间伐对油松人工林优势种群结构与分布格局的影响
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摘要
以陕西省黄龙山林区经中度和强度间伐(30%和45%) 12年后的油松人工林为研究对象,以未伐林地为对照,对不同间伐强度下群落中建群种油松(Pinus tabuliformis)和辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)的结构、空间分布格局及辽东栎更新进行了分析。结果表明:间伐促使油松径阶曲线由正偏向负偏转变,中度间伐和强度间伐下大径级(DBH≥20 cm)林木所占比例要高于对照,同时,中度和强度间伐显著增加了林下结构多样性,分别是对照的1.34和1.52倍;中度和强度间伐下油松种群分别在小尺度上(0～4.5 m,0.5～4 m)呈均匀分布,但对照林地在2～4 m呈聚集分布,所有处理在稍大尺度上均呈随机分布;在0～10 m尺度上,间伐累积生物量与对照之间并无差异,中度间伐在15～25 m尺度上显著提高累积生物量,其累积生物量在25 m尺度上较对照增加了29.55%,而强度间伐在25 m尺度上累积生物量较对照增加了8.35%;强度间伐下的油松和辽东栎成年树在整个空间尺度上无关联,且强度间伐下辽东栎幼苗幼树龄级呈现倒"J"增长型,表明强度间伐有加速针叶人工林向针阔混交林过渡的趋势。总之,间伐能优化人工林结构,改变生物量分布格局,影响群落的演替方向,为人工生态林的定向培育提供了方法和理论支持。
We assessed the effects of moderate and heavy thinning intensities( 30% and 45%)after 12 years on the structure,spatial distribution,and seedling regeneration of dominant canopy species,Pinus tabuliformis and Quercus liaotungensis,in P. tabulifomis plantations in the Huanglong Mountain,Shaanxi Province,northwest China. The thinning promoted a shift in curve of diameter class from positive distribution to negative one. The proportion of trees with large diameter( DBH≥20 cm) under moderate and heavy thinning intensities was higher than that under the control( non-thinning plots). Moderate and heavy thinning intensities significantly increased understory structure diversity. The diversity indices in the moderate and heavy thinning plots were1.34 and 1.52 times as higher as those in the control,respectively. The populations of P. tabuliformis were evenly distributed at the small scale( 0-4.5,0.5-4 m) under moderate and heavy thinning,but were aggregated at 2-4 m under the control,and were randomly distributed for all treatments at large scale. At 0-10 m scale,there was no difference in cumulative biomass between thinning treatment and control. Moderate thinning significantly increased the cumulative biomass at the scale of 15-25 m,with an increase of 29.55% at 25 m scale compared with the control. Heavy thinning increased the cumulative biomass at 25 m scale by 8.35%. There was no correlation between mature trees of P. tabuliformis and Q. liaotungensis at the entire spatial scale under heavy thinning. The age class of seedlings and saplings of Q. liaotungens showed an inverted "J"growth type under heavy thinning,suggesting that such an intensity would accelerate the transition from coniferous plantation to coniferous-broadleaved forest. In conclusion,thinning can optimize the structure of plantations,change the distribution pattern of biomass,and affect the succession of the community,which provides methodological and theoretical support for the directional cultivation of ecological plantations.
We assessed the effects of moderate and heavy thinning intensities( 30% and 45%)after 12 years on the structure,spatial distribution,and seedling regeneration of dominant canopy species,Pinus tabuliformis and Quercus liaotungensis,in P. tabulifomis plantations in the Huanglong Mountain,Shaanxi Province,northwest China. The thinning promoted a shift in curve of diameter class from positive distribution to negative one. The proportion of trees with large diameter( DBH≥20 cm) under moderate and heavy thinning intensities was higher than that under the control( non-thinning plots). Moderate and heavy thinning intensities significantly increased understory structure diversity. The diversity indices in the moderate and heavy thinning plots were1.34 and 1.52 times as higher as those in the control,respectively. The populations of P. tabuliformis were evenly distributed at the small scale( 0-4.5,0.5-4 m) under moderate and heavy thinning,but were aggregated at 2-4 m under the control,and were randomly distributed for all treatments at large scale. At 0-10 m scale,there was no difference in cumulative biomass between thinning treatment and control. Moderate thinning significantly increased the cumulative biomass at the scale of 15-25 m,with an increase of 29.55% at 25 m scale compared with the control. Heavy thinning increased the cumulative biomass at 25 m scale by 8.35%. There was no correlation between mature trees of P. tabuliformis and Q. liaotungensis at the entire spatial scale under heavy thinning. The age class of seedlings and saplings of Q. liaotungens showed an inverted "J"growth type under heavy thinning,suggesting that such an intensity would accelerate the transition from coniferous plantation to coniferous-broadleaved forest. In conclusion,thinning can optimize the structure of plantations,change the distribution pattern of biomass,and affect the succession of the community,which provides methodological and theoretical support for the directional cultivation of ecological plantations.
