父母拒绝教养方式对中国同性恋者自杀的影响:歧视知觉的中介效应与出柜的调节效应
|
摘要
本研究基于社会生态视角和应激—易感模型,调查了493名中国同性恋者,探讨父母拒绝教养方式、歧视知觉及出柜对中国同性恋者自杀的影响。结果发现:(1)父母拒绝教养方式会显著负向预测同性恋者自杀;(2)歧视知觉在父母拒绝教养方式对同性恋者自杀的影响中起中介作用;(3)出柜在歧视知觉与同性恋者自杀之间起调节作用,对于出柜的同性恋者,歧视知觉对其自杀影响不显著;对于未出柜的同性恋者,歧视知觉对其自杀有正向预测作用。
A substantial body of research has demonstrated that level of suicide risk among homosexual individuals is higher as compared to heterosexual individuals(Mu et al., 2016; Pl?derl et al., 2014; Wei, 2015); However, little is known about the important factors that influence Chinese homosexuals' suicide. In this study, guided by social-ecological perspective and stress-diathesis model, a moderated mediation model was constructed to examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of stress(parenting rejection styles), cognition(perceived discrimination) and protective(coming out) factors on Chinese homosexuals' suicide. Specifically, the present study examined whether parenting rejection styles were indirectly related to Chinese homosexuals' suicide through perceived discrimination, and whether this indirect association was moderated by coming-out. The study sample included 493 homosexuals, of which 245(49.70%) were gay men and 248(50.30%) lesbians. The research focused on the "identity-centered" model of Chinese homosexuals(Wang, 2013 b), so participants' age ranged from 16 to 35 years(M = 24.12, SD = 5.18). Participants were recruited for the study to complete self-report questionnaires. Parenting rejection styles were measured with the short-egna minnen av barndoms uppfostran questionnaires which consisted of 12 items, and the respondents rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement on a 4-point Likert scale. Perceived discrimination was measured with the perceived discrimination questionnaire which consisted of 10 items, and the respondents rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement on a 5-point Likert scale. Suicide was measured with the suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised which consisted of 4 items, if the participant's score was more than 7, then the participant was considered to have a high suicide risk. Coming-out was measured with a self-made questionnaire. All the measures had good reliability and validity.The major findings of the present study showed that(1) Chinese homosexuals were high risk groups for suicide.(2) Parenting rejection styles had a negative effect on Chinese homosexuals' suicide.(3) The negative impact of parenting rejection styles on Chinese homosexuals' suicide was mediated by perceived discrimination, while parenting rejection styles not only had a direct influence on Chinese homosexuals' suicide, but also had an indirect influence on Chinese homosexuals' suicide through perceived discrimination.(4) Coming-out moderated the second path of the mediation. For homosexuals in China without coming-out, with the increase of perceived discrimination, their suicide risk had a very obviously ascending trend(βsimple =.27, t = 3.12, p <.01); For homosexuals in China with coming-out, with the increase of perceived discrimination, their suicide risk did not have a significantly ascending trend(βsimple =.10, t = 1.83, p >.05).(5) The effect of parenting rejection styles on Chinese homosexuals' suicide was moderated mediating effect.These findings contributed to our understanding of how and when parenting rejection styles affected Chinese homosexuals' suicide as viewed through the lenses of the stress-diathesis model. Last but not the least, the paper found special underlying mechanisms of homosexuals' suicide in China, which was of great theoretical significance and guiding value for focusing on the suicide of Chinese homosexuals.
