线虫内寄生真菌资源及生防应用研究进展
|
摘要
线虫内寄生真菌是一类能通过产生各种特殊孢子寄生游离线虫的食线虫真菌,对维持自然界线虫种群及其数量起到了关键作用,是线虫的重要天敌,也是研究物种多样性的重要材料,因此具有特殊的研究意义和经济价值.目前许多学者主要研究捕食线虫真菌对线虫的侵染力.这种食线虫真菌的侵染力主要针对二龄幼虫,而线虫内寄生真菌对线虫的各个时期都有侵染力.本文综述了线虫内寄生真菌物种资源现状,孢子形态多样性、侵染方式多样性、生活史多样性和寄主多样性,以及具有生防潜力和已商品化的生防菌的生防应用,探讨了在物种资源的发掘、物种分类鉴定和生防制剂商品化存在的问题及其对策,并展望了研究前景.
Endoparasitic fungi are a group of nematophagous fungi which produce a variety of special spores to infect free nematodes. They play a key role in maintaining the population density of nematodes in the natural systems. Moreover, they are important materials for the study of species diversity. Therefore, they have special research significance and economic values. At present, many studies mainly focus on the infectivity of trapping fungi to nematodes, and mainly directed at the second instars larvae. However, the endoparasitic fungi have infectivity to nematodes at all stages. Here, we reviewed the resource status, diversity of spore morphology, infection modes, life history and host of endoparasitic fungi, and the biocontrol fungi with development potential and their commercialized application. Finally, we proposed some suggestions for future researches.
Endoparasitic fungi are a group of nematophagous fungi which produce a variety of special spores to infect free nematodes. They play a key role in maintaining the population density of nematodes in the natural systems. Moreover, they are important materials for the study of species diversity. Therefore, they have special research significance and economic values. At present, many studies mainly focus on the infectivity of trapping fungi to nematodes, and mainly directed at the second instars larvae. However, the endoparasitic fungi have infectivity to nematodes at all stages. Here, we reviewed the resource status, diversity of spore morphology, infection modes, life history and host of endoparasitic fungi, and the biocontrol fungi with development potential and their commercialized application. Finally, we proposed some suggestions for future researches.
引文
[1] Zhang Y (张颖),Li G-H (李国红),Zhang K-Q (张克勤).A review on the research of nematophagous fungal species.Mycosystema (菌物学报),2011,30(6):836-845 (in Chinese)
[2] Li J (李娟),Zhang K-Q (张克勤).Research on nematophagous microorganisms for biological control of pathogenic nematodes.Chinese Journal of Biological Control (中国生物防治学报),2013,29(4):481-489 (in Chinese)
[3] Li T-F (李天飞),Zhang K-Q (张克勤),Liu X-Z (刘杏忠).Taxonomy of nematophagous fungi.Beijing:Chinese Science and Technology Press,2000 (in Chinese)
[4] Dick MW.The myzocytiopsidaceae.Mycological Research,1997,101:878-882
[5] Spies CF,Grooters AM,Levesque CA,et al.Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Lagenidium-like oomycetes pathogenic to mammals.Fungal Biology,2016,120:931-947
[6] Drechsler C.A nematode-destroying phycomycete forming immotile spores in aerial evacuation tubes.Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society,1946,73:1-17
[7] Drechsler C.Three fungi destructive to free-living terri-colous nematodes.Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,1940,30:240-253
[8] Couch JN.Observation on the genus Catenaria.Mycologia,1945,37:163-193
[9] Sekimoto S,Rochon DA,Long JE,et al.A mltigene phylogeny of Olpidium and its implications for early fungual evolution.BMC Evolutionary Biology,2011,11:331
[10] Letcher PM,Powell MJ,Chambers JG,et al.Phylogenetic relationships among Rhizophydium isolates from North America and Australia.Mycologia,2004,96:1339-1351
[11] Liou JY,Shih JY,Tzean SS.Esteya,a new nematophagous genus from Taiwan,attacking the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus).Mycological Research,1999,103:242-248
[12] Gams W,Jansson HB.The nematode parasite Meria coniospora Drechsler in pure culture and its classification.Mycotaxon,1985,22:33-38
[13] Xiang M-C (向梅春).Taxonomy of Hirsutella minnesotensis and Allied Species and Its Molecular Ecology.PhD Thesis.Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2006 (in Chinese)
