西北印度洋脊的厘定及其地质构造特征
|
摘要
西北印度洋的洋脊系统目前以"中印度洋脊"和"卡尔斯伯格脊"分别指示南北两段,两者的分界点被认为是澳大利亚板块与印度板块的板块边界与洋脊的交点,但具体分布位置不明确.基于已有的地质、地球物理和地球化学等多方面特征,认为卡尔斯伯格脊和中印度洋脊可以统一称为"西北印度洋脊",从罗德里格斯三联点一直延伸到欧文断裂带.新的洋脊厘定将有助于更全面地了解整个西北印度洋的洋脊演化和地球动力学过程.西北印度洋脊地形上南北两端断裂较少,中间断层密集,形似吸管的弯折部位,调节洋脊的转向.重力异常显示沿脊轴方向两端高中间低的特征,表明两端岩浆供给相对充足,而中间断层密集区岩浆量少.磁异常特征显示清晰的分带性,指示多阶段的洋脊扩张历史.岩石地球化学特征显示南北两个同位素相对富集洋脊段,可能与热点作用相关,或与残留岩石圈或地壳物质对亏损软流圈地幔的富集改造有关.
The existing nomenclatures for the ridge system of Northwest Indian Ocean include Carlsberg Ridge and Central Indian Ridge from north to south.The demarcation point between them is thought to be the intersection of Australia-Indian plate boundary and the ridge axis,which is yet poorly constrained.Based on the current knowledge of geological,geophysical and geochemical investigation and research results of the whole ridge segment,a new terminology for the ridge system of Northwest Indian Ocean is proposed,i.e.the Northwest Indian Ridge(NWIR).The whole ridge extends from Rodrigues Triple Junction to Owen transform fault,which includes Carlsberg Ridge and Central Indian Ridge,no matter where the boundary is.The new term may promote the thorough recognition of evolution history of Northwest Indian Ridge,as well as its geodynamic process.The Northwest Indian Ridge is especially full of faults in the middle segment but less on both ends,just like the shape of a straw and its bend is an analog for the turning point of the ridge.The gravity anomaly shows that the magma supplies at both ends are relatively abundant,while the magma in the middle part is rather limited.The magnetic anomaly in the Northwest Indian Ocean is zonated and indicates a multi-stage ridge spreading processes.Besides,the most prominent feature in petrogeochemistry is the presence of relatively isotopically enriched ridge basalts from two ridge segments,which may be related to the hotspot intervention and/or contamination of depleted asthenosphere by residual lithosphere or crustal materials.
The existing nomenclatures for the ridge system of Northwest Indian Ocean include Carlsberg Ridge and Central Indian Ridge from north to south.The demarcation point between them is thought to be the intersection of Australia-Indian plate boundary and the ridge axis,which is yet poorly constrained.Based on the current knowledge of geological,geophysical and geochemical investigation and research results of the whole ridge segment,a new terminology for the ridge system of Northwest Indian Ocean is proposed,i.e.the Northwest Indian Ridge(NWIR).The whole ridge extends from Rodrigues Triple Junction to Owen transform fault,which includes Carlsberg Ridge and Central Indian Ridge,no matter where the boundary is.The new term may promote the thorough recognition of evolution history of Northwest Indian Ridge,as well as its geodynamic process.The Northwest Indian Ridge is especially full of faults in the middle segment but less on both ends,just like the shape of a straw and its bend is an analog for the turning point of the ridge.The gravity anomaly shows that the magma supplies at both ends are relatively abundant,while the magma in the middle part is rather limited.The magnetic anomaly in the Northwest Indian Ocean is zonated and indicates a multi-stage ridge spreading processes.Besides,the most prominent feature in petrogeochemistry is the presence of relatively isotopically enriched ridge basalts from two ridge segments,which may be related to the hotspot intervention and/or contamination of depleted asthenosphere by residual lithosphere or crustal materials.
引文
Bird,P.,2003.An Updated Digital Model of Plate Boundaries.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(3):1027.https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gc000252
Briais,A.,1995.Structural Analysis of the Segmentation of the Central Indian Ridge between 20°30′and 25°30′S(Rodriguez Triple Junction).Marine Geophysical Researches,17(5):431-467.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01371787
Briais,A.,Park,S.,Chavagnac,V.E.R.,et al.,2011.CircumAntarctic Ridges.Inter-Ridge International Workshop,Toulouse,France.
