不同词长中文句子阅读知觉广度的年老化:眼动证据
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摘要
采用移动窗口范式分别探测单字词句、双字词句和混合句子阅读知觉广度的年老化模式。单字词句是完全由单字词组成的句子,双字词句是完全由双字词组成的句子,混合句的所有词由1～4个汉字组成,这些词汇的平均词长为1. 5个字。结果发现:(1)老年读者在各种词长句子上的阅读知觉广度范围均是从注视字至其右侧2个汉字;(2)青年读者在各种词长句子上的阅读知觉广度为注视点左侧1个汉字到右侧3个汉字空间。由此可见,年老化促使中文读者的阅读知觉广度变小,变得更加不对称;且句子构成词汇的词长并不调节中文阅读知觉广度的年老化。
The moving window paradigm was used to explore the aging patterns of perceptual span of three types of sentences——1-character-word sentence( consisted entirely by single-character word),2-character-word sentence( consisted entirely by two-character word) and mixed sentences( the average word length was 1. 5 characters). The results were as follows:( 1) The perceptual span of older adults in Chinese reading was extended from fixated character to two characters to its right on all kinds of sentences;( 2) The younger adults' perceptual span was extended from one character to left and three characters to right in all conditions,which was larger than older adults'. This study revealed that aging would result in Chinese readers' perceptual span being smaller and more asymmetric,and the word length of sentence did not modulate the aging pattern of perceptual span in Chinese.
The moving window paradigm was used to explore the aging patterns of perceptual span of three types of sentences——1-character-word sentence( consisted entirely by single-character word),2-character-word sentence( consisted entirely by two-character word) and mixed sentences( the average word length was 1. 5 characters). The results were as follows:( 1) The perceptual span of older adults in Chinese reading was extended from fixated character to two characters to its right on all kinds of sentences;( 2) The younger adults' perceptual span was extended from one character to left and three characters to right in all conditions,which was larger than older adults'. This study revealed that aging would result in Chinese readers' perceptual span being smaller and more asymmetric,and the word length of sentence did not modulate the aging pattern of perceptual span in Chinese.
引文
Bai,X.,Yan,G.,Zang,C.,Liversedge,S.P.,&Rayner,K.(2008).Reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception&Performance,34(5),1277-1287.
Bates,D.,Maechler,M.,Bolker,B.,&Walker,S.(2015).Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.Statistics&Computing,arxiv:1406(1),133-199.
Choi,W.,Lowder,M.W.,Ferreira,F.,&Henderson,J.M.(2015).Individual differences in the perceptual span during reading:Evidence from the moving window technique.Attention Perception&Psychophyics,77(7),2463-2475.
Hoosain,R.(1991).Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity:A case study of Chinese.Journal of Neurolinguistics,8(2),157-161.
Henderson,J.M.,&Ferreira,F.(1990).Effects of foveal processing difficulty on the perceptual span in reading:Implications for attention and eye movement control.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition,16(3),417-429.
Inhoff,A.W.,&Liu.W.(1998).The perceptual span and oculomotor activity during the reading of Chinese sentences.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,24(1),20-34.
Inhoff,A.W.,&Wu,C.(2005).Eye movements and the identification of spatially ambiguous words during Chinese sentence reading.Memory&Cognition,33(8),1345-1356.
Kliegl,R.,Grabner,E.,Rolfs,M.,&Engbert,R.(2004).Length,frequency,and predictability effects of words on eye movement in reading.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16(1-2),262-284.
Kliegl,R.,Richter,E.M.(2010).A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming.Visual Cognition,18(5),655-681.
Kemper,S.,Crow,A.,&Kemtes,K.(2004).Eye fixation patterns of high and low span young and older adults:Down the garden path and back again.Psychology and Aging,19(1),157-170.
Kemper,S.,&Mc Dowd,J.(2006).Eye movements of young and older adults while reading with distraction.Psychology and Aging,21(1),32-39.
Kemper,S.,&Liu,C.J.(2007).Eye movements of young and older adults during reading.Psychology and Aging,22(1),84-94.
Laubrock,J.,Kliegl,R.,&Engbert,R.(2006).SWIFT exlorations of age differences in eye movements during reading.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,30(6),872-884.
Li,X.,&Logan.G.D.(2008).Object-based attention in Chinese readers of Chinese words beyound gestalt principles.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,15(5),945-949.
Li,X.,Rayner.K.,&Cave.K.R.(2009).On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading.Cognitive Psychology,58(4),525-552.
