice velocities of the Lambert Glacier from static GPS observations.Earth,Planets and Space,2000,52(11):1031—1036.
10 Urbini S,Frezzotti M,Gandolfi S,et al.Historical behaviour of Dome C and Talos Dome(East Antarctica)as investigated by snow accumulation and ice velocity measurements.Global and Planetary Change,2008,60(3-4):576—588.
11 Sunil P S,Reddy C D,Ponraj M,et al.GPS determination of the velocity and strain-rate fields on Schirmacher Glacier,central Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,2007,53(183):558—564.
12 Goldstein R M,Engelhardt H,Kamb B,et al.Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring ice-sheet motion:application to an Antarctic ice stream.Science,1993,262(5139):1525—1530.
13 Rignot E.Changes in west Antarctic ice stream dynamics observed with ALOS PALSAR data.Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35(12):63—74.
14 Kimura H,Kanamori T,Wakabayashi H,et al.Ice sheet motion in inland Antarctica from JERS-1 SAR interferometry.IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing(IGARSS),2004,5(1-7):3018—3020.
15 Dongchen E,Zhou C X,Liao M S.Application of SAR interferometry in Grove Mountains,East Antarctica//Proc SPIE 5239,Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring.Barcelona,Spain:SPIE,2004:514—521.
16 Pattyn F,Derauw D.Ice-dynamic conditions of Shirase Glacier,Antarctica,inferred from ERS SAR interferometry.Journal of Glaciology,2002,48(163):559—565.
17 Mac Ayeal D R,Rignot E,Hulbe C.Ice-shelf dynamics near the front of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf,Antarctica,revealed by SAR interferometry:model/interferogram comparison.Journal of Glaciology,1998,44(147):419—428.
18 Lucchitta B K,Rosanova C E.Velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers,West Antarctica,from ERS-1 SAR images.Annals of Glaciology,1997,21:819—824.
19 Lucchitta B K,Rosanova C E,Mullins F K.Velocities of Pine Island Glacier,West Antarctica,from ERS-1 SAR images.Annals of Glaciology,1995,21:277—283.
20 程晓,李小文,邵芸,等.南极格罗夫山地区冰川运动规律DINSAR遥感研究.科学通报,2006,51(17):2060—2067.
21 Strozzi T,Luckman A,Murray T,et al.Glacier motion estimation using SAR offset-tracking procedures.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,40(11):2384—2391.
22 Gourmelen N,Kim S W,Shepherd A,et al.Ice velocity determined using conventional and multiple-aperture In SAR.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,307(1-2):156—160.
23 Joughin I,Kwok R,Fahnestock M.Estimation of ice-sheet motion using satellite radar interferometry:method and error analysis with application to Humboldt Glacier,Greenland.Journal of Glaciology,1996,42(142):564—575.
24 Sundal A V,Shepherd A,Nienow P,et al.Melt-induced speed-up of Greenland ice sheet offset by efficient subglacial drainage.Nature,1999,469(7331):521—524.
25 Fricker H A,Coleman R,Padman L,et al.Mapping the grounding zone of the Amery Ice Shelf,east Antarctica using In SAR,MODIS and ICESat.Antarctic Science,2009,21(5):515—532.
26 Scambos T A.Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity using satellite image data.Remote Sensing of Environment,1992,42(3):177—186.
27 Heid T,Kb A.Evaluation of existing image matching methods for deriving glacier surface displacements globally from optical satellite imagery.Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,118:339—355.
28 Ahn Y,Howat I M.Efficient automated glacier surface velocity measurement from repeat images using multi-image/multichip and null exclusion feature tracking.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2011,49(8):2838—2846.
29 Stephenson S N,Bindschadler R A.Observed velocity fluctuations on a major Antarctic ice stream.Nature,1988,334(6184):695—697.
30 Naruse R.Studies On The Ice Sheet Flow And Local Mass Budget In Mizuho Plateau,Antarctica.Hokkaido:Institute of Low Temperature Science,Hokkaido University,1978:3—54.
31 Cheng X,Li X W,Shao Y,et al.DINSAR measurement of glacier motion in Antarctic Grove Mountain.Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(3):358 —366.