Chatterjee,S.,Goswami,A.,Scotese,C.R.,2013.The Longest Voyage:Tectonic,Magmatic,and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Indian Plate during Its Northward Flight from Gondwana to Asia.Gondwana Research,23(1):238-267.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.001
Chen,L.,Tang,L.M.,Yu,X.,et al.,2016.Mantle Source Heterogeneity and Magmatic Evolution at Carlsberg Ridge(3.7°N):Constrains from Elemental and Isotopic(Sr,Nd,Pb)Data.Marine Geophysical Research,38(1-2):47-60.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-016-9292-1
China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association,2016.Chinese Gazetter of Undersea Features on the International Seabed.China Ocean Press,Beijing,508(in Chinese).
Chun,M.H.,Yu,Z.H.,Li,H.M.,et al.,2016.Mantle Source Features of Basalts in the Northwest Indian Ridge.Marine Sciences,40(8):108-118(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chun,M.H.,Yu,Z.H.,Zhai,S.K.,2015.The Geochemistry and Geological Significances of Basalts from Carlsberg Ridge in Indian Ocean.Haiyang Xuebao,37(8):47-62(in Chinese with English abstract).
Collier,J.S.,Sansom,V.,Ishizuka,O.,et al.,2008.Age of Seychelles-India Break-up.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,272(1-2):264-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.045
Drolia,R.K.,DeMets,C.,2005.Deformation in the Diffuse India-Capricorn-Somalia Triple Junction from a Multibeam and Magnetic Survey of the Northern Central Indian Ridge,3°S-10°S.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,6(9):Q09009.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000950
Drolia,R.K.,Ghose,I.,Subramanyam,A.S.,et al.,2000.Magnetic and Bathymetric Investigations over the Vema Region of the Central Indian Ridge:Tectonic Implications.Marine Geology,167(3-4):413-423.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(00)00029-3
Dyment,J.,1998.Evolution of the Carlsberg Ridge between60and 45 Ma:Ridge Propagation,Spreading Asymmetry,and the Deccan-Reunion Hotspot.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,103(B10):24067-24084.https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb01759
Ewing,J.,Ewing,M.,1967.Sediment Distribution on the Mid-Ocean Ridges with Respect to Spreading of the Sea Floor.Science,156(3782):1590-1592.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3782.1590
Fisher,R.L.,Sclater,J.G.,McKenzie,D.P.,1971.Evolution of the Central Indian Ridge,Western Indian Ocean.Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(3):553.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[553:eotcir]2.0.co;2
Füri,E.,Hilton,D.R.,Murton,B.J.,et al.,2011.Helium Isotope Variations between Réunion Island and the Central Indian Ridge(17°-21°S):New Evidence for Ridge-Hot Spot Interaction.Journal of Geophysical Research,116(B2).https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jb007609
Gee,J.S.Kent,D.V.,2007.Source of Oceanic Magnetic Anomalies and the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale.Treatise on Geophysics,5:455-507.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00097-3
Han,X.Q,Wu,Z.C.,Qiu,B.B.,2012.Segmentation of Carlsberg Ridge in Northwest Indian Ocean and Its Tectonic and Morphologic Features-The Introduction to the Result from DY24Cruise(in Chinese).