[14] Drechsler C.New zoopagaceae capturing and consuming soil amoebae.Mycologia,1939,30:137-157
[15] Rong Y-W (荣跃文).The Karyotype Analysis of Seven Strains from Four Species of Entomogenous Fungi in Paecilomyces bainier.Master Thesis.Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2009 (in Chinese)
[16] Drechsler C.Some hyphomycetes parasitic on free-living terricolous nematodes.Phytopathology,1941,31:773-801
[17] Ciancio A,Colagiero M,Rosso LC,et al.Phylogeny and morphology of Hirsutella tunicata sp.nov.(Ophiocordycipitaceae),a novel mite parasite from Peru.Mycoscience,2013,54:378-386
[18] Zou X (邹晓),Zhou J-X (周家喜),Liang Z-Q (梁宗琦),et al.Hirsutella shennongjiaensis,a new entomopathogenic species infecting Earwig (Dermaptera).Mycosystema (菌物学报),2016,35(9):1070-1079 (in Chinese)
[19] Wang CY,Mo MH,Li X,et al.Morphological characteristics and infection processes of nematophagous Harposporium with reference to two new species.Fungal Diversity,2007,26:287-304
[20] Li H,Luo H,Zhang K.A new species of Harposporium parasitic on nematodes.Canadian Journal of Botany,2005,83:558-562
[21] Evans HC,Whitehead PF.Entomogenous fungi of arboreal Coleoptera from Worcestershire,England,including the new species Harposporium bredonense.Mycological Progress,2005,4:91-99
[22] Liu XZ,Zhang KQ,Gao RH.Nematophagous fungi:Harposporium species from China.Mycosystema,1997,16:189-191
[23] Tian C-J (田春杰),Chen J-K (陈家宽),Zhong Y (钟扬).Phylogenetic diversity of microbes and its perspectives in conservation biology.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2003,14(4):609-612 (in Chinese)
[24] Shimazu M,Glockling SL.A new species of Harposporium with two spore types isolated from the larva of a cerambycid beetle.Myclogical Research,1997,101:1371-1376
[25] Sun J,Park SY,Kang S,et al.Corrigendum:Development of a transformation system for Hirsutella spp.and visualization of the mode of nematode infection by GFP-labeled H.minnesotensis.Scientific Reports,2015,5:14889-14898
[26] Zhang K-Q (张克勤),Liu X-Z (刘杏忠),Li T-F (李天飞).Biology of Nematophagous Fungi.Beijing:Chinese Scientce and Technology Press,2001 (in Chinese)
[27] Jones FR.Nematoctonus robustus sp.nov.Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1964,47:57-60
[28] Barron GL,Dierkes Y.Nematophagous fungi:Hohenbuehelia the perfect state of Nematoctonus.Canadian Journal of Botany,1977,55:3054-3062
[29] Thorn RG,Barron GL.Nematoctonus and the tribe Resupinateae in Ontario.Mycotaxon,1986,25:321-453
[30] Hodge KT,Viaene NM,Gams W.Two Harposporium species with Hirsutella synanamorphs.Mycological Research,1997,101:1377-1382
[31] Li X (李萱).Isolation,Identification and Biology Study on Endoparasitic Nematode-Destroying Fungi.Master Thesis.Kunming:Yunnan University,2005 (in Chinese)
[32] Yang J,Liang L,Li J,et al.Nematicidal enzymes from microorganisms and their applications.Applied Microbio-logy and Biotechnology,2013,97:7081-7095
[33] Verdejo LS,Sorribas FJ,Ornat C,et al.Evaluating Pochnia chlamydosporia in a double-cropping system of lettuce and tomato in plastic houses infested with Meloidogyne javanica.Plant Pathology,2003,52:521-528
[34] Braga FR,Araujo JV,Silva AR,et al.Duddingtonia flagrans,Monacrosporium thaumasium and Pachonia chlamydosporia as possible biological control agents of Oxyuris equi and Austroxyuris finlaysoni.Journal of Helminthology,2010,84:21-25
[35] Ferreira SR,Araujo JV,Braga FR,et al.Ovicidal activity of seven Pochonia chlamydosporia fungal isolates on Ascaris suum eggs.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2011,43:639-642
[36] Xiao S (肖顺).Resource of Fungal Parasites of Root-knot Nematode and Study on Paecilomyces lilacinus Strain PL89.PhD Thesis.Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2006 (in Chinese)
[37] Barron GL.Nematophagous fungi:Three new species of Myzocytium.Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1976,22:752-762
