城市高羊茅草坪绿地水沙调控效应
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摘要
通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了60%覆盖度城市高羊茅草坪绿地(种草当年)在不同坡度(5°,10°)、不同雨强(30,60,90mm/h)条件下的产流、产沙过程以及径流携带泥沙的作用机制,并用裸地作为对照,同时定量化分析城市高羊茅草坪绿地的水沙调控作用。结果表明:(1)高羊茅草坪绿地能够有效延缓初始产流时间,但随着雨强及坡度的增加其延缓效果降低,当雨强90mm/h、坡度10°时草坪绿地几乎没有延缓初始产流时间的效果;(2)各试验条件下高羊茅草坪绿地与裸地产流率差异性显著,但雨强90 mm/h、坡度10°时二者差异性不显著;(3)各试验条件下高羊茅草坪绿地总径流量是裸地的0.8倍左右,总产沙量是裸地的1/244.68~1/28.34倍;(4)60%盖度城市高羊茅草坪绿地能够有效削减径流量和土壤侵蚀量,但削减程度有差异,雨强为30,60,90mm/h时草坪绿地的平均减流效益分别为33.23%,23.04%,13.78%,在各场次降雨条件下减沙效益均可达95%以上;(5)试验条件相同时,高羊茅草坪绿地和裸地的径流挟沙能力有差异,同一径流量下草坪绿地的土壤侵蚀量远远低于裸地;(6)分别建立城市高羊茅草坪绿地、裸地的径流量与泥沙侵蚀量之间的水沙关系。
Through artificially simulated rainfall experiments,we studied the regularities of the runoff and sediment yield on slopes of different gradients(5°and 10°)under different rainfall intensities(30mm/h,60mm/h,and 90mm/h)with different coverages(60% coverage of Festuca arundinacea grassland in the first year of planting,and bare land).A quantitative study was carried out on the soil and water regulation of F.arundinacea grassland.The results showed that:(1)Festuca arundinacea grassland had a remarkable effect on extending the initial runoff time.However,such effect decreased with the increase of rainfall intensity and slope gradient.The effect on the extension the initial runoff time of grassland was not significant under rainfall intensity of 90mm/h on the 10°slope.(2)Under different experimental conditions,there were significant differences between F.arundinacea grassland and bare land,except under rainfall intensity of 90mm/h on the 10°slope.(3)Under different experimental conditions,the total runoff of F.arundinacea grassland was about 0.8times as much as that of the bare land,and the total sediment yield of F.arundinaceagrassland was 1/244.68-1/28.34 times as much as that of the bare land.(4)A 60% coverage of F.arundinaceagrassland could effectively reduce runoff and soil erosion,but the reduction degree was differ-ent.When the rainfall intensity was 30mm/h,60mm/h,and 90mm/h,the average runoff reduction was33.23%,23.04%,and 13.78%,respectively.The sediment reduction could be more than 95% under different rainfall conditions.(5)Sediment-carrying capacity of F.arundinacea grassland was different from that of the bare land under the same test conditions.The amount of soil erosion in the F.arundinaceagrassland was lower than that of the bare land under the same runoff conditions.(6)The relation between runoff and sediment was established for F.arundinaceagrassland and bare land.
Through artificially simulated rainfall experiments,we studied the regularities of the runoff and sediment yield on slopes of different gradients(5°and 10°)under different rainfall intensities(30mm/h,60mm/h,and 90mm/h)with different coverages(60% coverage of Festuca arundinacea grassland in the first year of planting,and bare land).A quantitative study was carried out on the soil and water regulation of F.arundinacea grassland.The results showed that:(1)Festuca arundinacea grassland had a remarkable effect on extending the initial runoff time.However,such effect decreased with the increase of rainfall intensity and slope gradient.The effect on the extension the initial runoff time of grassland was not significant under rainfall intensity of 90mm/h on the 10°slope.(2)Under different experimental conditions,there were significant differences between F.arundinacea grassland and bare land,except under rainfall intensity of 90mm/h on the 10°slope.(3)Under different experimental conditions,the total runoff of F.arundinacea grassland was about 0.8times as much as that of the bare land,and the total sediment yield of F.arundinaceagrassland was 1/244.68-1/28.34 times as much as that of the bare land.(4)A 60% coverage of F.arundinaceagrassland could effectively reduce runoff and soil erosion,but the reduction degree was differ-ent.When the rainfall intensity was 30mm/h,60mm/h,and 90mm/h,the average runoff reduction was33.23%,23.04%,and 13.78%,respectively.The sediment reduction could be more than 95% under different rainfall conditions.(5)Sediment-carrying capacity of F.arundinacea grassland was different from that of the bare land under the same test conditions.The amount of soil erosion in the F.arundinaceagrassland was lower than that of the bare land under the same runoff conditions.(6)The relation between runoff and sediment was established for F.arundinaceagrassland and bare land.
