黄海冷水团大型鲑科鱼类养殖研究进展与展望
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摘要
黄海中部洼地的深层存在一个巨大的夏季冷水团,面积约13万km~2,水质优良,可以利用现代海洋装备在此海域养殖大型鲑科鱼类。中国海洋大学黄海冷水团鲑鱼养殖团队研发了养殖工船,概念性地设计了海浪能驱动的5万m~3的全潜式钢构网箱"深蓝1号"和约17万m~3的养殖-能源-管理于一体的"深蓝2号"智能钢构网箱,成功地完成了黄海冷水团鲑科鱼类养殖技术路线的验证。为实现规模化安全生产,仍需对养殖容量与黄海冷水团变动、适养种类及其育种、养殖技术、病害防治、饲料研发、机械化生产与智能化管理等进行深入研究。
There is a huge cold water mass(CWM)in summer in the deep and bottom of central Yellow Sea,which covers an area of about 130 000 km~2.Due to good water quality,large Salmonidae can be cultivated in this area with modern marine equipment.The team of Ocean University of China engaged in Salmonidae farming in CWM has developed a mariculture vessel,designed conceptually a submersible fish farming cage"Deep Blue 1"(50 000 m~3)and a net cage-green energy-management platform integrated fish farming net cage"Deep Blue 2"(170 000 m~3),and completed successfully the technical route validation of Salmonidae farming in CWM of Yellow Sea.In order to realize the large scale safe production of Salmonidae,what should be studied or developed further included the variation of CWM and carrying capacity for Salmonidae farming,species selection and breeding,farming technology,disease prevent and feed,mechanized production and smart management.
There is a huge cold water mass(CWM)in summer in the deep and bottom of central Yellow Sea,which covers an area of about 130 000 km~2.Due to good water quality,large Salmonidae can be cultivated in this area with modern marine equipment.The team of Ocean University of China engaged in Salmonidae farming in CWM has developed a mariculture vessel,designed conceptually a submersible fish farming cage"Deep Blue 1"(50 000 m~3)and a net cage-green energy-management platform integrated fish farming net cage"Deep Blue 2"(170 000 m~3),and completed successfully the technical route validation of Salmonidae farming in CWM of Yellow Sea.In order to realize the large scale safe production of Salmonidae,what should be studied or developed further included the variation of CWM and carrying capacity for Salmonidae farming,species selection and breeding,farming technology,disease prevent and feed,mechanized production and smart management.
引文
[1] Uda M.The results of simultaneous oceanographical investigations in the Japan Sea and its adjacent waters in May and June 1932[J].Journal of the Imperial Fisheries Experiment Station,1934,5:138-190.
[2]赫崇本,汪园祥,雷宗友,等.黄海冷水团的形成及其性质的初步研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1959,2(1):11-15.He C B,Wang Y X,Lei Z Y,et al.A preliminary study on the generation and the characteristics of the Cold Water Mass of the Yellow Sea[J].Oceanol Limnol Sin,1959,2(1):11-15.
[3]于非,张志欣,刁新源,等.黄海冷水团演变过程及其与邻近水团关系的分析[J].海洋学报,2006,28(5):26-34.Yu F,Zhang Z X,Diao X Y,et al.Analysis of evolution of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass and its relationship with adjacent water masses[J].Acta Oceanologia Sinica,2006,28(5):26-34.
[4]翁学传,张以恳,王从敏,等.黄海冷水团的变化特征[J].海洋与湖沼,1988(4):368-379.Weng X C,Zhang Y K,Wang C M,et al.The variational characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1988(4):368-379.
[5]张竹琦.黄海和东海北部夏季底层溶解氧最大值和最小值特征分析[J].海洋通报,1990,9(4):22-26.Zhang Z Q.On maximum and minimum dissolved oxygen with bottom layer in Yellow Sea and Northern East China Sea in summer[J].Marine Science Bulletin,1990,9(4):22-26.
[6]韦钦胜,傅明珠,李艳,等.南黄海冷水团海域溶解氧和叶绿素最大现象值及营养盐累积的季节演变[J].海洋学报,2013,35(3):142-154.Wei Q S,Fu M Z,Li Y,et al.Observation of the seasonal evolution of DO,chlorophyll a maximum phenomena and nutrient accumulating in the Huanghai(Yellow)Sea Cold Water Mass area[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2013,35(3):142-154.
