基于凭单制的公共就业培训准市场模式研究
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摘要
政府购买服务的公共就业培训准市场模式,在实践中表现出"契约失败"、难以对培训机构建立激励和控制机制、助长培训机构的游说行为、未能有效收集和回应民意等局限性。将凭单制引入公共就业培训市场,通过需方补贴的方式,构建公共就业培训市场的价格机制,可以引导培训机构更加关注培训绩效,同时有效规避政府设租和寻租现象。实践中就业培训券制度的试点并未得到大规模推广,主要是就业培训券制度因市场竞争不足、凭单额度有限以及培训和就业脱钩等问题,未能充分调动培训对象的参与积极性。因此,应突破典型凭单制框架,引入费用共担机制和更加多元化的供给,尤其是赋予用人单位购买者、生产者、受益者的多重角色,从而实现培训市场的充分竞争、培训对象的有效购买,从而获得更多的培训收益。
The quasi-market mode of public vocational training dominated by government purchase has showed its limitations of‘contract failure' in having difficulty in establishing a stimulating and control mechanism for training agencies,encouraging the lobbying behavior of training institutions and the incompetency of understanding and responding to public opinion. This essay suggests introducing the voucher system into public vocational training market and constructing a price mechanism of public employment training market with the purchaser subsidies,which motives training agencies to improve training performance,and effectively avoids government rent-setting and rent-seeking. There are three main factors resulting in the unpopularity of vocational training voucher system in the practice,which are 1) insufficient market competition; 2)limited voucher amount; and 3) the gap between training and employment. Hence,the training objects lack participating motives. To cope with those problems,innovation of the voucher system is necessary. Shared payment mechanism,diverse supplement pattern and multi-roles of employers are suggested to bring about perfect competition of training market,efficient purchase from training objects and achievement of training benefits.
The quasi-market mode of public vocational training dominated by government purchase has showed its limitations of‘contract failure' in having difficulty in establishing a stimulating and control mechanism for training agencies,encouraging the lobbying behavior of training institutions and the incompetency of understanding and responding to public opinion. This essay suggests introducing the voucher system into public vocational training market and constructing a price mechanism of public employment training market with the purchaser subsidies,which motives training agencies to improve training performance,and effectively avoids government rent-setting and rent-seeking. There are three main factors resulting in the unpopularity of vocational training voucher system in the practice,which are 1) insufficient market competition; 2)limited voucher amount; and 3) the gap between training and employment. Hence,the training objects lack participating motives. To cope with those problems,innovation of the voucher system is necessary. Shared payment mechanism,diverse supplement pattern and multi-roles of employers are suggested to bring about perfect competition of training market,efficient purchase from training objects and achievement of training benefits.
引文
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戴维·奥斯本、彼得·普拉斯特里克,2002:《摈弃官僚制:政府再造的五项战略》,谭功荣、刘霞译,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
卡则斯、纳斯波洛娃,2005:《转型中的劳动力市场:平衡灵活性与安全性———中东欧的经验》,劳动和社会保障部劳动科研所译,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
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李秀中,2010:《成都实行就业培训券普惠制惠及20万人》,http://www.yicai.com/news/2010/03/322206.html。
Neil Gilbert,Paul Terrell,2013:《社会福利政策引论》,沈黎译,上海:华东理工大学出版社。
漆小均,2009:《成都免费“就业培训券”遇冷》,《第一财经日报》2009年3月4日。
萨瓦斯.E.S,2002:《民营化与公私部门的伙伴关系》,周志忍等译,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
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王飞,2012:《基于就业培训券的农民工培训多元合作模式探讨》,《西部论坛》,第9期。
吴晓颖,2009:《成都发放首批就业培训券侧记》,http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090105/299096.shtml。
阳盛益,严国萍,2014:《政府购买就业培训服务的准市场:路径设计与治理机制》,《南京社会科学》,第5期。
詹姆士·Q.威尔逊,1995:《美国官僚政治》,张海涛译,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
Anderson,D.2006.Trading Places:The Impact and Outcomes of Market Reform in Vocational Education and Training——Support Document,NCVER,Adelaide.
Henry Hansmann.1987.“Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organization”,in Walter Powell(ed.),The Nonprofit Sector:A Research Handbook,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press.
Le Grand,J.&Bertlett,E.1990.Quasi-Markets and Social Policy.Basingstoke,Hampshire:Macmillan Press.Rosabeth Kanter and David Summers.1987.“Doing Well While Doing Good:Dilemmas of Performance Measurement in
Nonprofit Organizations and the Need for a Multiple Constituency Approach”,in Walter Powell(ed.),The Nonprofit Sector:A Research Handbook,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press.
戴维·奥斯本、彼得·普拉斯特里克,2002:《摈弃官僚制:政府再造的五项战略》,谭功荣、刘霞译,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
卡则斯、纳斯波洛娃,2005:《转型中的劳动力市场:平衡灵活性与安全性———中东欧的经验》,劳动和社会保障部劳动科研所译,北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社。
李红霞,2005:《理解凭单制:渊源、机制、模式及运用》,《福建行政学院福建经济管理干部学院学报》,第1期。
李秀中,2010:《成都实行就业培训券普惠制惠及20万人》,http://www.yicai.com/news/2010/03/322206.html。
Neil Gilbert,Paul Terrell,2013:《社会福利政策引论》,沈黎译,上海:华东理工大学出版社。
漆小均,2009:《成都免费“就业培训券”遇冷》,《第一财经日报》2009年3月4日。
萨瓦斯.E.S,2002:《民营化与公私部门的伙伴关系》,周志忍等译,北京:中国人民大学出版社。
宋世明,1999:《美国行政改革研究》,北京:国家行政学院出版社,第148页。
王飞,2012:《基于就业培训券的农民工培训多元合作模式探讨》,《西部论坛》,第9期。
吴晓颖,2009:《成都发放首批就业培训券侧记》,http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090105/299096.shtml。
阳盛益,严国萍,2014:《政府购买就业培训服务的准市场:路径设计与治理机制》,《南京社会科学》,第5期。
詹姆士·Q.威尔逊,1995:《美国官僚政治》,张海涛译,北京:中国社会科学出版社。
Anderson,D.2006.Trading Places:The Impact and Outcomes of Market Reform in Vocational Education and Training——Support Document,NCVER,Adelaide.
Henry Hansmann.1987.“Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organization”,in Walter Powell(ed.),The Nonprofit Sector:A Research Handbook,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press.
Le Grand,J.&Bertlett,E.1990.Quasi-Markets and Social Policy.Basingstoke,Hampshire:Macmillan Press.Rosabeth Kanter and David Summers.1987.“Doing Well While Doing Good:Dilemmas of Performance Measurement in
Nonprofit Organizations and the Need for a Multiple Constituency Approach”,in Walter Powell(ed.),The Nonprofit Sector:A Research Handbook,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press.