引文
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[11]张思毅,梁志权,谢真越,等.植被调控红壤坡面土壤侵蚀机理[J].水土保持学报,2016,3(3):1-5.
[12]孙佳美,余新晓,樊登,等.模拟降雨下植被盖度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):1-9.
[13]刘纪根,张昕川,李力,等.紫色土坡面植被覆盖度对水土流失影响研究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(3):16-20.
[14]霍云梅,毕华兴,朱永杰,等.QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置降雨特性试验[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(2):31-36.
[15]路炳军,刘洪鹄,符素华,等.照相法结合数字图像技术计算植被覆盖度精度研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(1):78-85.
[16]朱红霞.城市绿地雨水渗透利用(二):绿地土壤的渗透[J].园林.2012(2):50-53.
[17]张晓艳,周正朝,党珍珍.草被地上部分水土保持作用研究进展[J].中国水土保持,2011(1):47-50.
[18]史致男.不同降雨特性对坡面产流产沙过程的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2014.
[19]丁文峰,李勉,姚文艺,等.坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的模拟试验研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(1):32-38.
[2]Krans J V,Morris K.Determining aprofile of protocols and standards used in the visual field assessment of turfgrasses:A survey of national turfgrass evaluation program-sponsored university scientists[EB/OL].[2017-01-10].http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113//1/IND44030817.pdf
[3]余高镜,林奇田,柯庆明,等.草坪型高羊茅的研究进展与展望[J].草业科学,2005,22(7):77-81.
[4]Zhou Z C,Gan Z T,Shangguan Z P,et al.China’s Grain for Green Program has reduced soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,2009,16(4):234-239.
[5]Osterkamp W R,Hupp C R,Stoffel M.The interactions between vegetation and erosion:new directions for research at the interface of ecology and geomorphology[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2012,37(1):31-36.
[6]朱永杰.城市典型草坪绿地对地表径流削减作用研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[7]霍云梅.覆盖度、雨强及坡度对城市典型草坪绿地坡面产沙影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[8]赵春红,高建恩,徐震.牧草调控绵沙土坡面侵蚀机理[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):113-121.
[9]姚文艺,肖培青,申震洲,等.坡面产流过程及产沙临界对立地条件的响应关系[J].水利学报,2011,42(12):1438-1444.
[10]潘成忠,上官周平.牧草对坡面侵蚀动力参数的影响[J].水利学报,2011,36(3):371-377.
[11]张思毅,梁志权,谢真越,等.植被调控红壤坡面土壤侵蚀机理[J].水土保持学报,2016,3(3):1-5.
[12]孙佳美,余新晓,樊登,等.模拟降雨下植被盖度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):1-9.
[13]刘纪根,张昕川,李力,等.紫色土坡面植被覆盖度对水土流失影响研究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(3):16-20.
[14]霍云梅,毕华兴,朱永杰,等.QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置降雨特性试验[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(2):31-36.
[15]路炳军,刘洪鹄,符素华,等.照相法结合数字图像技术计算植被覆盖度精度研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(1):78-85.
[16]朱红霞.城市绿地雨水渗透利用(二):绿地土壤的渗透[J].园林.2012(2):50-53.
[17]张晓艳,周正朝,党珍珍.草被地上部分水土保持作用研究进展[J].中国水土保持,2011(1):47-50.
[18]史致男.不同降雨特性对坡面产流产沙过程的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2014.
[19]丁文峰,李勉,姚文艺,等.坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的模拟试验研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(1):32-38.