城市污水氮污染排放特征及来源探讨——以北京市海淀区为例
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摘要
污水处理厂是城市重要的氮移除系统,同时也是潜在的氮污染源.研究城市污水处理过程中的点源氮污染物排放特征及其潜在可能性来源,有助于理解城市化过程中污染性氮素的循环过程.本文选择北京市城市化程度较高的海淀区,对服务此区域的污水处理厂进行为期1年的定点采样,分析区域污水处理过程中氮污染排放规律,并探讨其可能来源.研究结果表明,研究区城市污水中氮浓度具有显著的月变化特征,城市污水TN浓度呈现缓慢增长后递减趋势,变化范围在34.975~59.987 mg·L-1之间;从四季整体来看,TN在中午11:00—13:00和傍晚18:00—21:00浓度值较高.城市污水氮污染物主要以NH+4-N形态存在,而排河尾水中以NO-3-N形态为主.月均每人导致的污水氮污染排放量为0.95kg,峰值出现在12月;污水处理过程中氮污染排放率在寒冷季较高;更为先进的污水处理技术有助于减少处理过程中产生的氮污染排放.寒冷季是1年中控制污水氮污染排放的重要时期.稳定氮同位素溯源方法初步表明,城市污水氮来源呈现季节差异,春、夏、冬季潜在来源包括生活黑水及大气降雨,而当年秋季主要来源是生活黑水.从源头上提高生活黑水的资源化率,有助于城市污水氮污染排放的实际削减.
As the important disposal system in urban ecosystem,wastewater treatment plant is gradually recognized as the potential source of nitrogen pollution. The analysis of the characteristics and the potential nitrogen sources of point-source nitrogen pollution emissions during wastewater treatment,may contribute to the understanding of nitrogen pollutant cycling process during urbanization. Haidian district,with a high level of urbanization in Beijing city,was selected as a case study,and the characteristics of nitrogen pollutions emissions during the sewage disposal process and the possible sources were evaluated,based on one year point sampling in the wastewater treatment plant in this region. The results show that the nitrogen concentrations of urban sewage presented obvious differences monthly. TN concentrations presented decreasing trend after the slight growth,ranging from 34.975 ~ 59.987 mg·L-1.Within a day,the TN concentrations in raw sewage overall were higher in the periods of the 11: 00—13: 00 and 18: 00—21: 00 across seasons. NH+4-N was the main nitrogen pollutant in untreated urban sewage,and NO-3-N was the dominant nitrogen species in the discharged effluent after treatment. The nitrogen environmental emission rate of sewage treatment was higher in cold season,peaking in December. The average amount of personal emission approximately was 0.95 kg per month. More advanced treatment technology could contribute to the reduction of nitrogen environmental emissions. The cold seasons was supposed as the key period for nitrogen pollution control in this region. The results of stable nitrogen isotope tracer analysis indicate that the potential sources of nitrogen in sewage may include residential black water and rainfall,and the residential black water was the dominant nitrogen source in autumn that year. The recycling of residential black water from the source may contribute to the reduction of nitrogen environmental emissions in theprocess of wastewater disposal.
As the important disposal system in urban ecosystem,wastewater treatment plant is gradually recognized as the potential source of nitrogen pollution. The analysis of the characteristics and the potential nitrogen sources of point-source nitrogen pollution emissions during wastewater treatment,may contribute to the understanding of nitrogen pollutant cycling process during urbanization. Haidian district,with a high level of urbanization in Beijing city,was selected as a case study,and the characteristics of nitrogen pollutions emissions during the sewage disposal process and the possible sources were evaluated,based on one year point sampling in the wastewater treatment plant in this region. The results show that the nitrogen concentrations of urban sewage presented obvious differences monthly. TN concentrations presented decreasing trend after the slight growth,ranging from 34.975 ~ 59.987 mg·L-1.Within a day,the TN concentrations in raw sewage overall were higher in the periods of the 11: 00—13: 00 and 18: 00—21: 00 across seasons. NH+4-N was the main nitrogen pollutant in untreated urban sewage,and NO-3-N was the dominant nitrogen species in the discharged effluent after treatment. The nitrogen environmental emission rate of sewage treatment was higher in cold season,peaking in December. The average amount of personal emission approximately was 0.95 kg per month. More advanced treatment technology could contribute to the reduction of nitrogen environmental emissions. The cold seasons was supposed as the key period for nitrogen pollution control in this region. The results of stable nitrogen isotope tracer analysis indicate that the potential sources of nitrogen in sewage may include residential black water and rainfall,and the residential black water was the dominant nitrogen source in autumn that year. The recycling of residential black water from the source may contribute to the reduction of nitrogen environmental emissions in theprocess of wastewater disposal.