[38] Sparrow FK.Aquatic Phycomycetes.Ann Arbor,MI,USA:University of Michigan Press,1960
[39] Dasgupta SN,John R.A contribution to our knowledge of the zoosporic fungi.Bulletin of Botanical Survery of India,1988,30:1-82
[40] Barron GL.A new and unusual species of Haptoglossa.Canadian Journal of Botany,1990,68:435-438
[41] Barron GL.Host range studies for Haptoglossa and a new species,Haptoglossa intermedia.Canadian Journal of Botany,1989,67:1645-1648
[42] Sorokin N.Note sur Les vegetaux parasites des anguilliles.Annales des Sciences Naturelles-zoologie et Biologie Animale,1876,4:63
[43] Barron GL.A new Harposporium parasitic in bdellold rotifers.Canadian Journal of Botany,1986,64:2379-2382
[44] Barron GL,Szijarto E.A new Harposporium with triangular conidia attacking bdelloid rotifers.Canadian Journal of Botany,1991,69:1284-1287
[45] Luz C,Tai MHH,Santos AH,et al.Ovicidal activity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes on Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) under laboratory conditions.Journal of Medical Entomology,2007,44:799-804
[46] Barthakur BK.Recent approach of tocklai to plant protection in tea in north east India.Science and Culture,2011,77:381-384
[47] Yang T (杨婷).The Research of PL-HN-16 Promoting Plant Growth.Master Thesis.Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016 (in Chinese)
[48] Tobin JD,Haydock PPJ,Hare MC,et al.Effect of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia and fosthiazate on the multiplication rate of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida and G.rostochiensis) in potato crops grown under UK field conditions.Biological Control,2008,46:194-201
[49] Willcox J,Tribe HT.Fungal parasitism in cysts of Hete-rodera.I.Prelimimary investigations.Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1974,62:585-594
[50] Manzanilla RH,Esteves I,Powers SJ,et al.Effects of crop plants on abundance of Pochonia chlamydosporia and other fungal parasites of root-knot and potato cyst nematodes.Annals of Applied Biology,2011,159:118-129
[51] Escudero N,Lopez LV.Effects on plant growth and root-knot nematode infection of an endophytic GFP transformant of the nematophaous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia.Symbiosis,2012,57:33-42
[52] Kiewnick S,Sikora RA.Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita by Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251.Biological Control,2006,38:179-187
[53] Culbreath AK,Rodriguez KR,Morgan-Jones G.Chitin and Paecilomyces lilacinus for control of Meloidogyne arenaria.Nematropica,1986,16:153-166
[54] Rahi GS,Rich JR,Hodge C.Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and M.javanica on leaf water potential and water use of tobacco.Journal of Nematology,1988,20:516-522
[55] Yang B,Eisenback J.Meloidogyne enterolobii n.sp.(Meloidogynidae),a root-knot nematode parasitizing pacara earpod tree in China.Journal of Nematology,1983,15:381-391
[56] Adekunle OK,Kulshrestha S,Prasad R,et al.Plant parasitic and vector nematodes associated with asiatic and oriental hybrid lilies.Plant Virus Laboratory,2006,97:364-371
[57] Khan A,Williams KL,Nevalainen HKM.Control of plant-parasitic nematodes by Paecilomyces lilacinus and Monacrosporium lysipagum in pot trials.Biomedical and Life Sciences,2006,51:643-658
[58] Walters SA,Barker KR.Efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus in suppressing rotylenchulus reniformis on tomato.Journal of Nematology,1994,26:600-605
[59] Jatala P,Kaltenbach R,Bocnagel M.Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera pallida on potatoes.Journal of Nematology,1979,11:303
[60] Jansson HB,Jeyaprakash A,Zuckerman BM.Differential adhesion and infection of nematodes by the endoparasitic fungus Meria coniospora (Deuteromycetes).Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1985,49:552-555
[61] Sun MH,Gao LY,Li BJ,et al.Fungi and actinomycetes associated with Meloidogyne spp.eggs and females in China and their biocontrol potential.Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,2006,93:22-28