32 Yu J,Liu H X,Wang L,et al.Blue ice areas and their topographical properties in the Lambert glacier,Amery Iceshelf system using Landsat ETM+,ICESat laser altimetry and ASTER GDEM data.Antarctic Science,2012,24(1):95—110.
33 Yu J,Liu H X,Jezek K C,et al.Analysis of velocity field,mass balance,and basal melt of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system by incorporating Radarsat SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2010,115(B11),doi:10.1029/2010JB007456.
34 Urbini S,Cafarella L,Zirizzotti A,et al.Location of a new ice core site at Talos Dome(East Antarctica).Annals of Geophysics,2006,49(4-5):1133—1138.
35 Richter A,Fedorov D V,Fritsche M,et al.Ice flow velocities over Vostok Subglacial Lake,East Antarctica,determined by 10 years of GNSS observations.Journal of Glaciology,2013,59(214):315—326.
36 Patrick.Antarctic Ice Velocity Data[EB/OL].http://nsidc.org/data/velmap/.2004.10.
37 Scambos T,Bohlander J,Raup B,et al.Glaciological characteristics of institute ice stream using remote sensing.Antarctic Science,2004,16(2):205 —213.
38 Schenk T,Csatho B,van der Veen C J,et al.Registering imagery to ICESat data for measuring elevation changes on Byrd Glacier,Antarctica.Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(523):23—32.
39 Casassa G,Brecher H H.Relief and decay of flow stripes on Byrd Glacier,Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,1993,17:255—261.
40 Jacobel R W,Welch B C,Osterhouse D,et al.Spatial variation of radar-derived basal conditions on Kamb Ice Stream,West Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,2009,50(51):10—16.
41 Joughin I,Tulaczyk S,Bindschadler R,et al.Changes in West Antarctic ice stream velocities:Observation and analysis.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2002,107(B11):EPM 3-1-EPM 3-22.
42 Liu C,Bentley C R,Lord N E.Velocity difference between the surface and base of Ice Stream B2,West Antarctica,from radar fading-pattern experiment.Annals of Glaciology,1999,29(1):243—249.
43 Bindschadler R,Vornberger P,Blankenship D,et al.Surface velocity and mass balance of Ice Streams D and E,West Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,1996,42(142):461—475.
44 Whillans I M,Van der Veen C J.New and improved determinations of velocity of ice stream B and C,west Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,1993,39 (133):483—490.
45 Whillans I M,Jackson M,Tseng Y H.Velocity pattern in a transect across ice stream B,Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,1993,39(133):562—572.
46 Skvarca P,Rack W,Rott H.34 year satellite time series to monitor characteristics,extent and dynamics of Larsen B Ice Shelf,Antarctic Peninsula.Annals of Glaciology,1999,29(10):255—260.
47 Osmanoglu B,Braun M,Hock R,et al.Surface velocity and ice discharge of the ice cap on King George Island,Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,2013,54(63):111—119.
48 Budd W F,Corry M J,Jacka T H.Results from the Amery Ice Shelf project.Annals of Glaciology,1982,3:36—41.
49 Lambrecht A,Sandhger H,Vaughan D G,et al.New ice thickness maps of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf,Antarctica,with specific focus on grounding lines and marine ice.Antarctic Science,2007,19(4):521—532.
50 Thomas R H,Macayeal D R.Glaciological measurements on the Ross Ice Shelf.Antarctic Journal of The United States,1978,13(4):55—56.
51 Thomas R H,Macayeal D R.Glaciological measurements on Ross Ice Shelf.Antarctic Journa L of The United States,1977,12(4):144—145.
52 Thomas R H,Eilers D H.Glaciological measurements on Ross Ice Shelf.Antarctic Journal of The United States,1975,10(4):149—150.
53 Joughin I.Ice—sheet velocity mapping:a combined interferometric and speckle—tracking approach.Annals of Glaciology,2002,34(1):195—201.
54 Young N W,Hyland G.Velocity and strain rates derived from In SAR analysis over the Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,2002,34(1):228—234.
55 Lee C K,Seo K W,Han S C,et al.Ice velocity mapping of Ross Ice Shelf,Antarctica by matching surface undulations measured by ICESat laser altimetry.Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,124:251—258.