[7]刁焕祥.黄海冷水溶解氧垂直分布最大值的进一步研究[J].海洋科学,1986,10(6):30-34.Diao H X.The maximum vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen in the Yellow Sea Cold Water[J].Marine Sciences,1986,10(6):30-34.
[8]孟庆军.黄海温度和环流对不同频率风场响应的数值模拟研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Meng Q J.A Numerical Study of the Yellow Sea Temperature and Circulation to Different Frequency Wind[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[9] Boeuf G,Harache Y.Criteria for adaptation of salmonids to high salinity seawater in France[J].Aquaculture,1982,28(1-2):163-176.
[10] Koch H J A.Hemoglobin changes with size in the Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)[J].Aquaculture,1982,28(1-2):231-240.
[11] Landless P J.Acclimation of rainbow trout to sea water[J].Aquaculture,1976,7(2):173-179.
[12]董双林,李德尚,潘克厚.论海水养殖的养殖容量[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1998,28(2):245-250.Dong S L,Li D S,Pan K H.On the carrying capacity of mariculture[J].Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,1998,28(2):245-250.
[13]鲍献文,于华明.黄海冷水团规模化综合利用系统:CN102997493A[P].1993-03-27.Bao X W,Yu H M.Large-scale integrated utilization system of Cold Water Mass in Yellow Sea:CN 102997493A[P].1993-03-27.
[14]李德尚,熊邦喜,李琪,等.水库对投饵网箱养鱼的负荷力[J].水生生物学报,1994,18(3):223-229.Li D S,Xiong B X,Li Q,et al.Carrying capacity of reservoirs for feeding cage-culture of fish[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1994,18(3):223-229.
[15]刘骋跃.低温和海水驯化对鲑鳟鱼类血液学指标和磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2018.Liu C Y.Effects of Low Temperature and Seawater Acclimation on Hematological Indexes and Phospholipids Fatty Acid Composition of Salmonidae[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2018.
[16] Shi K P,Dong S L,Zhou Y G,et al.Comparative evaluation of toleration to heating and hypoxia in three kinds of Salmonidae[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2018,17(6):1-8.
[17] Li G X,Qiao L L,Dong P,et al.Hydrodynamic condition and suspended sediment diffusion in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J].J Geophys Res Oceans,2016,121(8):6204-6222.
[18]熊莹槐.盐度对虹鳟和硬头鳟生长的影响及生理生态学机制[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Xiong Y H.Effects of Salinity on the Growth of Rainbow and Steelhead trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)and Their Eco-physiological Mechanisms[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[19]MccormickS D.Smolt physiology and endocrinology[J].Fish Physiology,2012,32:199-251.
[20] Smith L S.Introduction to Fish Physiology[M].New Jersey:T F H Publications,1982:352.
[21] KorsenJ,Dempster T,Fjelldal P G,et al.Long-term culture of atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)in submerged cages during winter affects behaviour,growth and condition[J].Aquaculture,2009,296:373-381.
[22] Mardonesa F O,Pereza A M,Valdes-Donosoa P,et al.Farmlevel reproduction number during an epidemic of infectious salmon anemia virus in southern Chile in 2007—2009[J].Preventive Veterinary Medicine,2011,102:175-184.
[23] Torrissen O,Olsen R E,Toresen R,et al.Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar):The“Super-Chicken”of the sea[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2011,19(3):257-278.
[24] Treasurer J W.A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control[J].Pest Management Science,2002,58(6):546-558.
[25] Boxaspen K.A review of the biology and genetics of sea lice[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2006,63(7):1304-1316.
[2]赫崇本,汪园祥,雷宗友,等.黄海冷水团的形成及其性质的初步研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1959,2(1):11-15.He C B,Wang Y X,Lei Z Y,et al.A preliminary study on the generation and the characteristics of the Cold Water Mass of the Yellow Sea[J].Oceanol Limnol Sin,1959,2(1):11-15.
[3]于非,张志欣,刁新源,等.黄海冷水团演变过程及其与邻近水团关系的分析[J].海洋学报,2006,28(5):26-34.Yu F,Zhang Z X,Diao X Y,et al.Analysis of evolution of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass and its relationship with adjacent water masses[J].Acta Oceanologia Sinica,2006,28(5):26-34.
[4]翁学传,张以恳,王从敏,等.黄海冷水团的变化特征[J].海洋与湖沼,1988(4):368-379.Weng X C,Zhang Y K,Wang C M,et al.The variational characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1988(4):368-379.