[62] Tribe HT.A parasite of white cysts of Heterodera:Caternaria auxiliaris.Tansactions of the British Mycological Society,1977,69:367-376
[63] Tang L-Y (汤丽燕),Yang L (杨乐),Xing X-J (邢新婧),et al.Advances in pathogenicity-related serine proteases in namatophagous fungi.Microbiology China (微生物学通报),2017,44(4):911-919 (in Chinese)
[64] Jin N (金娜),Liu Q (刘倩),Jian H (简恒).Advances on biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.Chinese Journal of Biological Control (中国生物防治学报),2015,31(5):789-800 (in Chinese)
[65] Li J,Zou C,Xu J,et al.Molecular Mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions:Basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.Annual Review of Phytopathology,2015,53:67-95
[66] Liu Y-X (刘玉霞),Meng L (孟丽),Qi Y-H (漆永红),et al.Control effect of four nematicides against cowpea root-knot nematode disease.Plant Protection (植物保护),2014,40(4):177-180 (in Chinese)
[67] Wang Z,Wang CY,Gu LJ,et al.Growth of Esteya vermicola in media amended with nitrogen sources yields conidia with increased predacity and resistance to environmental stress.Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2011,57:838-843
[68] Wang T-T (王婷婷),Wang X (王暄),Wang J-C (王金成),et al.Infection characteristics of nematophagous fungus Esteya vermicola to plant parasitic nematodes.Acta Phytophylacica Sinica (植物保护学报),2014,41(5):540-546 (in Chinese)
[69] Wang H-H (王海华),Zhu H-L (褚洪龙),Xie Q-Z (谢清哲),et al.Variation in sporulation of four Esteya vermicola isolates and their infectivity against Pinewood nematode.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2016,52(9):139-146 (in Chinese)
[70] Wang R,Dong L,Chen Y,et al.Esteya vermicola controls the pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,in pine seedlings.Microbes and Environments,2017,32:201-209
[71] Liu X-Z (刘杏忠),Zhang K-Q (张克勤),Li T-F (李天飞).Biological Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes.Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,2004 (in Chinese)
[72] Patel AV,Rose T,Gutberlet V,et al.Controlled release of Hirsutella rhossiliensis from hollow beads for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.Journal of Nematology,1999,31:213-240
[73] Liu XZ,Chen SY.Screening isolates of Hirsutella species for biocontrol of Heterodera glycines.Biocontrol Science and Technology,2001,11:151-160
[74] Patel AV,Jakobsschonwandt D,Rose T,et al.Fermentation and microencapsulation of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in a novel type of hollow beads.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2011,89:1751-1760
[75] Xiang MC,Xiang PA,Jiang XZ,et al.Detection and quantification of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella minnesotensis in soil with real-time PCR.Applied Soil Ecology,2010,44:170-175
[76] Ye S-D (叶素丹),Feng M-G (冯明光).Physiological and biochemical bases of xero-tolerance of fungal biocontrol agents and their application.Chinese Journal of Applied ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(12):2383-2387 (in Chinese)
[2] Li J (李娟),Zhang K-Q (张克勤).Research on nematophagous microorganisms for biological control of pathogenic nematodes.Chinese Journal of Biological Control (中国生物防治学报),2013,29(4):481-489 (in Chinese)
[3] Li T-F (李天飞),Zhang K-Q (张克勤),Liu X-Z (刘杏忠).Taxonomy of nematophagous fungi.Beijing:Chinese Science and Technology Press,2000 (in Chinese)
[4] Dick MW.The myzocytiopsidaceae.Mycological Research,1997,101:878-882
[5] Spies CF,Grooters AM,Levesque CA,et al.Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of Lagenidium-like oomycetes pathogenic to mammals.Fungal Biology,2016,120:931-947
[6] Drechsler C.A nematode-destroying phycomycete forming immotile spores in aerial evacuation tubes.Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society,1946,73:1-17
[7] Drechsler C.Three fungi destructive to free-living terri-colous nematodes.Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences,1940,30:240-253