A substantial body of research has demonstrated that level of suicide risk among homosexual individuals is higher as compared to heterosexual individuals(Mu et al., 2016; Pl?derl et al., 2014; Wei, 2015); However, little is known about the important factors that influence Chinese homosexuals' suicide. In this study, guided by social-ecological perspective and stress-diathesis model, a moderated mediation model was constructed to examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of stress(parenting rejection styles), cognition(perceived discrimination) and protective(coming out) factors on Chinese homosexuals' suicide. Specifically, the present study examined whether parenting rejection styles were indirectly related to Chinese homosexuals' suicide through perceived discrimination, and whether this indirect association was moderated by coming-out. The study sample included 493 homosexuals, of which 245(49.70%) were gay men and 248(50.30%) lesbians. The research focused on the "identity-centered" model of Chinese homosexuals(Wang, 2013 b), so participants' age ranged from 16 to 35 years(M = 24.12, SD = 5.18). Participants were recruited for the study to complete self-report questionnaires. Parenting rejection styles were measured with the short-egna minnen av barndoms uppfostran questionnaires which consisted of 12 items, and the respondents rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement on a 4-point Likert scale. Perceived discrimination was measured with the perceived discrimination questionnaire which consisted of 10 items, and the respondents rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement on a 5-point Likert scale. Suicide was measured with the suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised which consisted of 4 items, if the participant's score was more than 7, then the participant was considered to have a high suicide risk. Coming-out was measured with a self-made questionnaire. All the measures had good reliability and validity.The major findings of the present study showed that(1) Chinese homosexuals were high risk groups for suicide.(2) Parenting rejection styles had a negative effect on Chinese homosexuals' suicide.(3) The negative impact of parenting rejection styles on Chinese homosexuals' suicide was mediated by perceived discrimination, while parenting rejection styles not only had a direct influence on Chinese homosexuals' suicide, but also had an indirect influence on Chinese homosexuals' suicide through perceived discrimination.(4) Coming-out moderated the second path of the mediation. For homosexuals in China without coming-out, with the increase of perceived discrimination, their suicide risk had a very obviously ascending trend(βsimple =.27, t = 3.12, p <.01); For homosexuals in China with coming-out, with the increase of perceived discrimination, their suicide risk did not have a significantly ascending trend(βsimple =.10, t = 1.83, p >.05).(5) The effect of parenting rejection styles on Chinese homosexuals' suicide was moderated mediating effect.These findings contributed to our understanding of how and when parenting rejection styles affected Chinese homosexuals' suicide as viewed through the lenses of the stress-diathesis model. Last but not the least, the paper found special underlying mechanisms of homosexuals' suicide in China, which was of great theoretical significance and guiding value for focusing on the suicide of Chinese homosexuals.
引文
冯健,赵楠.(2016).后现代地理语境下同性恋社会空间与社交网络--以北京为例.地理学报,71(10),1815-1832.
胡竹菁,胡笑羽.(2014).社会心理学.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
蒋奖,鲁峥嵘,蒋苾菁,许燕.(2010).简式父母教养方式问卷中文版的初步修订.心理发展与教育,26(1),94-99.
景军,王晨阳,张玉萍.(2014).同性恋的出柜与家本位的纠结.青年研究,5,79-86,96.
李文涛.(2013).残疾人歧视知觉对社会疏离的影响及其形成机制.宁波大学硕士学位论文.
刘丹霓,李董平.(2017).父母教养方式与青少年网络成瘾:自我弹性的中介和调节作用检验.心理科学,40(6),1385-1391.
刘霞,赵景欣,申继亮.(2013).歧视知觉对城市流动儿童幸福感的影响:中介机制及归属需要的调节作用.心理学报,45(5),568-584.
陆红,田丽丽,马孟阳.(2012).自杀意念评估工具概述.中国特殊教育,6,81-86.
田宝伟,胡心怡.(2016).压力知觉、歧视知觉及社会支持对同性恋男大学生心理健康的影响.中国特殊教育,12,91-96.
王晴锋.(2013a).“出柜”的含义嬗变、理论阐释及经验研究.学术论坛,36(1),76-82.
王晴锋.(2013b).文化缺失、代际差异与同性恋认同模式.社会科学论坛,11,54-62.
韦丽.(2015).山东省女同性恋人群的心理健康状况及行为特征研究.山东大学硕士学位论文.
魏伟.(2007).城里的“飘飘”:成都本地同性恋身份的形成和变迁.社会,27(1),67-97,207.
温忠麟,叶宝娟.(2014).有调节的中介模型检验方法:竞争还是替补?心理学报,46(5),714-726.
熊红星,张璟,叶宝娟,郑雪,孙配贞.(2012).共同方法变异的影响及其统计控制途径的模型分析.心理科学进展,20(5),757-769.
张春雨,韦嘉,罗禹,陈谢平,张进辅.(2012).男同性恋的身体意象:特点与理论分析.心理科学进展,20(3),394-402.
张静,郑丽军,郑涌.(2015).性少数人群的心理健康:理论模型与研究取向.心理科学进展,23(6),1021-1030.
张培斐.(2014).同性恋身份认同研究.西南大学硕士学位论文.
张严文,叶宝娟,郑清,冉硕,唐棻,李真真.(2016).责任性对同性恋者生活满意度的影响:有调节的中介效应.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),921-924.