Mc Conkie,G.W.,&Rayner,K.(1975).The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading.Perception&Psychophysics,17(6),578-586.
Pan,J.,Yan,M.,&Laubrock,J.(2017).Perceptual span in oral reading:The case of Chinese.Scientific Studies of Reading,21(21),1-10.
Rayner,K.,&Bertera,J.H.(1979).Reading without a fovea.Science,206(4417),468-469.
Rayner,K.,Reichle,E.D.,Stroud,M.J.,Williams,C.C.,&Pollatsek,A.(2006).The effect of word frequency,word predictability,and font difficulty on eye movements of young and older readers.Psychology and Aging,21(3),448-465.
Rayner,K.,Castelhano,M.S.,&Yang,J.M.(2009).Movements and the perceptual span in older and younger readers.Psychology and Aging,24(3),755-760.
Rayner,K.,Castelhano,M.S.,&Yang,J.M.(2010).Preview benefit during eye fixations in reading for older and yonnger readers.Psychology and Agihy,25(3),714-718.
Risse,S.,&Kliegl,R.(2011).Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading.Psychology and Aging,26(2),451-460.
Shu,H.,Zhou,W.,Yan,M.,&Kliegl,R.(2011).Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading.Attention,Perception,&Psychophysics,73(2),482-490.
Whitford,V.,&Titone.D.(2016).Eye movements and the perceptual span during first-and second-language sentence reading in bilingual older adults.Psychology and Aging,31(1),58-70.
Yan,M.,Kliegl,R.,Richter,E.M.,Nuthmann,A.,&Shu,H.(2010).Flexible saccade-target selection in chinese reading.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,63(4),705-725.
Yan,M.,Zhou,W.,Shu,H.,&Kliegl,R.(2015).Perceptual span depends on font size during the reading of Chinese sentences.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition,41(1),209-219.
Zang,C.,Meng,H.,Liang,F.,Bai,X.,&Yan,G.(2013).Is there a vertical component to saccade targeting in Chinese reading?Journal of Research in Reading,36(Supplement S1),S78-S93.
伏干,闫国利.(2008).高中二年级学生双字词阅读知觉广度的眼动研究.心理与行为研究,6(4),285-290.
郭惠兰,宋子明,张煜婧,闫国利.(2017).新闻广播背景音对大学生阅读效率影响的眼动研究.心理研究,10(4),15-21.
刘志方,闫国利,张智君,潘运,杨桂芳.(2013).中文阅读中的预视效应与词切分.心理学报,45(6),614-625.
仝文,刘妮娜,伏干,闫国利.(2014).中文单字词句的阅读知觉广度.心理与行为研究,12(3),298-303.
王丽红,白学军,闫国利.(2014).汉语阅读知觉广度的老化:一项眼动研究.心理与行为研究,12(6),763-768.
闫国利,白学军.(2007).汉语阅读的眼动研究.心理与行为研究,5(3),229-234.
闫国利,巫金根,臧传丽,白学军.(2010).阅读知觉广度眼动研究述评.心理学探新,30(2),23-28.
张兰兰,闫国利,王丽红.(2011).老年人汉语阅读中预视效益的眼动研究.应用心理学,17(4),318-324.
张智君,刘志方,赵亚军,季靖.(2012).汉语阅读过程中词切分的位置:一项基于眼动随动显示技术的研究.心理学报,44(1),51-62.
Bates,D.,Maechler,M.,Bolker,B.,&Walker,S.(2015).Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.Statistics&Computing,arxiv:1406(1),133-199.
Choi,W.,Lowder,M.W.,Ferreira,F.,&Henderson,J.M.(2015).Individual differences in the perceptual span during reading:Evidence from the moving window technique.Attention Perception&Psychophyics,77(7),2463-2475.
Hoosain,R.(1991).Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity:A case study of Chinese.Journal of Neurolinguistics,8(2),157-161.
Henderson,J.M.,&Ferreira,F.(1990).Effects of foveal processing difficulty on the perceptual span in reading:Implications for attention and eye movement control.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition,16(3),417-429.
Inhoff,A.W.,&Liu.W.(1998).The perceptual span and oculomotor activity during the reading of Chinese sentences.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,24(1),20-34.
Inhoff,A.W.,&Wu,C.(2005).Eye movements and the identification of spatially ambiguous words during Chinese sentence reading.Memory&Cognition,33(8),1345-1356.
Kliegl,R.,Grabner,E.,Rolfs,M.,&Engbert,R.(2004).Length,frequency,and predictability effects of words on eye movement in reading.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,16(1-2),262-284.