Hellebrand,E.,Snow,J.E.,Hoppe,P.,et al.,2002.GarnetField Melting and Late-Stage Refertilization in‘Residual’Abyssal Peridotites from the Central Indian Ridge.Journal of Petrology,43(12):2305-2338.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.12.2305
Honsho,C.,Tamaki,K.,Fujimoto,H.,1996.ThreeDimensional Magnetic and Gravity Studies of the Rodriguez Triple Junction in the Indian Ocean.Journalof GeophysicalResearch:Solid Earth,101(B7):15837-15848.https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb00644
Huang,K.H.,Han,X.Q.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2018.Geochemical Characteristics of Basalt Samples from the Ridges Adjacent to Aden-Owen-Carlsberg Triple Junction and Their Mantle Sources.Journal of Marine Sciences,35(4):44-60(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ildefonse,B.,Blackman,D.K.,John,B.E.,et al.,2007.Oceanic Core Complexes and Crustal Accretion at SlowSpreading Ridges.Geology,35(7):623.https://doi.org/10.1130/g23531a.1
Ito,G.,Dunn,R.A.,2009.Mid-Ocean Ridges:Mantle Convection and Formation of the Lithosphere.Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences,37(6):867-880.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00654-8
Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Chaubey,A.K.,Amarnath,D.,et al.,2008.Morphotectonics of the Carlsberg Ridge between62°20′and 66°20′E,Northwest Indian Ocean.Marine Geology,252(3-4):120-128.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.03.016
Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Ramprasad,T.,Subrahmanyam,C.,1997.Geophysical Investigations over a Segment of the Central Indian Ridge,Indian Ocean.Geo-Marine Letters,17(3):195-201.https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050026
Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Samudrala,K.,Drolia,R.K.,et al.,2012.Segmentation and Morphology of the Central Indian Ridge between 3°S and 11°S,Indian Ocean.Tectonophysics,554-557:114-126.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.001
Kim,J.,Pak,S.J.,Moon,J.W.,et al.,2017.Mantle Heterogeneity in the Source Region of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts along the Northern Central Indian Ridge(8°S-17°S).Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,18(4):1419-1434.https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006673
Krishna,M.R.,1996.Isostatic Response of the Central Indian Ridge(Western Indian Ocean)Based on Transfer Function Analysis of Gravity and Bathymetry Data.Tectonophysics,257(2-4):137-148.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00114-x
Li,J.H.,Liu,Z.L.,Wang,L.,et al.,2016.The Tectonic Setting and Geological Evolution of the Arctic-From Compiling of Tectonic Map of the Arctic.HaiyangXuebao,38(7):85-96(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,J.H.,Zhang,H.T.,Li,H.L.,2015.The Tectonic Setting and Evolution of Indian Ocean-Research Progress of Tectonic Map of Indian Ocean.Haiyang Xuebao,37(7):1-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,S.Z.,Suo,Y.H.,Liu,X.,et al.,2015.Tectonic Reconstruction and Mineralization Models of the Indian Ocean:Insights from SWIR.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,39(1):30-43(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,X.J.,Yao,Y.J.,Yang,C.P.,et al.,2017.Regional Geological Features and Tectonic Evolution in the Eastern Euroasian Arctic.Earth Science,42(3):315-324(in Chinese with English abstract).
Maus,S.,Barckhausen,U.,Berkenbosch,H.,et al.,2009.EMAG2:A 2-Arc Min Resolution Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid Compiled from Satellite,Airborne,and Marine Magnetic Measurements.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,10(8):Q08005.https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gc002471
McKenzie,D.,Sclater,J.G.,1971.The Evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous.Geophysical Journal International,24(5):437-528.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1971.tb02190.x
Merkouriev,S.A.,Sotchevanova,N.A.,2003.Structure and Evolution of the Carlsberg Ridge:Evidence for NonStationary Spreading on Old and Modern Spreading Centres.Current Sicence,85(3):334-338.
Michael,P.J.,Langmuir,C.H.,Dick,H.J.B.,et al.,2003.Magmatic and Amagmatic Seafloor Generation at the Ultraslow-Spreading Gakkel Ridge,Arctic Ocean.Nature,423(6943):956-961.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01704
Morishita,T.,Hara,K.,Nakamura,K.,et al.,2009.Igneous,Alteration and Exhumation Processes Recorded in Abyssal Peridotites and Related Fault Rocks from an Oceanic Core Complex along the Central Indian Ridge.Journal of Petrology,50(7):1299-1325.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp025
Mudholkar,A.,Kodagali,V.N.,Kamesh Raju,K.A.,et al.,2002.Geomorphological and Petrological Observations along a Segment of Slow-Spreading Carlsberg Ridge.Current Sicence,82(8):982-989.
