数字时代远程开放教育:美国篇
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摘要
约50年前,一些著名的未来学家呼吁大学关注"稳定状态之外"的生活,预言信息时代将迫使学术界适应"步伐越来越快的变革"。这些富有远见关于未来的言论在过去近50年里成为美国高等教育的特点,远程教育在这个过程当中所扮演的角色也许是一个最好的例子。远程教育早在电子时代来临之前就已经在美国这个舞台上取得长足发展,有近300年的历史。远程教育也许是代表一千年来学术界最有意义转型的一种现象,既带来令人兴奋的机会,也提出艰巨的挑战。笔者有35年的远程教育研究和实践经验,本文基于笔者的认识对美国中学后远程教育的重要方面进行描述、分析和述评。
Nearly 50 years ago, prominent futurists urged universities to become aware of life‘beyond the stable state' and predicted that the information age would force academia to accommodate an ‘accelerating pace of change.'Their prescient observations about the future have characterized American higher education for nearly 50 years, perhaps best exemplified by the role distance education(DE) has played in this process. DE's remarkable progression in the US arena began well before the electronic era, extending over a nearly-300-year period. It is a phenomenon that perhaps represents the most significant transformation within academe in a millennium, presenting exciting opportunities and formidable challenges. This article offers a descriptive analysis and commentary of key aspects of DE at the post-secondary level in the US, with perspectives gained from the author's 35 years of scholarship and practice in the field.
Nearly 50 years ago, prominent futurists urged universities to become aware of life‘beyond the stable state' and predicted that the information age would force academia to accommodate an ‘accelerating pace of change.'Their prescient observations about the future have characterized American higher education for nearly 50 years, perhaps best exemplified by the role distance education(DE) has played in this process. DE's remarkable progression in the US arena began well before the electronic era, extending over a nearly-300-year period. It is a phenomenon that perhaps represents the most significant transformation within academe in a millennium, presenting exciting opportunities and formidable challenges. This article offers a descriptive analysis and commentary of key aspects of DE at the post-secondary level in the US, with perspectives gained from the author's 35 years of scholarship and practice in the field.
引文
Allen,E.,&Seaman,J.(2013).Changing course:Ten years of tracking online education in the United States.Oakland,CA:Babson Survey Research Group.Retrieved June 28,2016 from http://www.online?learningsurvey.com/reports/changingcourse.pdf
Allen,E.,&Seaman,J.(2014).Grade change-tracking online educa?tion in the United States.Oakland,CA:Babson Survey Research Group.Retrieved June 28,2016 from http://www.onlinelearningsur?vey.com/reports/gradechange.pdf
Allitt,P.(2005,June 24).Professors,stop your microchips.The Chroni?cle of Higher Education/Information Technology(pp.B38-B39).
American Council on Education.(1996).Guiding principles for distance learning in a learning society.Washington,DC.
Babson Survey Research Group.(2009).Strong faculty engagement in online learning.Retrieved February 22,2016 from http://onlinelearn?ingconsortium.org/read/survey-reports
Babson Survey Research Group.(2010,November 5).Online learning by the numbers.The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learning(p.B28).
Babson Survey Research Group.(2013).Grade level:Tracking online ed?ucation in the US.US News&World Report-Education.Retrieved February 22,2016 from http://www.usnews.com/education
Babson Survey Research Group.(2015).Online report card:tracking on?line education in the US.Retrieved July 7,2016 from http://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/highered.html
Bartlett,K.(2004,November 8).Harmonizing the realms of academe and IT.The Chronicle of Higher Education.Retrieved November 21,2018 from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Harmonizing-the-realm s-of/101902
Beaudoin,M.(1990).The instructors changing role in distance educa?tion.The American Journal of Distance Education 4(2),21-29.
Boettcher,J.,&Foster,B.(1996).Florida state university(Unpublished manuscript,adapted from A.Bates[1995].Technology,open learning and distance education.New York:Routledge).
Christensen,C.(1997).The innovators dilemma.Boston:Harvard Busi?ness School Press.
Conley,D.(2010,November 5).Steal this education.The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learning(pp.B39-B41).
Granger,D.(1990,July/August).Open universities-closing the distanc?es to learning.Change,22(4),45-50.
Hezel,R.(1990).Policies for educational technology:A national,state and local agenda.In A.Sheely(Ed.),Educational policy and telecom?munications technologies(pp.15-23).Washington,DC:US Depart?ment of Education.
