开源软件开发团队的冲突来源研究——基于虚拟团队与软件工程的视角
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摘要
本文以虚拟团队和软件工程开发为视角,首先采用叙述体式文献回顾、内容分析的方法,识别出这两个范畴的冲突来源结合点,并综合现有文献中关于开源软件开发过程中冲突触发事件的研究结果,归纳出开源开发情境中潜在的冲突来源,然后根据开源开发团队与上述两个范畴的共性,提出了开源软件开发团队的冲突来源位于这些潜在因素中这一理论议题。接着我们通过访谈验证的方法,对识别出的潜在冲突来源进行逐一验证。研究结果表明,在开源软件开发团队中,以下5个方面是导致团队产生冲突的主要原因:第一,组织的规则、开发程序、预算资金等问题的意见不一致;第二,对团队成员的任务(或角色、责任)的分配模糊不清晰;第三,团队成员之间信息不对称;第四,目标上的差异或是动机上的争议;第五,参与者个性和背景差异。本研究结果可以帮助管理者从源头上解决冲突,提升团队的工作效率,提高开源软件的产出质量。
This study identified the common sources of conflict in the settings of virtual team and software engineering by narrative literature review and content analysis,and then summarized the potential sources of conflict in open source scenario by taking into account the triggering events that have been identified in the extant literature.Based on the common features of open source software development and the two perspectives mentioned above,we further proposed that the sources of conflict in open source software developing team lie in these potential sources.Then,we empirically examined the proposition by interviews.Five major sources of conflict in open source scenario have been confirmed,namely 1)disagreement on organizational rules,development procedure and budget planning;2)confusion about task distribution among team members,such as roles and responsibilities;3)information asymmetry among members;4)different goals and motivations;5)diversity of individuality and backgrounds.These findings can help project managers improve the efficiency of teamwork and the quality of open source software by resolving team conflict in terms of sources.
This study identified the common sources of conflict in the settings of virtual team and software engineering by narrative literature review and content analysis,and then summarized the potential sources of conflict in open source scenario by taking into account the triggering events that have been identified in the extant literature.Based on the common features of open source software development and the two perspectives mentioned above,we further proposed that the sources of conflict in open source software developing team lie in these potential sources.Then,we empirically examined the proposition by interviews.Five major sources of conflict in open source scenario have been confirmed,namely 1)disagreement on organizational rules,development procedure and budget planning;2)confusion about task distribution among team members,such as roles and responsibilities;3)information asymmetry among members;4)different goals and motivations;5)diversity of individuality and backgrounds.These findings can help project managers improve the efficiency of teamwork and the quality of open source software by resolving team conflict in terms of sources.
引文
1 Pike J C,Joyce E W,Butler B S.Overcoming Transience and Flux:Routines in Community-Governed Mass Collaborations[J].Information Technology&People,2017,30(2):449-472.
2 ,4,8,99范哲,吴克文,朱庆华,等.互联网群体协作概念、应用与适用理论探讨[J].情报理论与实践,2013,36(6):13-20.
3 朱光,张薇薇,朱晓东.基于数据溯源和RDF语义的群体协作信任模型研究[J].情报理论与实践,2015,38(10):122-126.
5 Wu K,Zhu Q,Vassileva J,et al.Does Conflict Matter in the Success of Mass Collaboration?Investigating Antecedents and Consequence of Conflict in Wikipedia[J].Chinese Journal of Library and Formation Science,2012,5(1):34-50.
6 孟秀丽,易红,倪中华,等.基于多目标决策的协同设计冲突消解方法研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005(5):668-672.
7 Kittur A,Suh B,Pendleton B A,et al.He Says,She Says:Conflict and Coordination in Wikipedia[C]//Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Human factors in computing systems-CHI’07,New York:ACM Press,2007:453-462.
9 Jahan N,Naveed S,Zeshan M,et al.How to Conduct a Systematic Review:a Narrative Literature Review[J].Cureus,2016,8(11):e864.
10 ,11Xiao Y,Watson M.Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,2017:1-20.