[8] Couch JN.Observation on the genus Catenaria.Mycologia,1945,37:163-193
[9] Sekimoto S,Rochon DA,Long JE,et al.A mltigene phylogeny of Olpidium and its implications for early fungual evolution.BMC Evolutionary Biology,2011,11:331
[10] Letcher PM,Powell MJ,Chambers JG,et al.Phylogenetic relationships among Rhizophydium isolates from North America and Australia.Mycologia,2004,96:1339-1351
[11] Liou JY,Shih JY,Tzean SS.Esteya,a new nematophagous genus from Taiwan,attacking the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus).Mycological Research,1999,103:242-248
[12] Gams W,Jansson HB.The nematode parasite Meria coniospora Drechsler in pure culture and its classification.Mycotaxon,1985,22:33-38
[13] Xiang M-C (向梅春).Taxonomy of Hirsutella minnesotensis and Allied Species and Its Molecular Ecology.PhD Thesis.Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2006 (in Chinese)
[14] Drechsler C.New zoopagaceae capturing and consuming soil amoebae.Mycologia,1939,30:137-157
[15] Rong Y-W (荣跃文).The Karyotype Analysis of Seven Strains from Four Species of Entomogenous Fungi in Paecilomyces bainier.Master Thesis.Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2009 (in Chinese)
[16] Drechsler C.Some hyphomycetes parasitic on free-living terricolous nematodes.Phytopathology,1941,31:773-801
[17] Ciancio A,Colagiero M,Rosso LC,et al.Phylogeny and morphology of Hirsutella tunicata sp.nov.(Ophiocordycipitaceae),a novel mite parasite from Peru.Mycoscience,2013,54:378-386
[18] Zou X (邹晓),Zhou J-X (周家喜),Liang Z-Q (梁宗琦),et al.Hirsutella shennongjiaensis,a new entomopathogenic species infecting Earwig (Dermaptera).Mycosystema (菌物学报),2016,35(9):1070-1079 (in Chinese)
[19] Wang CY,Mo MH,Li X,et al.Morphological characteristics and infection processes of nematophagous Harposporium with reference to two new species.Fungal Diversity,2007,26:287-304
[20] Li H,Luo H,Zhang K.A new species of Harposporium parasitic on nematodes.Canadian Journal of Botany,2005,83:558-562
[21] Evans HC,Whitehead PF.Entomogenous fungi of arboreal Coleoptera from Worcestershire,England,including the new species Harposporium bredonense.Mycological Progress,2005,4:91-99
[22] Liu XZ,Zhang KQ,Gao RH.Nematophagous fungi:Harposporium species from China.Mycosystema,1997,16:189-191
[23] Tian C-J (田春杰),Chen J-K (陈家宽),Zhong Y (钟扬).Phylogenetic diversity of microbes and its perspectives in conservation biology.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2003,14(4):609-612 (in Chinese)
[24] Shimazu M,Glockling SL.A new species of Harposporium with two spore types isolated from the larva of a cerambycid beetle.Myclogical Research,1997,101:1371-1376
[25] Sun J,Park SY,Kang S,et al.Corrigendum:Development of a transformation system for Hirsutella spp.and visualization of the mode of nematode infection by GFP-labeled H.minnesotensis.Scientific Reports,2015,5:14889-14898
[26] Zhang K-Q (张克勤),Liu X-Z (刘杏忠),Li T-F (李天飞).Biology of Nematophagous Fungi.Beijing:Chinese Scientce and Technology Press,2001 (in Chinese)
[27] Jones FR.Nematoctonus robustus sp.nov.Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1964,47:57-60
[28] Barron GL,Dierkes Y.Nematophagous fungi:Hohenbuehelia the perfect state of Nematoctonus.Canadian Journal of Botany,1977,55:3054-3062
[29] Thorn RG,Barron GL.Nematoctonus and the tribe Resupinateae in Ontario.Mycotaxon,1986,25:321-453
[30] Hodge KT,Viaene NM,Gams W.Two Harposporium species with Hirsutella synanamorphs.Mycological Research,1997,101:1377-1382
[31] Li X (李萱).Isolation,Identification and Biology Study on Endoparasitic Nematode-Destroying Fungi.Master Thesis.Kunming:Yunnan University,2005 (in Chinese)
[32] Yang J,Liang L,Li J,et al.Nematicidal enzymes from microorganisms and their applications.Applied Microbio-logy and Biotechnology,2013,97:7081-7095