Holmberg,B.(1995,June).The evolution of the character and practice of distance education.Open Learning,10(2),47-53.
Hough,P.(1992).The impact of distance education on the organization of schools and school systems in Alberta(Unpublished doctoral disser?tation).University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta.
Keegan,D.(Ed.).(1993).Theoretical principles of distance education.London,UK:Routledge.
Lezberg,A.(2007).Accreditation:Quality control in distance higher edu?cation.In M.Moore(Ed.),Handbook of distance education(2nd ed.)(pp.425-434).Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
McCarthy,S.,&Samors,R.(2009).Online learning as a strategic asset.Volume 1:A resource for campus leaders.Washington,DC:Association of Public/Land Grant Universities.
Moore,M.(1997).Theory of transactional distance.In D.Keegan(Ed.),Theoretical principles of distance education(pp.22-38).London,UK:Routledge.
Moore,M.G.(2015,October-December).Editorial.The American Jour?nal of Distance Education,29(4),229-231.
Moore,M.(2016,April-June).Editorial.The American Journal of Dis?tance Education.30(2),65-67.
Miller,G.(2011,January 28).Long-term trends in distance education.DEOSNEWS,2(23).The distance education online symposium.
National Center for Education Statistics.(2004).The condition of educa?tion-2004.Washington,DC.Retrieved May 20,2016 from http://nc?es.ed.gov/programs
National Center for Education Statistics.(2016).The condition of educa?tion-2016.Washington,DC.Retrieved July 10,2016 from http://nc?es.ed.gov/programs
Parry,M.(2010,November 5).Such a deal?Maybe not.The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learning(pp.B12-B15).
Perry,W.(1984).The state of distance learning worldwide.Milton Keynes,UK:International Center for Distance Learning of the United Nations University.
Pew Research Center.(2011,August 19).The Digital revolution and higher education.Retrieved February 23,2016 from http://www.pewin?ternet.org/2011/08/28/the-digital-revolution-and-higher-education/
Schon,D.(1971).Beyond the stable state.New York:Random House.
Toffler,A.(1970).Future shock.New York:Random House.
Turkle,S.(2004,January 30).How computers change the way we think.The Chronicle Review/Information Technology(pp.B26-B27).
Turkle,S.(2011).Alone together:Why we expect more from technology and less from each other.New York:Basic Books.
Twigg,C.,&Oblinger,D.(1996,November 5-6).The Virtual University.Report of Joint Educom/IBM Roundtable,Washington,DC.
Twigg,C.(2010,November 5).Has the quality of online learning kept up with its growth?The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learn?ing(p.B44).
U.S.News and World Report-Education.(2010,October 14).10 largest online schools.Retrieved February 23,2016 from http://www.usnews.com/education
U.S.Department of Education,NationalCenter for Education Statistics.(2016).Digest of Education Statistics,2015(NCES 2016-014),Table311.15.
U.S.Department of Education.(2016).Department proposes rule state authorization postsecondary distance education foreign institutions.Retrieved July 31,2016 from http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/education(July 22,2016).
(1)迈克尔·格雷厄姆·穆尔.(2014).从无线电广播到虚拟大学:美国远程教育历史亲历者的反思[J].中国远程教育(1):24-34,58,95.
(1)肖俊洪.(2018).远程教育进入高等教育主流了吗?[J].中国远程教育(8):5-15,62,79.
Allen,E.,&Seaman,J.(2014).Grade change-tracking online educa?tion in the United States.Oakland,CA:Babson Survey Research Group.Retrieved June 28,2016 from http://www.onlinelearningsur?vey.com/reports/gradechange.pdf
Allitt,P.(2005,June 24).Professors,stop your microchips.The Chroni?cle of Higher Education/Information Technology(pp.B38-B39).
American Council on Education.(1996).Guiding principles for distance learning in a learning society.Washington,DC.
Babson Survey Research Group.(2009).Strong faculty engagement in online learning.Retrieved February 22,2016 from http://onlinelearn?ingconsortium.org/read/survey-reports
Babson Survey Research Group.(2010,November 5).Online learning by the numbers.The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learning(p.B28).