引文
曹小玉,李际平,封尧,等.2015.杉木生态公益林林分空间结构分析及评价.林业科学,51(7):37-48.
丁波,丁贵杰,李先周,等.2016.短期间伐对杉木人工林生态系碳储量的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,36(8):66-71.
樊登星,余新晓.2016.北京山区栓皮栎林优势种群点格局分析.生态学报,36(2):318-325.
冯威,赵成章,韩玲,等.2016.张掖湿地宽苞水柏枝和多枝柽柳种群的空间分布格局与关联性分析.生态学杂志,35(10):2583-2591.
高云昌,张文辉,何景峰,等.2013.黄龙山油松人工林间伐效果的综合评价.应用生态学报,24(5):1313-1319.
韩福利,田相林,党坤良,等.2015.抚育间伐对桥山林区油松林乔木层碳储量的影响.西北林学院学报,30(4):184-191.
郝云庆,王金锡,王启和,等.2006.柳杉纯林改造后林分空间结构变化预测.林业科学,42(8):8-13.
胡砚秋,李文斌,崔佳玉,等.2016.亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种个体及生物量的点格局分析.生态学报,36(4):1066-1072.
刘旻霞,李文,连依明.2018.基于Ripley K(r)函数的金露梅与蒲公英种群空间分布格局及其关联性.生态学杂志,37(7):1925-1931.
马钦彦.1989.中国油松生物量的研究.北京林业大学学报,11(4):1-10.
梅军林,庄枫红,马姜明,等.2017.桂林喀斯特地区克隆生长红背山麻杆种群的点格局分析.生态学报,37(9):3164-3171.
宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.2010.梭梭种群不同发育阶段的空间格局与关联性分析.生态学报,30(16):4317-4327.
汤孟平,陈永刚,施拥军,等.2007.基于Voronoi图的群落优势树种种内种间竞争.生态学报,27(11):4707-4716.
王道亮,李卫忠,曹铸,等.2016.黄龙山天然次生林辽东栎种群空间格局.生态学报,36(9):2677-2685.
王鑫厅,侯亚丽,梁存柱,等.2012.基于不同零模型的点格局分析.生物多样性,20(2):151-158.
吴建强,王懿祥,杨一,等.2015.干扰树间伐对杉木人工林林分生长和林分结构的影响.应用生态学报,26(2):340-348.
薛文艳,杨斌,张文辉,等.2017.桥山林区麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间格局及关联性.生态学报,37(10):3375-3384.
杨秀清,史婵,王旭刚,等.2017.关帝山寒温性云杉次生林样地树种组成、结构和空间分布.应用生态学报,28(5):1421-1430.
尤健健,张文辉,邓磊.2015.油松中龄林间伐的密度效应.西北林学院学报,30(1):172-177.
于春堂,杨晓晖,尹伟伦,等.2008.鄂尔多斯高原北缘唐古特白刺灌丛沙包的空间分布格局分析.北京林业大学学报,30(5):39-45.
张金屯.1998.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析.植物生态学报,22(4):57-62.
张文辉,卢彦昌,周建云,等.2008.巴山北坡不同干扰条件下栓皮栎种群结构与动态.林业科学,44(7):11-16.
周建云,李荣,张文辉,等.2012.不同间伐强度下辽东栎种群结构特征与空间分布格局.林业科学,48(4):149-155.
Baddeley A.2008.Analysing spatial point patterns in R.Australia:CSIRO.
Kint V,Van Meirvenne M,Nachtergale L,et al.2003.Spatial methods for quantifying forest stand structure development:A comparison between nearest-neighbor indices and variogram analysis.Forest Science,49:36-49.
Ruiz-Mirazo J,Gonzalez-Rebollar JL.2013.Growth and structure of a young Aleppo pine planted forest after thinning for diversification and wildfire prevention.Forest Systems,22:47-57.
Seiwa K,Eto Y,Hishita M,et al.2012.Effects of thinning intensity on species diversity and timber production in a conifer(Cryptomeria japonica)plantation in Japan.Journal of Forest Research,17:468-478.
Sullivan TP,Sullivan DS.2016.Acceleration of old-growth structural attributes in lodgepole pine forest:Tree growth and stand structure 25 years after thinning.Forest Ecology and Management,365:96-106.