12 赵捧未,马琳,秦春秀.虚拟社区研究综述[J].情报理论与实践,2013,36(7):119-123.
13 廖冰.虚拟团队的沟通分析[J].企业经济,2004(2):41-42.
14 ,18,45,47,103Shin Y.Conflict Resolution in Virtual Teams[J].Organizational Dynamics,2005,34(4):331-345.
15 Cureu P L.Emergent States in Virtual Teams:a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective[J].Journal of Information Technology,2006,21(4):249-261.
16 Hambley L A,O’Neill T A,Kline T J B.Virtual Team Leadership:The Effects of Leadership Style and Communication Medium on Team Interaction Styles and Outcomes[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2007,103(1):1-20.
17 Gallenkamp J V,Assmann J J,Drescher M A,et al.Conflict,Culture,and Performance in Virtual Teams:Results From a Cross-Cultural Study[C]//The 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,Honolulu,HI:IEEE,2010:1-10.
19 ,48,79,104Liu X,Magjuka R J,Lee S.An Examination of the Relationship among Structure,Trust,and Conflict Management Styles in Virtual Teams[J].Performance Improvement Quarterly,2008,21(1):77-93.
20 Reed A H,Knight L V.Project Risk Differences Between Virtual and Co-Located Teams[J].Journal of Computer Information Systems,2010,51(1):19-30.
21 Peters L,Karren R J.An examination of the Roles of Trust and Functional Diversity on Virtual Team Performance Ratings[J].Group&Organization Management,2009,34(4):479-504.
22 Pazos P.Conflict Management and Effectiveness in Virtual Teams[J].Team Performance Management:An International Journal,2012,18(7):401-417.
23 Picard J M.Researching Social Conflict in Collaborative Groups[C]//Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Networked Learning,Lancaster,UK,2006:1-8.
24 Xie K,Miller N C,Allison J R.Toward a Social Conflict Evolution Model:Examining the Adverse Power of Conflictual Social Interaction in Online Learning[J].Computers&Education,2013,63:404-415.
25 Lee J Y H,Panteli N.Business Strategic Conflict in Computer-Mediated communication[J].European Journal of Information Systems,2010,19(2):196-208.
26 ,31,41,50 Cramton C D.The Mutual Knowledge Problem and its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration[J].Organization Science,2001,12(3):346-371.
27 ,42,51,56,124,131,132,133 Hinds P J,Bailey D E.Out of Sight,Out of Sync:Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams[J].Organization Science,2003,14(6):615-632.
28 Paul S,Ray S.Cultural Diversity,Group Interaction,Communication Convergence,and Intra-Group Conflict in Global Virtual Teams:Findings from a Laboratory Experiment[C]//The 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,Maui,HI:IEEE,2013:344-352.
29 Bezerra J,Hirata C M.Conflict Management Process for Virtual Communities[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems,Beijing,China,2011:33-42.
30 Whitworth A.The Politics of Virtual Learning Environments:Environmental Change,Conflict,and E-Learning[J].British Journal of Educational Technology,2005,36(4):685-691.
32 DeSanctis G,Monge P.Communication Processes for Virtual Organizations[J].Organization Science,1999,10(6):693–703.
33 ,39,76 Ayoko O B,Konrad A M,Boyle M V.Online Work:Managing Conflict and Emotions for Performance in Virtual Teams[J].European Management Journal,2012,30(2):156-174.
34 ,82,91,94,101Pelled L H,Eisenhardt K M,Xin K R.Exploring the Black Box:An Analysis of Work Group Diversity,Conflict and Performance[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(1):1-28.
35 Lea M,Spears R.Paralanguage and Social Perception in Computer-Mediated Communication[J].Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce,1992,2(4):321-341.
36 Smith R O.The Paradox of Trust in Online Collaborative Groups[J].Distance Education,2008,29(3):325-340.
37 ,71,72Kankanhalli A,Tan B C Y,Wei K K.Conflict and Performance in Global Virtual Teams[J].Journal of Management Information Systems,2006,23(3):237-274.