Mukhopadhyay,R.,Iyer,S.D.,Ray,D.,et al.,2016.Morphotectonic and Petrological Variations along the Southern Central Indian Ridge.International Journal of Earth Sciences,105(3):905-920.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1193-z
Müller,R.D.,Sdrolias,M.,Gaina,C.,et al.,2008.Age,Spreading Rates,and Spreading Asymmetry of the World's Ocean Crust.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(4):Q04006.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001743
Murton,B.J.,Tindle,A.G.,Milton,J.A.,et al.,2005.Heterogeneity in Southern Central Indian Ridge MORB:Implications for Ridge-Hot Spot Interaction.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,6(3):Q03E20.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gc000798
Nauret,F.,Abouchami,W.,Galer,S.,et al.,2006.Correlated Trace Element-Pb Isotope Enrichments in Indian MORB along 18-20°S,Central Indian Ridge.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,245(1-2):137-152.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.015
Niu,Y.L.,2008.Global Correlations of Ocean Ridge Basalt Chemistry with Axial Depth:A New Perspective.Journal of Petrology,49(4):633-664.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egm051
Nürnberg,D.,Müller,R.D.,1991.The Tectonic Evolution of the South Atlantic from Late Jurassic to Present.Tectonophysics,191(1-2):27-53.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90231-g
Parson,L.M.,Patriat,P.,Searle,R.C.,et al.,1993.Segmentation of the Central Indian Ridge between 12°12′S and the Indian Ocean Triple Junction.Marine Geophysical Researches,15(4):265-282.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01982385
Patriat,P.,Segoufin,J.,1988.Reconstruction of the Central Indian Ocean.Tectonophysics,155(1-4):211-234.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90267-3
Pitman,W.C.,Talwani,M.,1972.Sea-Floor Spreading in the North Atlantic.Geological Society of America Bulletin,83(3):619.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[619:ssitna]2.0.co;2
Presnall,D.C.,Dixon,J.R.,O'Donnell,T.H.,et al.,1979.Generation of Mid-Ocean Ridge Tholeiites.Journal of Petrology,20(1):3-35.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/20.1.3
Rabinowitz,P.D.,Coffin,M.F.,Falvey,D.,1983.The Separation of Madagascar and Africa.Science,220(4592):67-69.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4592.67
Ray,D.,Misra,S.,Banerjee,R.,2013.Geochemical Variability of MORBs along Slow to Intermediate Spreading Carlsberg-Central Indian Ridge,Indian Ocean.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,70-71:125-141.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.03.008
Rubin,K.H.,Smith,M.C.,Bergmanis,E.C.,et al.,2001.Geochemical Heterogeneity within Mid-Ocean Ridge Lava Flows:Insights into Eruption,Emplacement and Global Variations in Magma Generation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,188(3-4):349-367.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00339-9
Samudrala,K.,Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Rao,P.R.,2016.Gravity Anomalies over the Central Indian Ridge between 3°Sand 11°S,Indian Ocean:Segmentation and Crustal Structure.Journal of Earth System Science,125(8):1523-1542.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0760-4
Sandwell,D.T.,Muller,R.D.,Smith,W.H.F.,et al.,2014.New Global Marine Gravity Model from CryoSat-2and Jason-1Reveals Buried Tectonic Structure.Science,346(6205):65-67.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258213
Schlich R.,1982.The Indian Ocean:Aseismic Ridges,Spreading Centers,and Oceanic Basins.In:Nairn,A.E.M.,Stehli,F.G.,eds.,The Ocean Basins and Margins:The Indian Ocean.Plenum Press,New York.
Sun,S.S.,Nesbitt,R.W.,Sharaskin,A.Y.,1979.Geochemical Characteristics of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,44(1):119-138.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(79)90013-x
Vine,F.J.,Matthews,D.H.,1963.Magnetic Anomalies over Oceanic Ridges.Nature,199(4897):947-949.https://doi.org/10.1038/199947a0
Whittaker,J.,2008.Tectonic Consequences of Mid-Ocean Ridge Evolution and Subduction.University of Sydney,Sydney.
Workman,R.K.,Hart,S.R.,2005.Major and Trace Element Composition of the Depleted MORB Mantle(DMM).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,231(1-2):53-72.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.005
Yi,S.B.,Oh,C.W.,Pak,S.J.,et al.,2014.Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks from the Central Indian Ridge,Latitude 8°-17°S:Denudation of Mantle Harzburgites and Gabbroic Rocks and Compositional Variation of Basalts.International Geology Review,56(14):1691-1719.https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.955539
Yu,X.,Chu,F.Y.,Dong,Y.H.,et al.,2013.Detachment Fault and Oceanic Core Complex:A New Mode of Seafloor Spreading.Earth Science,38(5):995-1004(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,H.Y.,Dick,H.J.B.,2013.Thin Crust as Evidence for Depleted Mantle Supporting the Marion Rise.Nature,494(7436):195-200.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11842
淳明浩,于增慧,李怀明,等,2016.西北印度洋中脊玄武岩源区地幔特征.海洋科学,40(8):108-118.
