京津冀大气污染传输通道城市燃煤大气污染减排潜力
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摘要
以京津冀大气污染传输通道城市为研究对象,建立了燃煤电厂、燃煤锅炉、农村散煤三大污染源主要大气污染物排放计算方法,以2015年为基准年,梳理现有燃煤污染减排政策措施,对2017年"2+26"城市燃煤污染源SO_2、NOx、PM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的减排潜力进行了分析.结果表明:实施燃煤电厂超低排放改造、燃煤锅炉淘汰或改造、散煤改电(气)等措施后,"2+26"城市2017年燃煤SO_2、NOx、PM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放量分别达到87×10~4t、56×10~4t、64×10~4t、45×10~4t、32×10~4t,预计比2015年分别减少44%、48%、33%、32%、30%.燃煤电厂、燃煤锅炉、农村散煤替代各项污染物减排比例分别在55%~70%、31%~38%、18%~21%,未来农村散煤治理的减排潜力还较大.从各城市情况来看,多数城市燃煤SO_2、NOx减排主要来自燃煤电厂超低排放改造;保定、廊坊等城市燃煤颗粒物减排量较大,得益于散煤治理工作的大力推进.
A framework to estimate air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants, coal-fired boilers, and rural residential coal-using was developed for the "2+26" cities located in the air pollution transport channels in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. The existing policies and measures to control emissions from burning coal in "2+26" cities were summarized and the potentials of reducing SO_2、NOx、PM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5) emissions was quantified for year 2017. The results showed that SO_2、NOx、PM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5) emissions from burning coal were 87×10~4 t、56×10~4 t、64×10~4 t、45×10~4 t、32×10~4 t in 2017, respectively, 44%, 48%, 33%, 32% and 30% less than which in 2015 due to implementation of major emission control measures including the ultra-low emissions retrofitting in coal-fired power plants, eliminating the coal-fired boilers and switching raw coal into electricity(gas). The reduction rates of coal-fired power plants, coal-fired boilers, and rural raw coal were 55%~70%, 31%~38%, 18%~21%, respectively. SO_2 and NOx emission reductions were mainly attributed to the ultra-low emission of coal-fired power plants for most cities, and PM emission reductions from burning coal of Langfang and Baoding were most significant in the "2+26" cities, mainly thanks to strongly promoting switch from coal into electricity and gas in residential sector.
A framework to estimate air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants, coal-fired boilers, and rural residential coal-using was developed for the "2+26" cities located in the air pollution transport channels in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. The existing policies and measures to control emissions from burning coal in "2+26" cities were summarized and the potentials of reducing SO_2、NOx、PM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5) emissions was quantified for year 2017. The results showed that SO_2、NOx、PM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5) emissions from burning coal were 87×10~4 t、56×10~4 t、64×10~4 t、45×10~4 t、32×10~4 t in 2017, respectively, 44%, 48%, 33%, 32% and 30% less than which in 2015 due to implementation of major emission control measures including the ultra-low emissions retrofitting in coal-fired power plants, eliminating the coal-fired boilers and switching raw coal into electricity(gas). The reduction rates of coal-fired power plants, coal-fired boilers, and rural raw coal were 55%~70%, 31%~38%, 18%~21%, respectively. SO_2 and NOx emission reductions were mainly attributed to the ultra-low emission of coal-fired power plants for most cities, and PM emission reductions from burning coal of Langfang and Baoding were most significant in the "2+26" cities, mainly thanks to strongly promoting switch from coal into electricity and gas in residential sector.
引文
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[2]中国清洁空气联盟.京津冀能否实现2017年PM2.5改善目标[EB/OL].http://www.cleanairchina.org/product/6590.html.
[3]薛亦峰,闫静,魏小强.燃煤控制对北京市空气质量的改善分析[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(3):253-258.
[4]柴发合,薛志钢,支国瑞,等.农村居民散煤燃烧污染综合治理对策[J].环境保护,2016,44(6):15-19.
[5]中国产业信息网.2017年中国节能环保行业政策及发展趋势分析[EB/OL].http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201709/565060.html.
[6]新浪网.环保部:京津冀秋冬大气污染物燃煤贡献率过半[EB/OL].http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2017-12-29/doc-ifypyuve2596962.shtml.
[7]国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2014:128-223.
[8]环境保护部,国家发展和改革委员会,财政部,国家能源局,等.关于印发《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》的通知[EB/OL].http://dqhj.mep.gov.cn/dtxx/201703/t20170323_408663.shtml.
[9]环境保护部等.关于印发《京津冀大气污染防治强化措施(2016-2017年)》的通知[EB/OL].http://huanbao.bjx.com.cn/news/20160707/749105.shtml2016-06-17.
[10]环境保护部,国家发展和改革委员会,工业和信息化部,等.关于印发《京津冀及周边地区2017-2018年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》的通知[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201708/t20170824_420330.html2017-08-18.
[11]国家统计局,环境保护部.中国环境统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016:6.
[12]王慧丽,雷宇,陈潇君,等.京津冀燃煤工业和生活锅炉的技术分布与大气污染物排放特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(10):1510-1517.
[13]环境保护部.中国环境统计年报2015[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016.
[14]支国瑞,杨俊超,张涛,等.我国北方农村生活燃煤情况调查、排放估算及政策启示[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(8):1179-1185.
[15]国家发展改革委,环境保护部,商务部,等.《商品煤质量管理暂行办法》[EB/OL].http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201409/t20140915_625644.html.
[16]DB11/097—2013低硫散煤及制品[S].
[17]DB12/106—2013工业和民用煤质量[S].
[18]DB13/2081—2014工业和民用燃料煤[S].
[19]环境保护部.第一次全国污染源普查工业污染源产排污系数手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2010:696-713.
[20]贺晋瑜,燕丽,雷宇,等.京津冀地区燃煤锅炉PM2.5减排潜力分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1247-1253.
[21]环境保护部.大气可吸入颗粒物一次源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)[Z].2014-12-31.
[22]环境保护部.大气细颗粒物一次源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)[Z].2014-8-19.
[23]环境保护部.民用煤大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)[Z].2016-10-22.
[24]USEPA.Compilation of air pollutant emission factors,AP-42[EB/OL].http://www.epa.gov,2014-7-20/2016-08-06.
[25]Klimont Z,Cofala J,Bertok I,et al.Modeling particulate emissions in Europe:a framework to estimate reduction potential and control costs[R].Interim Report,IR-02-076.Laxenburg,Austria:Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,2002.
[26]Zhang Q,Street D G,He K B,et al.NOx emission trends for China,1995~2004:The view from the ground and the view from space[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112(D22):449-456.
[27]王书肖,赵秀娟,李兴华,等.工业燃煤链条炉细粒子排放特征研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(4):963-968.
[28]李超,李兴华,段雷,等.燃煤工业锅炉可吸入颗粒物的排放特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(3):650-655.
[29]商昱薇.层燃工业锅炉细颗粒物PM2.5排放特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2012.
[30]GB13223-2011火电厂大气污染物排放标准[S].