38 Jehn K A,Mannix E A.The Dynamic Nature of Conflict:A Longitudinal Study of Intragroup Conflict and Group Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(2):238-251.
40 ,44,64,65,69,75,100Bsino H.Managing Conflict[M].Beverly Hills:Sage Publications,1988:58.
46 ,156Filippova A,Cho H.The Effects and Antecedents of Conflict in Free and Open Source Software Development[C]//Proceedings of the19 th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work&Social Computing,2016:705-716.
49 Jehn K A,Northcraft G B,Neale M A.Why Differences Make a Difference:A Field Study of Diversity,Conflict and Performance in Workgroups[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(4):741-763.
52 Armstrong D J,Cole P.Managing Distances and Differences in Geographically Distributed Work groups[M]//Hinds P,Kiesler S.Distributed Work.Cambridge:MIT Press,2002:167-189.
53 ,54,70,81,86Gu L,Wang J.How Conflicts May Impact Intentions to Share Knowledge in a Virtual Team[J].Issues in Information Systems,2013,14(2):79-86.
55 ,105 Walton R E,Dutton J M.The Management of Interdepartmental Conflict:A Model and Review[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1969,14(1):73-84.
57 ,58,59,60,62,63,73,106徐兰,刘建银.网游社区里的人际冲突:一项针对青少年网游玩家的访谈研究[J].重庆邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2015,27(1):65-70.
61 ,107 Ozturk T H,Hodgson V.Developing a Model of Conflict in Virtual Learning Communities in the Context of a Democratic Pedagogy[J].British Journal of Educational Technology,2017,48(1):23-42.
66 ,88 Robbins S P.Essentials of Organizational Behavior[M].Upper Saddle River:Prentice Hall,2000.
67 孙康,杜荣.实名制虚拟社区知识共享影响因素的实证研究[J].情报杂志,2010,29(4):83-87.
74 ,80,87,89Smith A D.Problems of Conflict Management in Virtual Communities[M]//Kollock P,Smith M.Communities in Cyberspace.London:Routledge,1998:145-174.
77 Mannix E A,Griffith T,Neale M A.The Phenomenology of Conflict in Distributed Work Teams[J].Distributed Work,2002,(2):213-233.
78 Riopelle K,Gluesing J C,Alcordo T C,et al.Context,Task,and the Evolution of Technology Use in Global Virtual Teams[M]//Gibson C B,Cohen S G.Virtual Teams that Work:Creating Conditions for Virtual Team Effectiveness.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2003:239-264.
83 ,90Paul S,Seetharaman P,Samarah I,et al.Understanding Conflict in Virtual Teams:An Experimental Investigation Using Content Analysis[C]//Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,Big Island,HI:IEEE,2005:1-10.
84 ,85,92,93,95,96,97,98,102范高社,闫小明.高校虚拟社区冲突主体分类及其行为特征分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2014,34(4):111-115.
108 ,109,111,114,120Sawyer S.Effects of Intra-Group Conflict on Packaged Software Development Team Performance[J].Information Systems Journal,2001,11(2):155-178.
110 ,115,116 Robey D.Conflict Models for Implementation Research[M].Greenwich,CT:JAI Press,1984:89-105.
112 Elliott M,Scacchi W.Free Software Development:Cooperation and Conflict in a Virtual Organizational Culture[M]//Koch S.Free/Open Source Software Development.Hershey,PA:Idea Publishing,2004:152-173.
113 ,122,125,150Zhang X,Stafford T F,Dhaliwal J S,et al.Sources of Conflict between Developers and Testers in Software Development[J].Information&Management,2014,51(1):13-26.
117 Chan M.Intergroup Conflict and Conflict Management in the R&D Divisions of Four Aerospace Companies[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1989,36(2):95-104.
118 ,119,134,137Smith H A,McKeen J D.Computerization and Management:A study of Conflict and Change[J].Information&Management,1992,22(1):53-64.
121 ,135 Ware J P,Barnes L B.Managing Interpersonal Conflict[M]//Schlesinger L A,Eccles R G,Gabarro J J.Managing Behavior in Organizations:Text,Cases,Readings.New York:McGraw-Hill,1983:196-209.