Babson Survey Research Group.(2013).Grade level:Tracking online ed?ucation in the US.US News&World Report-Education.Retrieved February 22,2016 from http://www.usnews.com/education
Babson Survey Research Group.(2015).Online report card:tracking on?line education in the US.Retrieved July 7,2016 from http://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/highered.html
Bartlett,K.(2004,November 8).Harmonizing the realms of academe and IT.The Chronicle of Higher Education.Retrieved November 21,2018 from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Harmonizing-the-realm s-of/101902
Beaudoin,M.(1990).The instructors changing role in distance educa?tion.The American Journal of Distance Education 4(2),21-29.
Boettcher,J.,&Foster,B.(1996).Florida state university(Unpublished manuscript,adapted from A.Bates[1995].Technology,open learning and distance education.New York:Routledge).
Christensen,C.(1997).The innovators dilemma.Boston:Harvard Busi?ness School Press.
Conley,D.(2010,November 5).Steal this education.The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learning(pp.B39-B41).
Granger,D.(1990,July/August).Open universities-closing the distanc?es to learning.Change,22(4),45-50.
Hezel,R.(1990).Policies for educational technology:A national,state and local agenda.In A.Sheely(Ed.),Educational policy and telecom?munications technologies(pp.15-23).Washington,DC:US Depart?ment of Education.
Holmberg,B.(1995,June).The evolution of the character and practice of distance education.Open Learning,10(2),47-53.
Hough,P.(1992).The impact of distance education on the organization of schools and school systems in Alberta(Unpublished doctoral disser?tation).University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta.
Keegan,D.(Ed.).(1993).Theoretical principles of distance education.London,UK:Routledge.
Lezberg,A.(2007).Accreditation:Quality control in distance higher edu?cation.In M.Moore(Ed.),Handbook of distance education(2nd ed.)(pp.425-434).Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
McCarthy,S.,&Samors,R.(2009).Online learning as a strategic asset.Volume 1:A resource for campus leaders.Washington,DC:Association of Public/Land Grant Universities.
Moore,M.(1997).Theory of transactional distance.In D.Keegan(Ed.),Theoretical principles of distance education(pp.22-38).London,UK:Routledge.
Moore,M.G.(2015,October-December).Editorial.The American Jour?nal of Distance Education,29(4),229-231.
Moore,M.(2016,April-June).Editorial.The American Journal of Dis?tance Education.30(2),65-67.
Miller,G.(2011,January 28).Long-term trends in distance education.DEOSNEWS,2(23).The distance education online symposium.
National Center for Education Statistics.(2004).The condition of educa?tion-2004.Washington,DC.Retrieved May 20,2016 from http://nc?es.ed.gov/programs
National Center for Education Statistics.(2016).The condition of educa?tion-2016.Washington,DC.Retrieved July 10,2016 from http://nc?es.ed.gov/programs
Parry,M.(2010,November 5).Such a deal?Maybe not.The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learning(pp.B12-B15).
Perry,W.(1984).The state of distance learning worldwide.Milton Keynes,UK:International Center for Distance Learning of the United Nations University.
Pew Research Center.(2011,August 19).The Digital revolution and higher education.Retrieved February 23,2016 from http://www.pewin?ternet.org/2011/08/28/the-digital-revolution-and-higher-education/
Schon,D.(1971).Beyond the stable state.New York:Random House.
Toffler,A.(1970).Future shock.New York:Random House.
Turkle,S.(2004,January 30).How computers change the way we think.The Chronicle Review/Information Technology(pp.B26-B27).
Turkle,S.(2011).Alone together:Why we expect more from technology and less from each other.New York:Basic Books.
Twigg,C.,&Oblinger,D.(1996,November 5-6).The Virtual University.Report of Joint Educom/IBM Roundtable,Washington,DC.
Twigg,C.(2010,November 5).Has the quality of online learning kept up with its growth?The Chronicle of Higher Education/Online Learn?ing(p.B44).
U.S.News and World Report-Education.(2010,October 14).10 largest online schools.Retrieved February 23,2016 from http://www.usnews.com/education
U.S.Department of Education,NationalCenter for Education Statistics.(2016).Digest of Education Statistics,2015(NCES 2016-014),Table311.15.
U.S.Department of Education.(2016).Department proposes rule state authorization postsecondary distance education foreign institutions.Retrieved July 31,2016 from http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/education(July 22,2016).
(1)迈克尔·格雷厄姆·穆尔.(2014).从无线电广播到虚拟大学:美国远程教育历史亲历者的反思[J].中国远程教育(1):24-34,58,95.
(1)肖俊洪.(2018).远程教育进入高等教育主流了吗?[J].中国远程教育(8):5-15,62,79.