Zhu J,Yang K,Yan Q,et al.2010.Feasibility of implementing thinning in even-aged Larix olgensis plantations to develop uneven-aged larch-broadleaved mixed forests.Journal of Forest Research,15:71-80.
丁波,丁贵杰,李先周,等.2016.短期间伐对杉木人工林生态系碳储量的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,36(8):66-71.
樊登星,余新晓.2016.北京山区栓皮栎林优势种群点格局分析.生态学报,36(2):318-325.
冯威,赵成章,韩玲,等.2016.张掖湿地宽苞水柏枝和多枝柽柳种群的空间分布格局与关联性分析.生态学杂志,35(10):2583-2591.
高云昌,张文辉,何景峰,等.2013.黄龙山油松人工林间伐效果的综合评价.应用生态学报,24(5):1313-1319.
韩福利,田相林,党坤良,等.2015.抚育间伐对桥山林区油松林乔木层碳储量的影响.西北林学院学报,30(4):184-191.
郝云庆,王金锡,王启和,等.2006.柳杉纯林改造后林分空间结构变化预测.林业科学,42(8):8-13.
胡砚秋,李文斌,崔佳玉,等.2016.亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种个体及生物量的点格局分析.生态学报,36(4):1066-1072.
刘旻霞,李文,连依明.2018.基于Ripley K(r)函数的金露梅与蒲公英种群空间分布格局及其关联性.生态学杂志,37(7):1925-1931.
马钦彦.1989.中国油松生物量的研究.北京林业大学学报,11(4):1-10.
梅军林,庄枫红,马姜明,等.2017.桂林喀斯特地区克隆生长红背山麻杆种群的点格局分析.生态学报,37(9):3164-3171.
宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.2010.梭梭种群不同发育阶段的空间格局与关联性分析.生态学报,30(16):4317-4327.
汤孟平,陈永刚,施拥军,等.2007.基于Voronoi图的群落优势树种种内种间竞争.生态学报,27(11):4707-4716.
王道亮,李卫忠,曹铸,等.2016.黄龙山天然次生林辽东栎种群空间格局.生态学报,36(9):2677-2685.
王鑫厅,侯亚丽,梁存柱,等.2012.基于不同零模型的点格局分析.生物多样性,20(2):151-158.
吴建强,王懿祥,杨一,等.2015.干扰树间伐对杉木人工林林分生长和林分结构的影响.应用生态学报,26(2):340-348.
薛文艳,杨斌,张文辉,等.2017.桥山林区麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间格局及关联性.生态学报,37(10):3375-3384.
杨秀清,史婵,王旭刚,等.2017.关帝山寒温性云杉次生林样地树种组成、结构和空间分布.应用生态学报,28(5):1421-1430.
尤健健,张文辉,邓磊.2015.油松中龄林间伐的密度效应.西北林学院学报,30(1):172-177.
于春堂,杨晓晖,尹伟伦,等.2008.鄂尔多斯高原北缘唐古特白刺灌丛沙包的空间分布格局分析.北京林业大学学报,30(5):39-45.
张金屯.1998.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析.植物生态学报,22(4):57-62.
张文辉,卢彦昌,周建云,等.2008.巴山北坡不同干扰条件下栓皮栎种群结构与动态.林业科学,44(7):11-16.
周建云,李荣,张文辉,等.2012.不同间伐强度下辽东栎种群结构特征与空间分布格局.林业科学,48(4):149-155.
Baddeley A.2008.Analysing spatial point patterns in R.Australia:CSIRO.
Kint V,Van Meirvenne M,Nachtergale L,et al.2003.Spatial methods for quantifying forest stand structure development:A comparison between nearest-neighbor indices and variogram analysis.Forest Science,49:36-49.
Ruiz-Mirazo J,Gonzalez-Rebollar JL.2013.Growth and structure of a young Aleppo pine planted forest after thinning for diversification and wildfire prevention.Forest Systems,22:47-57.
Seiwa K,Eto Y,Hishita M,et al.2012.Effects of thinning intensity on species diversity and timber production in a conifer(Cryptomeria japonica)plantation in Japan.Journal of Forest Research,17:468-478.
Sullivan TP,Sullivan DS.2016.Acceleration of old-growth structural attributes in lodgepole pine forest:Tree growth and stand structure 25 years after thinning.Forest Ecology and Management,365:96-106.
Zhu J,Yang K,Yan Q,et al.2010.Feasibility of implementing thinning in even-aged Larix olgensis plantations to develop uneven-aged larch-broadleaved mixed forests.Journal of Forest Research,15:71-80.