[5]张竹琦.黄海和东海北部夏季底层溶解氧最大值和最小值特征分析[J].海洋通报,1990,9(4):22-26.Zhang Z Q.On maximum and minimum dissolved oxygen with bottom layer in Yellow Sea and Northern East China Sea in summer[J].Marine Science Bulletin,1990,9(4):22-26.
[6]韦钦胜,傅明珠,李艳,等.南黄海冷水团海域溶解氧和叶绿素最大现象值及营养盐累积的季节演变[J].海洋学报,2013,35(3):142-154.Wei Q S,Fu M Z,Li Y,et al.Observation of the seasonal evolution of DO,chlorophyll a maximum phenomena and nutrient accumulating in the Huanghai(Yellow)Sea Cold Water Mass area[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2013,35(3):142-154.
[7]刁焕祥.黄海冷水溶解氧垂直分布最大值的进一步研究[J].海洋科学,1986,10(6):30-34.Diao H X.The maximum vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen in the Yellow Sea Cold Water[J].Marine Sciences,1986,10(6):30-34.
[8]孟庆军.黄海温度和环流对不同频率风场响应的数值模拟研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Meng Q J.A Numerical Study of the Yellow Sea Temperature and Circulation to Different Frequency Wind[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[9] Boeuf G,Harache Y.Criteria for adaptation of salmonids to high salinity seawater in France[J].Aquaculture,1982,28(1-2):163-176.
[10] Koch H J A.Hemoglobin changes with size in the Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)[J].Aquaculture,1982,28(1-2):231-240.
[11] Landless P J.Acclimation of rainbow trout to sea water[J].Aquaculture,1976,7(2):173-179.
[12]董双林,李德尚,潘克厚.论海水养殖的养殖容量[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1998,28(2):245-250.Dong S L,Li D S,Pan K H.On the carrying capacity of mariculture[J].Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,1998,28(2):245-250.
[13]鲍献文,于华明.黄海冷水团规模化综合利用系统:CN102997493A[P].1993-03-27.Bao X W,Yu H M.Large-scale integrated utilization system of Cold Water Mass in Yellow Sea:CN 102997493A[P].1993-03-27.
[14]李德尚,熊邦喜,李琪,等.水库对投饵网箱养鱼的负荷力[J].水生生物学报,1994,18(3):223-229.Li D S,Xiong B X,Li Q,et al.Carrying capacity of reservoirs for feeding cage-culture of fish[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,1994,18(3):223-229.
[15]刘骋跃.低温和海水驯化对鲑鳟鱼类血液学指标和磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2018.Liu C Y.Effects of Low Temperature and Seawater Acclimation on Hematological Indexes and Phospholipids Fatty Acid Composition of Salmonidae[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2018.
[16] Shi K P,Dong S L,Zhou Y G,et al.Comparative evaluation of toleration to heating and hypoxia in three kinds of Salmonidae[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2018,17(6):1-8.
[17] Li G X,Qiao L L,Dong P,et al.Hydrodynamic condition and suspended sediment diffusion in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J].J Geophys Res Oceans,2016,121(8):6204-6222.
[18]熊莹槐.盐度对虹鳟和硬头鳟生长的影响及生理生态学机制[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Xiong Y H.Effects of Salinity on the Growth of Rainbow and Steelhead trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)and Their Eco-physiological Mechanisms[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[19]MccormickS D.Smolt physiology and endocrinology[J].Fish Physiology,2012,32:199-251.
[20] Smith L S.Introduction to Fish Physiology[M].New Jersey:T F H Publications,1982:352.
[21] KorsenJ,Dempster T,Fjelldal P G,et al.Long-term culture of atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)in submerged cages during winter affects behaviour,growth and condition[J].Aquaculture,2009,296:373-381.
[22] Mardonesa F O,Pereza A M,Valdes-Donosoa P,et al.Farmlevel reproduction number during an epidemic of infectious salmon anemia virus in southern Chile in 2007—2009[J].Preventive Veterinary Medicine,2011,102:175-184.
[23] Torrissen O,Olsen R E,Toresen R,et al.Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar):The“Super-Chicken”of the sea[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2011,19(3):257-278.
[24] Treasurer J W.A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control[J].Pest Management Science,2002,58(6):546-558.
[25] Boxaspen K.A review of the biology and genetics of sea lice[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2006,63(7):1304-1316.