56 Marsh O J,Rack W.A method of calculating ice-shelf surface velocity using ICESat altimetry.Polar Record,2012,48(S1):25—30.
57 Yu J,Liu H X,Jezek K C,et al.Analysis of velocity field,mass balance,and basal melt of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system by incorporating Radarsat SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2010,115(B11):B11102.
58 Zhang S K,Dongchen E,Wang Z M.Ice velocities on the front of Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica,from static GPS observations//Proc SPIE6418,Geoinformatics 2006:GNSS and Integrated Geospatial Applications.Wuhan,China:SPIE,2006:4180—4185.
59 Baek S,Shum C K,Lee H,et al.DEM,tide and velocity over Sulzberger ice shelf,West Antarctica//IGARSS 2005:IEEE International Geoscience and Remote ensing Symposium.Seoul:IEEE,2005,4:2726—2728.
60 Haug T,Kb A,Skvarca P.Monitoring ice shelf velocities from repeat MODIS and Landsat data-a method study on the Larsen C ice shelf,Antarctic Peninsula,and 10 other ice shelves around Antarctica.The Cryosphere,2010,4(2):161—178.
61 Engelhardt H.Siple Coast Ice Velocities[EB/OL].(2012-08-16)[2013-08-04].http://nsidc.org/data/velmap/siple/streamc_engelhardt/icestream_c.html.
62 King M A,Coleman R,Morgan P J,et al.Velocity change of the Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica,during the period 1968—1999.Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2007,112(F1):F01013.
2 李慧林,李忠勤,沈永平,等.冰川动力学模式及其对中国冰川变化预测的适应性.冰川冻土,2007,29(2):201—208.
3 邱权,韩建达.一种使用GPS、罗盘和激光测距仪测定南极冰川运动的方法.仪器仪表学报,2009,30(10):315—318.
4 Dorrer E,Hofmann W,Seufert W.Geodetic results of the Ross Ice Shelf survey expeditions,1962—1963 and 1965—1966.Journal of Glaciology,1969,52(8):67—90.
5 Hofmann W,Dorrer E,Nottarp K.The Ross Ice Shelf survey(RISS)1962—1963//Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies.Washington,D C,United States:American Geophysical Union,1964,45:83—117.
6 徐绍铨,鄂栋臣,王升定.南极纳尔逊岛冰川运动监测.武测科技,1988,(4):30—35.
7 Frezzotti M,Capra A,Vittuari L.Comparison between glacier ice velocities inferred from GPS and sequential satellite images.Annals of Glaciology,1998,27(15):54—60.
8 王清华,鄂栋臣,陈春明.中山站至A冰穹考察及沿线GPS复测结果分析.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2001,26(3):200—231.
9 Manson R,Coleman R,Morgan P,et al.Ice velocities of the Lambert Glacier from static GPS observations.Earth,Planets and Space,2000,52(11):1031—1036.
10 Urbini S,Frezzotti M,Gandolfi S,et al.Historical behaviour of Dome C and Talos Dome(East Antarctica)as investigated by snow accumulation and ice velocity measurements.Global and Planetary Change,2008,60(3-4):576—588.
11 Sunil P S,Reddy C D,Ponraj M,et al.GPS determination of the velocity and strain-rate fields on Schirmacher Glacier,central Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,2007,53(183):558—564.
12 Goldstein R M,Engelhardt H,Kamb B,et al.Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring ice-sheet motion:application to an Antarctic ice stream.Science,1993,262(5139):1525—1530.
13 Rignot E.Changes in west Antarctic ice stream dynamics observed with ALOS PALSAR data.Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35(12):63—74.
14 Kimura H,Kanamori T,Wakabayashi H,et al.Ice sheet motion in inland Antarctica from JERS-1 SAR interferometry.IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing(IGARSS),2004,5(1-7):3018—3020.
15 Dongchen E,Zhou C X,Liao M S.Application of SAR interferometry in Grove Mountains,East Antarctica//Proc SPIE 5239,Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring.Barcelona,Spain:SPIE,2004:514—521.
16 Pattyn F,Derauw D.Ice-dynamic conditions of Shirase Glacier,Antarctica,inferred from ERS SAR interferometry.Journal of Glaciology,2002,48(163):559—565.