赵久波.(2013).中国大学生自杀行为流行现况及三因素预警系统的初步研究.南方医科大学博士学位论文.
Almeida,J.,Johnson,R.M.,Corliss,H.L.,Molnar,B.E.,&Azrael,D.(2009).Emotional distress among LGBT youth:The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,38(7),1001-1014.
Brown,C.S.,&Bigler,R.S.(2005).Children’s perceptions of discrimination:Adevelopmental model.Child Development,76(3),533-553.
Campos,R.C.,Besser,A.,&Blatt,S.J.(2013).Recollections of parental rejection,self-criticism and depression in suicidality.Archives of Suicide Research,17(1),58-74.
Chakraborty,A.,McManus,S.,Brugha,T.S.,Bebbington,P.,&King,M.(2011).Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England.The British Journal of Psychiatry,198(2),143-148.
Dion,K.L.,&Kawakami,K.(1996).Ethnicity and perceived discrimination in Toronto:Another look at the personal/group discrimination discrepancy.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,28(3),203-213.
Gibbons,F.X.,Gerrard,M.,Cleveland,M.J.,Wills,T.A.,&Brody,G.(2004).Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children:A panel study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86(4),517-529.
Institute of Medicine,Board on the Health of Select Populations,&Gay,Bisexual,and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities Committee on Lesbian.(2011).The health of lesbian,gay,bisexual,and transgender people:Building a foundation for better understanding.Washington,DC:National Academies Press.
Mann,J.J.,Oquendo,M.,Underwood,M.D.,&Arango,V.(1999).The neurobiology of suicide risk:A review for the clinician.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,60(S2),7-11.
Meyer,I.H.(2003).Prejudice,social stress,and mental health in lesbian,gay,and bisexual populations:Conceptual issues and research evidence.Psychological Bulletin,129(5),674-697.
Mu,H.J.,Li,Y.X.,Liu,L.,Na,J.,Yu,L.Y.,Bi,X.J.,et al.(2016).Prevalence and risk factors for lifetime suicide ideation,plan and attempt in Chinese men who have sex with men.BMC Psychiatry,16,117.
Osman,A.,Bagge,C.L.,Gutierrez,P.M.,Konick,L.C.,Kopper,B.A.,&Barrios,F.X.(2001).The suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised(SBQ-R):Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples.Assessment,8(4),443-454.
Pl?derl,M.,Sellmeier,M.,Fartacek,C.,Pichler,E.M.,Fartacek,R.,&Kralovec,K.(2014).Explaining the suicide risk of sexual minority individuals by contrasting the minority stress model with suicide models.Archives of Sexual Behavior,43(8),1559-1570.
Rofel,L.(1999).Qualities of desire:Imagining gay identities in China.GLQ:AJournal of Lesbian and Gay Studies,5(4),451-474.
Wah-Shan,C.(2001).Homosexuality and the cultural politics of Tongzhi in Chinese societies.Journal of Homosexuality,40(3-4),27-46.
Wang,Q.Y.,&Michael,W.R.(2002).Differences between chat room and e-mail sampling approaches in Chinese men who have sex with men.AIDS Education and Prevention,14(5),361-366.
胡竹菁,胡笑羽.(2014).社会心理学.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
蒋奖,鲁峥嵘,蒋苾菁,许燕.(2010).简式父母教养方式问卷中文版的初步修订.心理发展与教育,26(1),94-99.
景军,王晨阳,张玉萍.(2014).同性恋的出柜与家本位的纠结.青年研究,5,79-86,96.
李文涛.(2013).残疾人歧视知觉对社会疏离的影响及其形成机制.宁波大学硕士学位论文.
刘丹霓,李董平.(2017).父母教养方式与青少年网络成瘾:自我弹性的中介和调节作用检验.心理科学,40(6),1385-1391.
刘霞,赵景欣,申继亮.(2013).歧视知觉对城市流动儿童幸福感的影响:中介机制及归属需要的调节作用.心理学报,45(5),568-584.
陆红,田丽丽,马孟阳.(2012).自杀意念评估工具概述.中国特殊教育,6,81-86.
田宝伟,胡心怡.(2016).压力知觉、歧视知觉及社会支持对同性恋男大学生心理健康的影响.中国特殊教育,12,91-96.
王晴锋.(2013a).“出柜”的含义嬗变、理论阐释及经验研究.学术论坛,36(1),76-82.