淳明浩,于增慧,翟世奎,2015.印度洋Carlsberg洋脊玄武岩岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义.海洋学报,37(8):47-62.
韩喜球,吴招才,裘碧波,2012.西北印度洋Carlsberg脊的分段性及其构造地貌特征---中国大洋24航次调查成果介绍.
黄凯晖,韩喜球,王叶剑,等,2018.亚丁-欧文-卡尔斯伯格脊三联点邻近洋脊的玄武岩地球化学特征及其地幔源区性质.海洋学研究,35(4):44-60.
李江海,刘仲兰,王洛,等,2016.北极地区大地构造特征及其构造演化---北极地区大地构造编图研究进展.海洋学报,38(7):85-96.
李江海,张华添,李洪林,2015.印度洋大地构造背景及其构造演化---印度洋底大地构造图研究进展.海洋学报,37(7):1-14.
李三忠,索艳慧,刘鑫,等,2015.印度洋构造过程重建与成矿模式:西南印度洋洋中脊的启示.大地构造与成矿学,39(1):30-43.
李学杰,姚永坚,杨楚鹏,等,2017.欧亚北极区东部区域地质与构造演化.地球科学,42(3):315-324.
余星,初凤友,董彦辉,等,2013.拆离断层与大洋核杂岩:一种新的海底扩张模式.地球科学,38(5):995-1004.
中国大洋协会办公室,2016.中国大洋海底地理实体名录.北京:海洋出版社,508.
Briais,A.,1995.Structural Analysis of the Segmentation of the Central Indian Ridge between 20°30′and 25°30′S(Rodriguez Triple Junction).Marine Geophysical Researches,17(5):431-467.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01371787
Briais,A.,Park,S.,Chavagnac,V.E.R.,et al.,2011.CircumAntarctic Ridges.Inter-Ridge International Workshop,Toulouse,France.
Chatterjee,S.,Goswami,A.,Scotese,C.R.,2013.The Longest Voyage:Tectonic,Magmatic,and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Indian Plate during Its Northward Flight from Gondwana to Asia.Gondwana Research,23(1):238-267.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.001
Chen,L.,Tang,L.M.,Yu,X.,et al.,2016.Mantle Source Heterogeneity and Magmatic Evolution at Carlsberg Ridge(3.7°N):Constrains from Elemental and Isotopic(Sr,Nd,Pb)Data.Marine Geophysical Research,38(1-2):47-60.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-016-9292-1
China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association,2016.Chinese Gazetter of Undersea Features on the International Seabed.China Ocean Press,Beijing,508(in Chinese).
Chun,M.H.,Yu,Z.H.,Li,H.M.,et al.,2016.Mantle Source Features of Basalts in the Northwest Indian Ridge.Marine Sciences,40(8):108-118(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chun,M.H.,Yu,Z.H.,Zhai,S.K.,2015.The Geochemistry and Geological Significances of Basalts from Carlsberg Ridge in Indian Ocean.Haiyang Xuebao,37(8):47-62(in Chinese with English abstract).
Collier,J.S.,Sansom,V.,Ishizuka,O.,et al.,2008.Age of Seychelles-India Break-up.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,272(1-2):264-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.045
Drolia,R.K.,DeMets,C.,2005.Deformation in the Diffuse India-Capricorn-Somalia Triple Junction from a Multibeam and Magnetic Survey of the Northern Central Indian Ridge,3°S-10°S.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,6(9):Q09009.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gc000950
Drolia,R.K.,Ghose,I.,Subramanyam,A.S.,et al.,2000.Magnetic and Bathymetric Investigations over the Vema Region of the Central Indian Ridge:Tectonic Implications.Marine Geology,167(3-4):413-423.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(00)00029-3
Dyment,J.,1998.Evolution of the Carlsberg Ridge between60and 45 Ma:Ridge Propagation,Spreading Asymmetry,and the Deccan-Reunion Hotspot.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,103(B10):24067-24084.https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb01759
Ewing,J.,Ewing,M.,1967.Sediment Distribution on the Mid-Ocean Ridges with Respect to Spreading of the Sea Floor.Science,156(3782):1590-1592.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3782.1590
Fisher,R.L.,Sclater,J.G.,McKenzie,D.P.,1971.Evolution of the Central Indian Ridge,Western Indian Ocean.Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(3):553.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[553:eotcir]2.0.co;2
Füri,E.,Hilton,D.R.,Murton,B.J.,et al.,2011.Helium Isotope Variations between Réunion Island and the Central Indian Ridge(17°-21°S):New Evidence for Ridge-Hot Spot Interaction.Journal of Geophysical Research,116(B2).https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jb007609
Gee,J.S.Kent,D.V.,2007.Source of Oceanic Magnetic Anomalies and the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale.Treatise on Geophysics,5:455-507.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00097-3
Han,X.Q,Wu,Z.C.,Qiu,B.B.,2012.Segmentation of Carlsberg Ridge in Northwest Indian Ocean and Its Tectonic and Morphologic Features-The Introduction to the Result from DY24Cruise(in Chinese).