17 Mac Ayeal D R,Rignot E,Hulbe C.Ice-shelf dynamics near the front of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf,Antarctica,revealed by SAR interferometry:model/interferogram comparison.Journal of Glaciology,1998,44(147):419—428.
18 Lucchitta B K,Rosanova C E.Velocities of Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers,West Antarctica,from ERS-1 SAR images.Annals of Glaciology,1997,21:819—824.
19 Lucchitta B K,Rosanova C E,Mullins F K.Velocities of Pine Island Glacier,West Antarctica,from ERS-1 SAR images.Annals of Glaciology,1995,21:277—283.
20 程晓,李小文,邵芸,等.南极格罗夫山地区冰川运动规律DINSAR遥感研究.科学通报,2006,51(17):2060—2067.
21 Strozzi T,Luckman A,Murray T,et al.Glacier motion estimation using SAR offset-tracking procedures.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,40(11):2384—2391.
22 Gourmelen N,Kim S W,Shepherd A,et al.Ice velocity determined using conventional and multiple-aperture In SAR.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,307(1-2):156—160.
23 Joughin I,Kwok R,Fahnestock M.Estimation of ice-sheet motion using satellite radar interferometry:method and error analysis with application to Humboldt Glacier,Greenland.Journal of Glaciology,1996,42(142):564—575.
24 Sundal A V,Shepherd A,Nienow P,et al.Melt-induced speed-up of Greenland ice sheet offset by efficient subglacial drainage.Nature,1999,469(7331):521—524.
25 Fricker H A,Coleman R,Padman L,et al.Mapping the grounding zone of the Amery Ice Shelf,east Antarctica using In SAR,MODIS and ICESat.Antarctic Science,2009,21(5):515—532.
26 Scambos T A.Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity using satellite image data.Remote Sensing of Environment,1992,42(3):177—186.
27 Heid T,Kb A.Evaluation of existing image matching methods for deriving glacier surface displacements globally from optical satellite imagery.Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,118:339—355.
28 Ahn Y,Howat I M.Efficient automated glacier surface velocity measurement from repeat images using multi-image/multichip and null exclusion feature tracking.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2011,49(8):2838—2846.
29 Stephenson S N,Bindschadler R A.Observed velocity fluctuations on a major Antarctic ice stream.Nature,1988,334(6184):695—697.
30 Naruse R.Studies On The Ice Sheet Flow And Local Mass Budget In Mizuho Plateau,Antarctica.Hokkaido:Institute of Low Temperature Science,Hokkaido University,1978:3—54.
31 Cheng X,Li X W,Shao Y,et al.DINSAR measurement of glacier motion in Antarctic Grove Mountain.Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(3):358 —366.
32 Yu J,Liu H X,Wang L,et al.Blue ice areas and their topographical properties in the Lambert glacier,Amery Iceshelf system using Landsat ETM+,ICESat laser altimetry and ASTER GDEM data.Antarctic Science,2012,24(1):95—110.
33 Yu J,Liu H X,Jezek K C,et al.Analysis of velocity field,mass balance,and basal melt of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system by incorporating Radarsat SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2010,115(B11),doi:10.1029/2010JB007456.
34 Urbini S,Cafarella L,Zirizzotti A,et al.Location of a new ice core site at Talos Dome(East Antarctica).Annals of Geophysics,2006,49(4-5):1133—1138.
35 Richter A,Fedorov D V,Fritsche M,et al.Ice flow velocities over Vostok Subglacial Lake,East Antarctica,determined by 10 years of GNSS observations.Journal of Glaciology,2013,59(214):315—326.
36 Patrick.Antarctic Ice Velocity Data[EB/OL].http://nsidc.org/data/velmap/.2004.10.
37 Scambos T,Bohlander J,Raup B,et al.Glaciological characteristics of institute ice stream using remote sensing.Antarctic Science,2004,16(2):205 —213.
38 Schenk T,Csatho B,van der Veen C J,et al.Registering imagery to ICESat data for measuring elevation changes on Byrd Glacier,Antarctica.Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(523):23—32.
39 Casassa G,Brecher H H.Relief and decay of flow stripes on Byrd Glacier,Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,1993,17:255—261.
40 Jacobel R W,Welch B C,Osterhouse D,et al.Spatial variation of radar-derived basal conditions on Kamb Ice Stream,West Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,2009,50(51):10—16.