王晴锋.(2013b).文化缺失、代际差异与同性恋认同模式.社会科学论坛,11,54-62.
韦丽.(2015).山东省女同性恋人群的心理健康状况及行为特征研究.山东大学硕士学位论文.
魏伟.(2007).城里的“飘飘”:成都本地同性恋身份的形成和变迁.社会,27(1),67-97,207.
温忠麟,叶宝娟.(2014).有调节的中介模型检验方法:竞争还是替补?心理学报,46(5),714-726.
熊红星,张璟,叶宝娟,郑雪,孙配贞.(2012).共同方法变异的影响及其统计控制途径的模型分析.心理科学进展,20(5),757-769.
张春雨,韦嘉,罗禹,陈谢平,张进辅.(2012).男同性恋的身体意象:特点与理论分析.心理科学进展,20(3),394-402.
张静,郑丽军,郑涌.(2015).性少数人群的心理健康:理论模型与研究取向.心理科学进展,23(6),1021-1030.
张培斐.(2014).同性恋身份认同研究.西南大学硕士学位论文.
张严文,叶宝娟,郑清,冉硕,唐棻,李真真.(2016).责任性对同性恋者生活满意度的影响:有调节的中介效应.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),921-924.
赵久波.(2013).中国大学生自杀行为流行现况及三因素预警系统的初步研究.南方医科大学博士学位论文.
Almeida,J.,Johnson,R.M.,Corliss,H.L.,Molnar,B.E.,&Azrael,D.(2009).Emotional distress among LGBT youth:The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,38(7),1001-1014.
Brown,C.S.,&Bigler,R.S.(2005).Children’s perceptions of discrimination:Adevelopmental model.Child Development,76(3),533-553.
Campos,R.C.,Besser,A.,&Blatt,S.J.(2013).Recollections of parental rejection,self-criticism and depression in suicidality.Archives of Suicide Research,17(1),58-74.
Chakraborty,A.,McManus,S.,Brugha,T.S.,Bebbington,P.,&King,M.(2011).Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England.The British Journal of Psychiatry,198(2),143-148.
Dion,K.L.,&Kawakami,K.(1996).Ethnicity and perceived discrimination in Toronto:Another look at the personal/group discrimination discrepancy.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,28(3),203-213.
Gibbons,F.X.,Gerrard,M.,Cleveland,M.J.,Wills,T.A.,&Brody,G.(2004).Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children:A panel study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86(4),517-529.
Institute of Medicine,Board on the Health of Select Populations,&Gay,Bisexual,and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities Committee on Lesbian.(2011).The health of lesbian,gay,bisexual,and transgender people:Building a foundation for better understanding.Washington,DC:National Academies Press.
Mann,J.J.,Oquendo,M.,Underwood,M.D.,&Arango,V.(1999).The neurobiology of suicide risk:A review for the clinician.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,60(S2),7-11.
Meyer,I.H.(2003).Prejudice,social stress,and mental health in lesbian,gay,and bisexual populations:Conceptual issues and research evidence.Psychological Bulletin,129(5),674-697.
Mu,H.J.,Li,Y.X.,Liu,L.,Na,J.,Yu,L.Y.,Bi,X.J.,et al.(2016).Prevalence and risk factors for lifetime suicide ideation,plan and attempt in Chinese men who have sex with men.BMC Psychiatry,16,117.
Osman,A.,Bagge,C.L.,Gutierrez,P.M.,Konick,L.C.,Kopper,B.A.,&Barrios,F.X.(2001).The suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised(SBQ-R):Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples.Assessment,8(4),443-454.
Pl?derl,M.,Sellmeier,M.,Fartacek,C.,Pichler,E.M.,Fartacek,R.,&Kralovec,K.(2014).Explaining the suicide risk of sexual minority individuals by contrasting the minority stress model with suicide models.Archives of Sexual Behavior,43(8),1559-1570.
Rofel,L.(1999).Qualities of desire:Imagining gay identities in China.GLQ:AJournal of Lesbian and Gay Studies,5(4),451-474.
Wah-Shan,C.(2001).Homosexuality and the cultural politics of Tongzhi in Chinese societies.Journal of Homosexuality,40(3-4),27-46.
Wang,Q.Y.,&Michael,W.R.(2002).Differences between chat room and e-mail sampling approaches in Chinese men who have sex with men.AIDS Education and Prevention,14(5),361-366.