123 ,126,128,129,136,138,143,144,145,146,147 Cohen C F,Birkin S J,Garfield M J,et al.Managing Conflict in Software Testing[J].Communications of the ACM,2004,47(1):76-81.
127 ,139,140,141,148,149 Yeh Q J,Tsai C L.Two Conflict Potentials during IS Development[J].Information&Management,2001,39(2):135-149.
130 Thamhain H J,Wilemon D L.Conflict Management in Project Life Cycles[J].Sloan Management Review(pre-1986),1975,16(3):31.
142 Banner D K.Conflict Resolution:A Recontextualization[J].Leadership&Organization Development Journal,1995,16(1):31-34.
151 ,153 Arazy O,Yeo L,Nov O.Stay on the Wikipedia Task:When Task-Related Disagreements Slip into Personal and Procedural Conflicts[J].Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,2013,64(8):1634-1648.
152 ,155Filippova A,Cho H.Mudslinging and Manners:Unpacking Conflict in Free and Open Source Software[C]//Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work&Social Computing,2015:1393-1403.
154 Bolici F,Howison J,Crowston K.Coordination without Discussion?Socio-Technical Congruence and Stigmergy in Free and Open Source Software projects[C]//2nd International Workshop on Socio-Technical Congruence,ICSE,Vancouver,Canada,2009.
2 ,4,8,99范哲,吴克文,朱庆华,等.互联网群体协作概念、应用与适用理论探讨[J].情报理论与实践,2013,36(6):13-20.
3 朱光,张薇薇,朱晓东.基于数据溯源和RDF语义的群体协作信任模型研究[J].情报理论与实践,2015,38(10):122-126.
5 Wu K,Zhu Q,Vassileva J,et al.Does Conflict Matter in the Success of Mass Collaboration?Investigating Antecedents and Consequence of Conflict in Wikipedia[J].Chinese Journal of Library and Formation Science,2012,5(1):34-50.
6 孟秀丽,易红,倪中华,等.基于多目标决策的协同设计冲突消解方法研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005(5):668-672.
7 Kittur A,Suh B,Pendleton B A,et al.He Says,She Says:Conflict and Coordination in Wikipedia[C]//Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Human factors in computing systems-CHI’07,New York:ACM Press,2007:453-462.
9 Jahan N,Naveed S,Zeshan M,et al.How to Conduct a Systematic Review:a Narrative Literature Review[J].Cureus,2016,8(11):e864.
10 ,11Xiao Y,Watson M.Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,2017:1-20.
12 赵捧未,马琳,秦春秀.虚拟社区研究综述[J].情报理论与实践,2013,36(7):119-123.
13 廖冰.虚拟团队的沟通分析[J].企业经济,2004(2):41-42.
14 ,18,45,47,103Shin Y.Conflict Resolution in Virtual Teams[J].Organizational Dynamics,2005,34(4):331-345.
15 Cureu P L.Emergent States in Virtual Teams:a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective[J].Journal of Information Technology,2006,21(4):249-261.
16 Hambley L A,O’Neill T A,Kline T J B.Virtual Team Leadership:The Effects of Leadership Style and Communication Medium on Team Interaction Styles and Outcomes[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2007,103(1):1-20.
17 Gallenkamp J V,Assmann J J,Drescher M A,et al.Conflict,Culture,and Performance in Virtual Teams:Results From a Cross-Cultural Study[C]//The 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,Honolulu,HI:IEEE,2010:1-10.
19 ,48,79,104Liu X,Magjuka R J,Lee S.An Examination of the Relationship among Structure,Trust,and Conflict Management Styles in Virtual Teams[J].Performance Improvement Quarterly,2008,21(1):77-93.
20 Reed A H,Knight L V.Project Risk Differences Between Virtual and Co-Located Teams[J].Journal of Computer Information Systems,2010,51(1):19-30.
21 Peters L,Karren R J.An examination of the Roles of Trust and Functional Diversity on Virtual Team Performance Ratings[J].Group&Organization Management,2009,34(4):479-504.
