城市食物代谢的动态过程及其水-碳足迹响应——以北京市为例
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摘要
食物代谢是城市物质能量代谢的基础性过程之一。论文系统分析了1978—2015年北京市城市食物代谢通量、结构和效率的动态变化过程,并核算其水-碳足迹,提出优化城市食物代谢的有效途径。结果表明:1)2015年北京市食物代谢通量为881.4万t,比1978年增加了3.3倍,其中植物源食物增加了2.5倍,动物源食物增加了12.0倍,由此引发的水-碳足迹分别增加了6.1倍和4.4倍;2)北京市食物代谢的通量结构和水-碳足迹结构均呈现出主食为主转向主副食替代、植物源食物为主转向动植物源食物并重的演变特征;3)"过度饮食"特别是高比例肉类消费,不但影响了城市居民健康水平,也显著扩大了城市人均环境足迹,导致食物代谢的生态效率指标从1.27降低至0.32;4)降低城市食物代谢的足迹影响需要优化产业链供应,倡导绿色健康消费模式。
Food metabolism is one of the basic processes of urban metabolism. Continuously growing urban population drives sharply increasing food demand with related impacts. Aimed at providing adequate information about dynamic process of urban food metabolism and related environmental footprint to identify measures for future diet optimization and impact reduction,this study systematically analyzed the dynamic characteristics of urban food metabolism on metabolic flux, structure and efficiency during 1978-2015 based on a case study of Beijing.Life cycle assessment(LCA) approach was used to calculate water-carbon footprint caused by food consumption, and an eco-efficiency index E was constructed to evaluate the efficiency of food metabolism in Beijing. At last, this study explored several effective ways to optimize urban food metabolism. The results indicated that: 1) In 2015, the urban food metabolic flux was881.4×104 t in Beijing, which increased 3.3 times compared with the one in 1978, while water footprint and carbon footprint increased 6.1 times and 4.4 times respectively. 2) The structure of both metabolic flux and environmental footprint presented the evolution characteristics of shifting from staple food as main food to non-staple food as main food and from plant-derived food dominated diet to diet with equal importance of plant-derived food and animal-derived food. 3) The over-consumption diets, especially high proportion of meat consumption, not only affected the health status of urban inhabitants in Beijing, but also pushed tempestuously per capita environmental footprint of urban inhabitants into a high level, resulting in the eco-efficiency's decreasing from 1.27 to 0.32. 4) Alleviating the environmental footprint impacts of urban food metabolism should be based on the following aspects: optimizing the industrial supply chain; sparkplugging healthy diet habits and sustainable consumption patterns.
Food metabolism is one of the basic processes of urban metabolism. Continuously growing urban population drives sharply increasing food demand with related impacts. Aimed at providing adequate information about dynamic process of urban food metabolism and related environmental footprint to identify measures for future diet optimization and impact reduction,this study systematically analyzed the dynamic characteristics of urban food metabolism on metabolic flux, structure and efficiency during 1978-2015 based on a case study of Beijing.Life cycle assessment(LCA) approach was used to calculate water-carbon footprint caused by food consumption, and an eco-efficiency index E was constructed to evaluate the efficiency of food metabolism in Beijing. At last, this study explored several effective ways to optimize urban food metabolism. The results indicated that: 1) In 2015, the urban food metabolic flux was881.4×104 t in Beijing, which increased 3.3 times compared with the one in 1978, while water footprint and carbon footprint increased 6.1 times and 4.4 times respectively. 2) The structure of both metabolic flux and environmental footprint presented the evolution characteristics of shifting from staple food as main food to non-staple food as main food and from plant-derived food dominated diet to diet with equal importance of plant-derived food and animal-derived food. 3) The over-consumption diets, especially high proportion of meat consumption, not only affected the health status of urban inhabitants in Beijing, but also pushed tempestuously per capita environmental footprint of urban inhabitants into a high level, resulting in the eco-efficiency's decreasing from 1.27 to 0.32. 4) Alleviating the environmental footprint impacts of urban food metabolism should be based on the following aspects: optimizing the industrial supply chain; sparkplugging healthy diet habits and sustainable consumption patterns.
引文
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[13]赵颜创,赵小锋,林剑艺,等.厦门市城市能源代谢综合分析方法及应用[J].生态科学,2016,35(5):110-116.[ZHAO Y C,ZHAO X F,LIN J Y,et al.An integrated analysis of urban energy metabolism:A case study of Xiamen city.Ecological Science,2016,35(5):110-116.]
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[20]WANG Y Y,CHEN C M,HE W.Food consumption and dietary pattern in China during 1990-1998[J].Journal of Hygiene Research,2000,29(5):288-293.
[21]高利伟,徐增让,成升魁,等.西藏农村居民食物消费结构及膳食营养特征分析[J].资源科学,2017,39(1):168-174.[GAO L W,XU Z R,CHENG S K,et al.Food consumption structure and dietary nutrition of residents in rural Tibet.Resources Science,2017,39(1):168-174.]
[22]曹志宏,陈志超,郝晋珉.中国城乡居民食品消费变化趋势分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(10):1173-1178.[CAO Z Y,CHEN Z C,HAO J M.Analysis on food consumption change tendency of Chinese urban and rural residents.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(10):1173-1178.]
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[26]HIRST E.Food-related energy requirements[J].Science,1974,184(4133):134.
[27]KASTNER T,RIVAS M J,KOCH W,et al.Global changes in diets and the consequences for land requirements for food[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109(18):6868.
[28]田甜,唐增,孙廷艳.中国不同地区食物消费对土地资源需求的影响研究[J].草业学报,2017,26(2):53-60.[TIAN T,TANG Z,SUN T Y.Land requirements for food in different regions of China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(2):53-60.]
[29]VANHAM D,GAWLIK B M,BIDOGLIO G.Food consumption and related water resources in Nordic cities[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,74:119-129.
[30]吴燕,王效科,逯非.北京市居民食物消耗生态足迹和水足迹[J].资源科学,2011,33(6):1145-1152.[WU Y,WANGX K,LU F.Ecological footprint and water footprint of food consumption in Beijing.Resources Science,2011,33(6):1145-1152.]
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