41 Joughin I,Tulaczyk S,Bindschadler R,et al.Changes in West Antarctic ice stream velocities:Observation and analysis.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2002,107(B11):EPM 3-1-EPM 3-22.
42 Liu C,Bentley C R,Lord N E.Velocity difference between the surface and base of Ice Stream B2,West Antarctica,from radar fading-pattern experiment.Annals of Glaciology,1999,29(1):243—249.
43 Bindschadler R,Vornberger P,Blankenship D,et al.Surface velocity and mass balance of Ice Streams D and E,West Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,1996,42(142):461—475.
44 Whillans I M,Van der Veen C J.New and improved determinations of velocity of ice stream B and C,west Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,1993,39 (133):483—490.
45 Whillans I M,Jackson M,Tseng Y H.Velocity pattern in a transect across ice stream B,Antarctica.Journal of Glaciology,1993,39(133):562—572.
46 Skvarca P,Rack W,Rott H.34 year satellite time series to monitor characteristics,extent and dynamics of Larsen B Ice Shelf,Antarctic Peninsula.Annals of Glaciology,1999,29(10):255—260.
47 Osmanoglu B,Braun M,Hock R,et al.Surface velocity and ice discharge of the ice cap on King George Island,Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,2013,54(63):111—119.
48 Budd W F,Corry M J,Jacka T H.Results from the Amery Ice Shelf project.Annals of Glaciology,1982,3:36—41.
49 Lambrecht A,Sandhger H,Vaughan D G,et al.New ice thickness maps of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf,Antarctica,with specific focus on grounding lines and marine ice.Antarctic Science,2007,19(4):521—532.
50 Thomas R H,Macayeal D R.Glaciological measurements on the Ross Ice Shelf.Antarctic Journal of The United States,1978,13(4):55—56.
51 Thomas R H,Macayeal D R.Glaciological measurements on Ross Ice Shelf.Antarctic Journa L of The United States,1977,12(4):144—145.
52 Thomas R H,Eilers D H.Glaciological measurements on Ross Ice Shelf.Antarctic Journal of The United States,1975,10(4):149—150.
53 Joughin I.Ice—sheet velocity mapping:a combined interferometric and speckle—tracking approach.Annals of Glaciology,2002,34(1):195—201.
54 Young N W,Hyland G.Velocity and strain rates derived from In SAR analysis over the Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica.Annals of Glaciology,2002,34(1):228—234.
55 Lee C K,Seo K W,Han S C,et al.Ice velocity mapping of Ross Ice Shelf,Antarctica by matching surface undulations measured by ICESat laser altimetry.Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,124:251—258.
56 Marsh O J,Rack W.A method of calculating ice-shelf surface velocity using ICESat altimetry.Polar Record,2012,48(S1):25—30.
57 Yu J,Liu H X,Jezek K C,et al.Analysis of velocity field,mass balance,and basal melt of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system by incorporating Radarsat SAR interferometry and ICESat laser altimetry measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2010,115(B11):B11102.
58 Zhang S K,Dongchen E,Wang Z M.Ice velocities on the front of Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica,from static GPS observations//Proc SPIE6418,Geoinformatics 2006:GNSS and Integrated Geospatial Applications.Wuhan,China:SPIE,2006:4180—4185.
59 Baek S,Shum C K,Lee H,et al.DEM,tide and velocity over Sulzberger ice shelf,West Antarctica//IGARSS 2005:IEEE International Geoscience and Remote ensing Symposium.Seoul:IEEE,2005,4:2726—2728.
60 Haug T,Kb A,Skvarca P.Monitoring ice shelf velocities from repeat MODIS and Landsat data-a method study on the Larsen C ice shelf,Antarctic Peninsula,and 10 other ice shelves around Antarctica.The Cryosphere,2010,4(2):161—178.
61 Engelhardt H.Siple Coast Ice Velocities[EB/OL].(2012-08-16)[2013-08-04].http://nsidc.org/data/velmap/siple/streamc_engelhardt/icestream_c.html.
62 King M A,Coleman R,Morgan P J,et al.Velocity change of the Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica,during the period 1968—1999.Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2007,112(F1):F01013.