22 Pazos P.Conflict Management and Effectiveness in Virtual Teams[J].Team Performance Management:An International Journal,2012,18(7):401-417.
23 Picard J M.Researching Social Conflict in Collaborative Groups[C]//Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Networked Learning,Lancaster,UK,2006:1-8.
24 Xie K,Miller N C,Allison J R.Toward a Social Conflict Evolution Model:Examining the Adverse Power of Conflictual Social Interaction in Online Learning[J].Computers&Education,2013,63:404-415.
25 Lee J Y H,Panteli N.Business Strategic Conflict in Computer-Mediated communication[J].European Journal of Information Systems,2010,19(2):196-208.
26 ,31,41,50 Cramton C D.The Mutual Knowledge Problem and its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration[J].Organization Science,2001,12(3):346-371.
27 ,42,51,56,124,131,132,133 Hinds P J,Bailey D E.Out of Sight,Out of Sync:Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams[J].Organization Science,2003,14(6):615-632.
28 Paul S,Ray S.Cultural Diversity,Group Interaction,Communication Convergence,and Intra-Group Conflict in Global Virtual Teams:Findings from a Laboratory Experiment[C]//The 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,Maui,HI:IEEE,2013:344-352.
29 Bezerra J,Hirata C M.Conflict Management Process for Virtual Communities[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems,Beijing,China,2011:33-42.
30 Whitworth A.The Politics of Virtual Learning Environments:Environmental Change,Conflict,and E-Learning[J].British Journal of Educational Technology,2005,36(4):685-691.
32 DeSanctis G,Monge P.Communication Processes for Virtual Organizations[J].Organization Science,1999,10(6):693–703.
33 ,39,76 Ayoko O B,Konrad A M,Boyle M V.Online Work:Managing Conflict and Emotions for Performance in Virtual Teams[J].European Management Journal,2012,30(2):156-174.
34 ,82,91,94,101Pelled L H,Eisenhardt K M,Xin K R.Exploring the Black Box:An Analysis of Work Group Diversity,Conflict and Performance[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(1):1-28.
35 Lea M,Spears R.Paralanguage and Social Perception in Computer-Mediated Communication[J].Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce,1992,2(4):321-341.
36 Smith R O.The Paradox of Trust in Online Collaborative Groups[J].Distance Education,2008,29(3):325-340.
37 ,71,72Kankanhalli A,Tan B C Y,Wei K K.Conflict and Performance in Global Virtual Teams[J].Journal of Management Information Systems,2006,23(3):237-274.
38 Jehn K A,Mannix E A.The Dynamic Nature of Conflict:A Longitudinal Study of Intragroup Conflict and Group Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(2):238-251.
40 ,44,64,65,69,75,100Bsino H.Managing Conflict[M].Beverly Hills:Sage Publications,1988:58.
46 ,156Filippova A,Cho H.The Effects and Antecedents of Conflict in Free and Open Source Software Development[C]//Proceedings of the19 th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work&Social Computing,2016:705-716.
49 Jehn K A,Northcraft G B,Neale M A.Why Differences Make a Difference:A Field Study of Diversity,Conflict and Performance in Workgroups[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1999,44(4):741-763.
52 Armstrong D J,Cole P.Managing Distances and Differences in Geographically Distributed Work groups[M]//Hinds P,Kiesler S.Distributed Work.Cambridge:MIT Press,2002:167-189.
53 ,54,70,81,86Gu L,Wang J.How Conflicts May Impact Intentions to Share Knowledge in a Virtual Team[J].Issues in Information Systems,2013,14(2):79-86.
55 ,105 Walton R E,Dutton J M.The Management of Interdepartmental Conflict:A Model and Review[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1969,14(1):73-84.
57 ,58,59,60,62,63,73,106徐兰,刘建银.网游社区里的人际冲突:一项针对青少年网游玩家的访谈研究[J].重庆邮电大学学报(社会科学版),2015,27(1):65-70.