Hellebrand,E.,Snow,J.E.,Hoppe,P.,et al.,2002.GarnetField Melting and Late-Stage Refertilization in‘Residual’Abyssal Peridotites from the Central Indian Ridge.Journal of Petrology,43(12):2305-2338.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.12.2305
Honsho,C.,Tamaki,K.,Fujimoto,H.,1996.ThreeDimensional Magnetic and Gravity Studies of the Rodriguez Triple Junction in the Indian Ocean.Journalof GeophysicalResearch:Solid Earth,101(B7):15837-15848.https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb00644
Huang,K.H.,Han,X.Q.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2018.Geochemical Characteristics of Basalt Samples from the Ridges Adjacent to Aden-Owen-Carlsberg Triple Junction and Their Mantle Sources.Journal of Marine Sciences,35(4):44-60(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ildefonse,B.,Blackman,D.K.,John,B.E.,et al.,2007.Oceanic Core Complexes and Crustal Accretion at SlowSpreading Ridges.Geology,35(7):623.https://doi.org/10.1130/g23531a.1
Ito,G.,Dunn,R.A.,2009.Mid-Ocean Ridges:Mantle Convection and Formation of the Lithosphere.Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences,37(6):867-880.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00654-8
Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Chaubey,A.K.,Amarnath,D.,et al.,2008.Morphotectonics of the Carlsberg Ridge between62°20′and 66°20′E,Northwest Indian Ocean.Marine Geology,252(3-4):120-128.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.03.016
Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Ramprasad,T.,Subrahmanyam,C.,1997.Geophysical Investigations over a Segment of the Central Indian Ridge,Indian Ocean.Geo-Marine Letters,17(3):195-201.https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050026
Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Samudrala,K.,Drolia,R.K.,et al.,2012.Segmentation and Morphology of the Central Indian Ridge between 3°S and 11°S,Indian Ocean.Tectonophysics,554-557:114-126.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.001
Kim,J.,Pak,S.J.,Moon,J.W.,et al.,2017.Mantle Heterogeneity in the Source Region of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts along the Northern Central Indian Ridge(8°S-17°S).Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,18(4):1419-1434.https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006673
Krishna,M.R.,1996.Isostatic Response of the Central Indian Ridge(Western Indian Ocean)Based on Transfer Function Analysis of Gravity and Bathymetry Data.Tectonophysics,257(2-4):137-148.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00114-x
Li,J.H.,Liu,Z.L.,Wang,L.,et al.,2016.The Tectonic Setting and Geological Evolution of the Arctic-From Compiling of Tectonic Map of the Arctic.HaiyangXuebao,38(7):85-96(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,J.H.,Zhang,H.T.,Li,H.L.,2015.The Tectonic Setting and Evolution of Indian Ocean-Research Progress of Tectonic Map of Indian Ocean.Haiyang Xuebao,37(7):1-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,S.Z.,Suo,Y.H.,Liu,X.,et al.,2015.Tectonic Reconstruction and Mineralization Models of the Indian Ocean:Insights from SWIR.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,39(1):30-43(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,X.J.,Yao,Y.J.,Yang,C.P.,et al.,2017.Regional Geological Features and Tectonic Evolution in the Eastern Euroasian Arctic.Earth Science,42(3):315-324(in Chinese with English abstract).