引文
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肖化云,刘丛强.2004.氮同位素示踪贵州红枫湖河流季节性氮污染[J].地球与环境,32(1):71-75
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许世伟,张荣兵,顾剑,等.2010.大型城市污水处理厂活性污泥法污泥膨胀防控对策[J].给水排水,36(11):43-45
Zhang X H,Deng S H,Wu J,et al.2010.Asustainability analysis of municipal sewage treatment ecosystem based on emergy[J]Ecological Engineering,36(5):685-696
Zhang X H,Wei Y,Li M,et al.2014.Emergy evaluation of an integrate livestock wastewater treatment system[J].Resources,Conservatio and Recycling,92:95-107
张汪涛,李叙勇,苏静君.2014.河流氮输出对流域人类活动净氮输入的响应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,25(1):272-278
郑永菊,陈洪斌,何群彪.2008.黑水处理与资源化进展[J].中国沼气,26(5):9-13
Duh J D,Shandas V,Chang H J,et al.2008.Rates of urbanization and the resiliency of air and water quality[J].Science of the Total Environment,400(1):238-256
Galloway J N,Dentener F J,Capone D G,et al.2004.Nitrogen cycles:past,present and future[J].Biogeochemistry,70(2):153-226
Giles J.2005.Nitrogen study fertilizes fears of pollution[J].Nature,433:791
谷保静.2011.人类-自然耦合系统氮循环研究-中国案例[D].杭州:浙江大学
Howarth R W,Billen G,Swaney D,et al.2006.Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N&P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean:natural and human influences[J].Biogeochemistry,35:79-139
海淀区统计局.2015.海淀区统计年鉴(2015)[M].北京:中国统计出版社
Khalil M,Rasmussen R.1992.The global source of nitrous oxide[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,97(D13):14651-14660
赖敏,王伟力.2015.社会经济系统氮素流动及其环境负荷-以长江中下游城市群为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,25(12):15-24
李慧垠,王广,季宏兵,等.2011.北京水源地水体中颗粒有机质的碳氮同位素研究[J].环境科学学报,31(12):2663-2671
马伟辉,陈洪斌,屈计宁.2008.生活污水源分离、分质处理与资源化[J].中国沼气,26(4):15-19
马俊,张永祥,刘亮,等.2006.A2/O工艺脱氮效果研究[J].哈尔滨商业大学学报(自然科学版),22(1):28-31
Qian Y.2000.Appropriate process and technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation in China[J].Water Science&Technology,42(12):107-114
钱程,任丽波,姚瑶.2008.寒冷地区冬季低温对污水处理厂运行效率的影响研究[J].环境科学与管理,33(5):84-86
任玉芬,张心昱,王效科,等.2013.北京城市地表河流硝酸盐氮来源的氮氧同位素示踪研究[J].环境工程学报,7(5):1636-1640
吴敬东,熊建新,黄炳彬,等.2010.北京市污水处理厂污泥处理处置现状及对策[J].北京水务,(5):4-6
吴庆乐,阮晓红,吴朝明,等.2015.太湖西部河湖氮污染物来源及转化途径分析[J].环境科学学报,35(12):3883-3889
武俊良.2015.典型城市下垫面对集水区降雨径流污染的影响研究---以北京市为例[D].北京:中国科学院大学
Yan X,Li L,Liu J.2014.Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission i three full-scale wastewater treatment processes[J].Journal o Environmental Sciences,26(2):256-263
Xu S,Kang P,Sun Y.2016.A stable isotope approach and it application for identifying nitrate source and transformation proces in water[J].EnvironmentalS cience and Pollution Research,2(2):1133-1148
Xue D M,Botte J,Baets B D,et al.2009.Present limitations and futur prospects of stable isotope methods for nitrate source identificatio insurface-and groundwater[J].Water Research,43(5):1159-1170
冼超凡,欧阳志云.2014.城市生态系统氮代谢研究进展[J].生态学杂志,33(9):2548-2557
冼超凡,欧阳志云.2016.城乡居民食物氮足迹估算及其动态分析-以北京市为例[J].生态学报,36(8):2413-2421
肖化云,刘丛强.2004.氮同位素示踪贵州红枫湖河流季节性氮污染[J].地球与环境,32(1):71-75
邢萌,刘卫国,胡婧.2010.浐河、涝河河水硝酸盐氮污染来源的氮同位素示踪[J].环境科学,31(10):2305-2310
许世伟,张荣兵,顾剑,等.2010.大型城市污水处理厂活性污泥法污泥膨胀防控对策[J].给水排水,36(11):43-45
Zhang X H,Deng S H,Wu J,et al.2010.Asustainability analysis of municipal sewage treatment ecosystem based on emergy[J]Ecological Engineering,36(5):685-696
Zhang X H,Wei Y,Li M,et al.2014.Emergy evaluation of an integrate livestock wastewater treatment system[J].Resources,Conservatio and Recycling,92:95-107
张汪涛,李叙勇,苏静君.2014.河流氮输出对流域人类活动净氮输入的响应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,25(1):272-278
郑永菊,陈洪斌,何群彪.2008.黑水处理与资源化进展[J].中国沼气,26(5):9-13