61 ,107 Ozturk T H,Hodgson V.Developing a Model of Conflict in Virtual Learning Communities in the Context of a Democratic Pedagogy[J].British Journal of Educational Technology,2017,48(1):23-42.
66 ,88 Robbins S P.Essentials of Organizational Behavior[M].Upper Saddle River:Prentice Hall,2000.
67 孙康,杜荣.实名制虚拟社区知识共享影响因素的实证研究[J].情报杂志,2010,29(4):83-87.
74 ,80,87,89Smith A D.Problems of Conflict Management in Virtual Communities[M]//Kollock P,Smith M.Communities in Cyberspace.London:Routledge,1998:145-174.
77 Mannix E A,Griffith T,Neale M A.The Phenomenology of Conflict in Distributed Work Teams[J].Distributed Work,2002,(2):213-233.
78 Riopelle K,Gluesing J C,Alcordo T C,et al.Context,Task,and the Evolution of Technology Use in Global Virtual Teams[M]//Gibson C B,Cohen S G.Virtual Teams that Work:Creating Conditions for Virtual Team Effectiveness.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2003:239-264.
83 ,90Paul S,Seetharaman P,Samarah I,et al.Understanding Conflict in Virtual Teams:An Experimental Investigation Using Content Analysis[C]//Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,Big Island,HI:IEEE,2005:1-10.
84 ,85,92,93,95,96,97,98,102范高社,闫小明.高校虚拟社区冲突主体分类及其行为特征分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2014,34(4):111-115.
108 ,109,111,114,120Sawyer S.Effects of Intra-Group Conflict on Packaged Software Development Team Performance[J].Information Systems Journal,2001,11(2):155-178.
110 ,115,116 Robey D.Conflict Models for Implementation Research[M].Greenwich,CT:JAI Press,1984:89-105.
112 Elliott M,Scacchi W.Free Software Development:Cooperation and Conflict in a Virtual Organizational Culture[M]//Koch S.Free/Open Source Software Development.Hershey,PA:Idea Publishing,2004:152-173.
113 ,122,125,150Zhang X,Stafford T F,Dhaliwal J S,et al.Sources of Conflict between Developers and Testers in Software Development[J].Information&Management,2014,51(1):13-26.
117 Chan M.Intergroup Conflict and Conflict Management in the R&D Divisions of Four Aerospace Companies[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,1989,36(2):95-104.
118 ,119,134,137Smith H A,McKeen J D.Computerization and Management:A study of Conflict and Change[J].Information&Management,1992,22(1):53-64.
121 ,135 Ware J P,Barnes L B.Managing Interpersonal Conflict[M]//Schlesinger L A,Eccles R G,Gabarro J J.Managing Behavior in Organizations:Text,Cases,Readings.New York:McGraw-Hill,1983:196-209.
123 ,126,128,129,136,138,143,144,145,146,147 Cohen C F,Birkin S J,Garfield M J,et al.Managing Conflict in Software Testing[J].Communications of the ACM,2004,47(1):76-81.
127 ,139,140,141,148,149 Yeh Q J,Tsai C L.Two Conflict Potentials during IS Development[J].Information&Management,2001,39(2):135-149.
130 Thamhain H J,Wilemon D L.Conflict Management in Project Life Cycles[J].Sloan Management Review(pre-1986),1975,16(3):31.
142 Banner D K.Conflict Resolution:A Recontextualization[J].Leadership&Organization Development Journal,1995,16(1):31-34.
151 ,153 Arazy O,Yeo L,Nov O.Stay on the Wikipedia Task:When Task-Related Disagreements Slip into Personal and Procedural Conflicts[J].Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,2013,64(8):1634-1648.
152 ,155Filippova A,Cho H.Mudslinging and Manners:Unpacking Conflict in Free and Open Source Software[C]//Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work&Social Computing,2015:1393-1403.
154 Bolici F,Howison J,Crowston K.Coordination without Discussion?Socio-Technical Congruence and Stigmergy in Free and Open Source Software projects[C]//2nd International Workshop on Socio-Technical Congruence,ICSE,Vancouver,Canada,2009.