[33] Verdejo LS,Sorribas FJ,Ornat C,et al.Evaluating Pochnia chlamydosporia in a double-cropping system of lettuce and tomato in plastic houses infested with Meloidogyne javanica.Plant Pathology,2003,52:521-528
[34] Braga FR,Araujo JV,Silva AR,et al.Duddingtonia flagrans,Monacrosporium thaumasium and Pachonia chlamydosporia as possible biological control agents of Oxyuris equi and Austroxyuris finlaysoni.Journal of Helminthology,2010,84:21-25
[35] Ferreira SR,Araujo JV,Braga FR,et al.Ovicidal activity of seven Pochonia chlamydosporia fungal isolates on Ascaris suum eggs.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2011,43:639-642
[36] Xiao S (肖顺).Resource of Fungal Parasites of Root-knot Nematode and Study on Paecilomyces lilacinus Strain PL89.PhD Thesis.Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2006 (in Chinese)
[37] Barron GL.Nematophagous fungi:Three new species of Myzocytium.Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1976,22:752-762
[38] Sparrow FK.Aquatic Phycomycetes.Ann Arbor,MI,USA:University of Michigan Press,1960
[39] Dasgupta SN,John R.A contribution to our knowledge of the zoosporic fungi.Bulletin of Botanical Survery of India,1988,30:1-82
[40] Barron GL.A new and unusual species of Haptoglossa.Canadian Journal of Botany,1990,68:435-438
[41] Barron GL.Host range studies for Haptoglossa and a new species,Haptoglossa intermedia.Canadian Journal of Botany,1989,67:1645-1648
[42] Sorokin N.Note sur Les vegetaux parasites des anguilliles.Annales des Sciences Naturelles-zoologie et Biologie Animale,1876,4:63
[43] Barron GL.A new Harposporium parasitic in bdellold rotifers.Canadian Journal of Botany,1986,64:2379-2382
[44] Barron GL,Szijarto E.A new Harposporium with triangular conidia attacking bdelloid rotifers.Canadian Journal of Botany,1991,69:1284-1287
[45] Luz C,Tai MHH,Santos AH,et al.Ovicidal activity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes on Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) under laboratory conditions.Journal of Medical Entomology,2007,44:799-804
[46] Barthakur BK.Recent approach of tocklai to plant protection in tea in north east India.Science and Culture,2011,77:381-384
[47] Yang T (杨婷).The Research of PL-HN-16 Promoting Plant Growth.Master Thesis.Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016 (in Chinese)
[48] Tobin JD,Haydock PPJ,Hare MC,et al.Effect of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia and fosthiazate on the multiplication rate of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida and G.rostochiensis) in potato crops grown under UK field conditions.Biological Control,2008,46:194-201
[49] Willcox J,Tribe HT.Fungal parasitism in cysts of Hete-rodera.I.Prelimimary investigations.Transactions of the British Mycological Society,1974,62:585-594
[50] Manzanilla RH,Esteves I,Powers SJ,et al.Effects of crop plants on abundance of Pochonia chlamydosporia and other fungal parasites of root-knot and potato cyst nematodes.Annals of Applied Biology,2011,159:118-129
[51] Escudero N,Lopez LV.Effects on plant growth and root-knot nematode infection of an endophytic GFP transformant of the nematophaous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia.Symbiosis,2012,57:33-42
[52] Kiewnick S,Sikora RA.Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita by Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251.Biological Control,2006,38:179-187
[53] Culbreath AK,Rodriguez KR,Morgan-Jones G.Chitin and Paecilomyces lilacinus for control of Meloidogyne arenaria.Nematropica,1986,16:153-166
[54] Rahi GS,Rich JR,Hodge C.Effect of Meloidogyne incognita and M.javanica on leaf water potential and water use of tobacco.Journal of Nematology,1988,20:516-522
[55] Yang B,Eisenback J.Meloidogyne enterolobii n.sp.(Meloidogynidae),a root-knot nematode parasitizing pacara earpod tree in China.Journal of Nematology,1983,15:381-391
[56] Adekunle OK,Kulshrestha S,Prasad R,et al.Plant parasitic and vector nematodes associated with asiatic and oriental hybrid lilies.Plant Virus Laboratory,2006,97:364-371
