第四纪地层中壳斗科植物花粉化石及其与气候地理条件的关系
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摘要
壳斗科植物花粉化石是被子植物花粉化石最为丰富的类群之一,在地史上自第三纪以来一直是中国各地质历史时期中植物区系的一个主要成分。据初步统计,我国第四纪地层中共发现壳斗科花粉化石有6属:Castanea,Castanopsis,Lithocarpus,Cyclobalanopsis,Fagus及Quercus,后者还分出含常绿栎类Quercus(E)和落叶栎类Quercus(D)两种类型。文中对6属中花粉形态相似的Castanea,Castanopsis和Lithocarpus 3属,以及Cyclobalanopsis和Quercus(E)花粉,从花粉粒形状和大小、萌发孔数量和形状、极面×赤道面的平均大小、最长极轴与最长赤道轴比以及外壁表面纹饰等多方面进行详细数值对比和照片对照,提出鉴定要点,希望能提高壳斗科花粉化石鉴定的准确性。同时,文中还讨论中国壳斗科各属植物生长的气候地理条件和生态环境。Castanopsis和Lithocarpus花粉化石分布中心范围在北纬28°—20°,反映该两属生长气候要求大约是年平均气温不低于15℃,年降水量不少于1 000mm;Cyclobalanopsis和Fagus花粉化石的产地在秦岭—淮河一线以南,生长的地理气候条件要求是1月份气温不低于0℃,年均温在8—15℃以上,年降水量不少于800mm的温暖湿润的生态环境;Castanea和Quercus花粉化石在全国各地均有发现,分布北界达北纬36°—50°,反映该两属生长的生态幅度较Castanopsis/Lithocarpus宽得多,基本的生长气候范围在年均温3.5—23℃,能够忍受1月份低于―10℃的寒冷,也能够经受7月份近30℃的高温考验,年均降水量约为500—1 700mm。希望该研究能为提高再造第四纪古植被和古环境,提供一些有说服力的气候地理条件的原始资料。
The fossil pollen in the Family Fagaceae,a dominant forest tree group in China flora,is one of the most abundant pollen records in angiosperms of different geological stages since the Tertiary for a long time.According to our preliminary statistics,six genera of Fagaceae fossil pollens were found in China Quaternary strata, including Castanea,Castanopsis,Lithocarpus,Cyclobalanopsis,Fagus and Quercus,with the latest genus,Quercus,being classified into evergreen oak Quercus(E)and deciduous oak Quercus(D).In this paper,the fossil pollens from three genera Castanea,Castanopsis and Lithocarpus,which are similar in pollen morphology,together with those from Cyclobalanopsis and Quercus(E),were collected for detailed comparisons in quantitative diagnostic features and qualitative photo characteristics(e.g.pollen grain shape and size,aperture numberand shape,average size of polar plane versus equatorial plane,the ratio of the longest polar axis to the longest equatorial axis, and extine ornamentation).The study is to present the key characteristics of pollens in Fagaceae so as to raise the accuracy of identification for the fossil pollens.On the basis of the data above,the climatic conditions and ecological environment where Chinese oak occurred were also discussed.The results show that the distribution center of the fossil pollen in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are located between 28°N and 20°N,indicating that the above two genera might prefer to grow in the climate with annual average temperature not lower than 15 ℃ and annual precipitation not less than1 000 mm,while the fossil pollens of the other two genus,Cyclobalanopsis and Fagus,were found in the south of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River line,demonstrating that these two taxa adapt to live in warm and humid ecological environment,characteristic of January temperature higher than0℃,annual average temperature above 8℃—15℃,and annual rainfall higher than 800 mm.However,Castanea and Quercus fossil pollens are scattered throughout the country, with its distributed range extending up to the northern latitude of 36°—50°,which implicates the two taxa harbor wider ecological amplitude compared with Castanopsis and Lithocarpus.These two genera could grow if the climate condition meets with the annual average temperature between 3.5℃ to23℃,and annual average rainfall between 500 mm and 1 700 mm.Noticeably,both of them are able to endure and survive in the extremely cold temperature of lower than-10℃and particularly hot temperature of up to 30℃. We hope this study could provide some authentic basic data concerning of climate and geological environment for improving research of reconstruction of the Quaternary paleovegetation and paleoenvironment history.
The fossil pollen in the Family Fagaceae,a dominant forest tree group in China flora,is one of the most abundant pollen records in angiosperms of different geological stages since the Tertiary for a long time.According to our preliminary statistics,six genera of Fagaceae fossil pollens were found in China Quaternary strata, including Castanea,Castanopsis,Lithocarpus,Cyclobalanopsis,Fagus and Quercus,with the latest genus,Quercus,being classified into evergreen oak Quercus(E)and deciduous oak Quercus(D).In this paper,the fossil pollens from three genera Castanea,Castanopsis and Lithocarpus,which are similar in pollen morphology,together with those from Cyclobalanopsis and Quercus(E),were collected for detailed comparisons in quantitative diagnostic features and qualitative photo characteristics(e.g.pollen grain shape and size,aperture numberand shape,average size of polar plane versus equatorial plane,the ratio of the longest polar axis to the longest equatorial axis, and extine ornamentation).The study is to present the key characteristics of pollens in Fagaceae so as to raise the accuracy of identification for the fossil pollens.On the basis of the data above,the climatic conditions and ecological environment where Chinese oak occurred were also discussed.The results show that the distribution center of the fossil pollen in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus are located between 28°N and 20°N,indicating that the above two genera might prefer to grow in the climate with annual average temperature not lower than 15 ℃ and annual precipitation not less than1 000 mm,while the fossil pollens of the other two genus,Cyclobalanopsis and Fagus,were found in the south of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River line,demonstrating that these two taxa adapt to live in warm and humid ecological environment,characteristic of January temperature higher than0℃,annual average temperature above 8℃—15℃,and annual rainfall higher than 800 mm.However,Castanea and Quercus fossil pollens are scattered throughout the country, with its distributed range extending up to the northern latitude of 36°—50°,which implicates the two taxa harbor wider ecological amplitude compared with Castanopsis and Lithocarpus.These two genera could grow if the climate condition meets with the annual average temperature between 3.5℃ to23℃,and annual average rainfall between 500 mm and 1 700 mm.Noticeably,both of them are able to endure and survive in the extremely cold temperature of lower than-10℃and particularly hot temperature of up to 30℃. We hope this study could provide some authentic basic data concerning of climate and geological environment for improving research of reconstruction of the Quaternary paleovegetation and paleoenvironment history.
引文
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