Kliegl,R.,Richter,E.M.(2010).A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming.Visual Cognition,18(5),655-681.
Kemper,S.,Crow,A.,&Kemtes,K.(2004).Eye fixation patterns of high and low span young and older adults:Down the garden path and back again.Psychology and Aging,19(1),157-170.
Kemper,S.,&Mc Dowd,J.(2006).Eye movements of young and older adults while reading with distraction.Psychology and Aging,21(1),32-39.
Kemper,S.,&Liu,C.J.(2007).Eye movements of young and older adults during reading.Psychology and Aging,22(1),84-94.
Laubrock,J.,Kliegl,R.,&Engbert,R.(2006).SWIFT exlorations of age differences in eye movements during reading.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,30(6),872-884.
Li,X.,&Logan.G.D.(2008).Object-based attention in Chinese readers of Chinese words beyound gestalt principles.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,15(5),945-949.
Li,X.,Rayner.K.,&Cave.K.R.(2009).On the segmentation of Chinese words during reading.Cognitive Psychology,58(4),525-552.
Mc Conkie,G.W.,&Rayner,K.(1975).The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading.Perception&Psychophysics,17(6),578-586.
Pan,J.,Yan,M.,&Laubrock,J.(2017).Perceptual span in oral reading:The case of Chinese.Scientific Studies of Reading,21(21),1-10.
Rayner,K.,&Bertera,J.H.(1979).Reading without a fovea.Science,206(4417),468-469.
Rayner,K.,Reichle,E.D.,Stroud,M.J.,Williams,C.C.,&Pollatsek,A.(2006).The effect of word frequency,word predictability,and font difficulty on eye movements of young and older readers.Psychology and Aging,21(3),448-465.
Rayner,K.,Castelhano,M.S.,&Yang,J.M.(2009).Movements and the perceptual span in older and younger readers.Psychology and Aging,24(3),755-760.
Rayner,K.,Castelhano,M.S.,&Yang,J.M.(2010).Preview benefit during eye fixations in reading for older and yonnger readers.Psychology and Agihy,25(3),714-718.
Risse,S.,&Kliegl,R.(2011).Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading.Psychology and Aging,26(2),451-460.
Shu,H.,Zhou,W.,Yan,M.,&Kliegl,R.(2011).Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading.Attention,Perception,&Psychophysics,73(2),482-490.
Whitford,V.,&Titone.D.(2016).Eye movements and the perceptual span during first-and second-language sentence reading in bilingual older adults.Psychology and Aging,31(1),58-70.
Yan,M.,Kliegl,R.,Richter,E.M.,Nuthmann,A.,&Shu,H.(2010).Flexible saccade-target selection in chinese reading.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,63(4),705-725.
Yan,M.,Zhou,W.,Shu,H.,&Kliegl,R.(2015).Perceptual span depends on font size during the reading of Chinese sentences.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition,41(1),209-219.
Zang,C.,Meng,H.,Liang,F.,Bai,X.,&Yan,G.(2013).Is there a vertical component to saccade targeting in Chinese reading?Journal of Research in Reading,36(Supplement S1),S78-S93.
伏干,闫国利.(2008).高中二年级学生双字词阅读知觉广度的眼动研究.心理与行为研究,6(4),285-290.
郭惠兰,宋子明,张煜婧,闫国利.(2017).新闻广播背景音对大学生阅读效率影响的眼动研究.心理研究,10(4),15-21.
刘志方,闫国利,张智君,潘运,杨桂芳.(2013).中文阅读中的预视效应与词切分.心理学报,45(6),614-625.
仝文,刘妮娜,伏干,闫国利.(2014).中文单字词句的阅读知觉广度.心理与行为研究,12(3),298-303.
王丽红,白学军,闫国利.(2014).汉语阅读知觉广度的老化:一项眼动研究.心理与行为研究,12(6),763-768.
闫国利,白学军.(2007).汉语阅读的眼动研究.心理与行为研究,5(3),229-234.
闫国利,巫金根,臧传丽,白学军.(2010).阅读知觉广度眼动研究述评.心理学探新,30(2),23-28.
张兰兰,闫国利,王丽红.(2011).老年人汉语阅读中预视效益的眼动研究.应用心理学,17(4),318-324.
张智君,刘志方,赵亚军,季靖.(2012).汉语阅读过程中词切分的位置:一项基于眼动随动显示技术的研究.心理学报,44(1),51-62.