[57] Khan A,Williams KL,Nevalainen HKM.Control of plant-parasitic nematodes by Paecilomyces lilacinus and Monacrosporium lysipagum in pot trials.Biomedical and Life Sciences,2006,51:643-658
[58] Walters SA,Barker KR.Efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus in suppressing rotylenchulus reniformis on tomato.Journal of Nematology,1994,26:600-605
[59] Jatala P,Kaltenbach R,Bocnagel M.Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera pallida on potatoes.Journal of Nematology,1979,11:303
[60] Jansson HB,Jeyaprakash A,Zuckerman BM.Differential adhesion and infection of nematodes by the endoparasitic fungus Meria coniospora (Deuteromycetes).Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1985,49:552-555
[61] Sun MH,Gao LY,Li BJ,et al.Fungi and actinomycetes associated with Meloidogyne spp.eggs and females in China and their biocontrol potential.Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,2006,93:22-28
[62] Tribe HT.A parasite of white cysts of Heterodera:Caternaria auxiliaris.Tansactions of the British Mycological Society,1977,69:367-376
[63] Tang L-Y (汤丽燕),Yang L (杨乐),Xing X-J (邢新婧),et al.Advances in pathogenicity-related serine proteases in namatophagous fungi.Microbiology China (微生物学通报),2017,44(4):911-919 (in Chinese)
[64] Jin N (金娜),Liu Q (刘倩),Jian H (简恒).Advances on biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.Chinese Journal of Biological Control (中国生物防治学报),2015,31(5):789-800 (in Chinese)
[65] Li J,Zou C,Xu J,et al.Molecular Mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions:Basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.Annual Review of Phytopathology,2015,53:67-95
[66] Liu Y-X (刘玉霞),Meng L (孟丽),Qi Y-H (漆永红),et al.Control effect of four nematicides against cowpea root-knot nematode disease.Plant Protection (植物保护),2014,40(4):177-180 (in Chinese)
[67] Wang Z,Wang CY,Gu LJ,et al.Growth of Esteya vermicola in media amended with nitrogen sources yields conidia with increased predacity and resistance to environmental stress.Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2011,57:838-843
[68] Wang T-T (王婷婷),Wang X (王暄),Wang J-C (王金成),et al.Infection characteristics of nematophagous fungus Esteya vermicola to plant parasitic nematodes.Acta Phytophylacica Sinica (植物保护学报),2014,41(5):540-546 (in Chinese)
[69] Wang H-H (王海华),Zhu H-L (褚洪龙),Xie Q-Z (谢清哲),et al.Variation in sporulation of four Esteya vermicola isolates and their infectivity against Pinewood nematode.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2016,52(9):139-146 (in Chinese)
[70] Wang R,Dong L,Chen Y,et al.Esteya vermicola controls the pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,in pine seedlings.Microbes and Environments,2017,32:201-209
[71] Liu X-Z (刘杏忠),Zhang K-Q (张克勤),Li T-F (李天飞).Biological Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes.Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,2004 (in Chinese)
[72] Patel AV,Rose T,Gutberlet V,et al.Controlled release of Hirsutella rhossiliensis from hollow beads for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.Journal of Nematology,1999,31:213-240
[73] Liu XZ,Chen SY.Screening isolates of Hirsutella species for biocontrol of Heterodera glycines.Biocontrol Science and Technology,2001,11:151-160
[74] Patel AV,Jakobsschonwandt D,Rose T,et al.Fermentation and microencapsulation of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in a novel type of hollow beads.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,2011,89:1751-1760
[75] Xiang MC,Xiang PA,Jiang XZ,et al.Detection and quantification of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella minnesotensis in soil with real-time PCR.Applied Soil Ecology,2010,44:170-175
[76] Ye S-D (叶素丹),Feng M-G (冯明光).Physiological and biochemical bases of xero-tolerance of fungal biocontrol agents and their application.Chinese Journal of Applied ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(12):2383-2387 (in Chinese)