Maus,S.,Barckhausen,U.,Berkenbosch,H.,et al.,2009.EMAG2:A 2-Arc Min Resolution Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid Compiled from Satellite,Airborne,and Marine Magnetic Measurements.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,10(8):Q08005.https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gc002471
McKenzie,D.,Sclater,J.G.,1971.The Evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous.Geophysical Journal International,24(5):437-528.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1971.tb02190.x
Merkouriev,S.A.,Sotchevanova,N.A.,2003.Structure and Evolution of the Carlsberg Ridge:Evidence for NonStationary Spreading on Old and Modern Spreading Centres.Current Sicence,85(3):334-338.
Michael,P.J.,Langmuir,C.H.,Dick,H.J.B.,et al.,2003.Magmatic and Amagmatic Seafloor Generation at the Ultraslow-Spreading Gakkel Ridge,Arctic Ocean.Nature,423(6943):956-961.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01704
Morishita,T.,Hara,K.,Nakamura,K.,et al.,2009.Igneous,Alteration and Exhumation Processes Recorded in Abyssal Peridotites and Related Fault Rocks from an Oceanic Core Complex along the Central Indian Ridge.Journal of Petrology,50(7):1299-1325.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp025
Mudholkar,A.,Kodagali,V.N.,Kamesh Raju,K.A.,et al.,2002.Geomorphological and Petrological Observations along a Segment of Slow-Spreading Carlsberg Ridge.Current Sicence,82(8):982-989.
Mukhopadhyay,R.,Iyer,S.D.,Ray,D.,et al.,2016.Morphotectonic and Petrological Variations along the Southern Central Indian Ridge.International Journal of Earth Sciences,105(3):905-920.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1193-z
Müller,R.D.,Sdrolias,M.,Gaina,C.,et al.,2008.Age,Spreading Rates,and Spreading Asymmetry of the World's Ocean Crust.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(4):Q04006.https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001743
Murton,B.J.,Tindle,A.G.,Milton,J.A.,et al.,2005.Heterogeneity in Southern Central Indian Ridge MORB:Implications for Ridge-Hot Spot Interaction.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,6(3):Q03E20.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gc000798
Nauret,F.,Abouchami,W.,Galer,S.,et al.,2006.Correlated Trace Element-Pb Isotope Enrichments in Indian MORB along 18-20°S,Central Indian Ridge.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,245(1-2):137-152.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.015
Niu,Y.L.,2008.Global Correlations of Ocean Ridge Basalt Chemistry with Axial Depth:A New Perspective.Journal of Petrology,49(4):633-664.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egm051
Nürnberg,D.,Müller,R.D.,1991.The Tectonic Evolution of the South Atlantic from Late Jurassic to Present.Tectonophysics,191(1-2):27-53.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90231-g
Parson,L.M.,Patriat,P.,Searle,R.C.,et al.,1993.Segmentation of the Central Indian Ridge between 12°12′S and the Indian Ocean Triple Junction.Marine Geophysical Researches,15(4):265-282.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01982385
Patriat,P.,Segoufin,J.,1988.Reconstruction of the Central Indian Ocean.Tectonophysics,155(1-4):211-234.https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90267-3
Pitman,W.C.,Talwani,M.,1972.Sea-Floor Spreading in the North Atlantic.Geological Society of America Bulletin,83(3):619.https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[619:ssitna]2.0.co;2
Presnall,D.C.,Dixon,J.R.,O'Donnell,T.H.,et al.,1979.Generation of Mid-Ocean Ridge Tholeiites.Journal of Petrology,20(1):3-35.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/20.1.3
Rabinowitz,P.D.,Coffin,M.F.,Falvey,D.,1983.The Separation of Madagascar and Africa.Science,220(4592):67-69.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4592.67
Ray,D.,Misra,S.,Banerjee,R.,2013.Geochemical Variability of MORBs along Slow to Intermediate Spreading Carlsberg-Central Indian Ridge,Indian Ocean.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,70-71:125-141.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.03.008
Rubin,K.H.,Smith,M.C.,Bergmanis,E.C.,et al.,2001.Geochemical Heterogeneity within Mid-Ocean Ridge Lava Flows:Insights into Eruption,Emplacement and Global Variations in Magma Generation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,188(3-4):349-367.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00339-9
Samudrala,K.,Kamesh Raju,K.A.,Rao,P.R.,2016.Gravity Anomalies over the Central Indian Ridge between 3°Sand 11°S,Indian Ocean:Segmentation and Crustal Structure.Journal of Earth System Science,125(8):1523-1542.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0760-4
Sandwell,D.T.,Muller,R.D.,Smith,W.H.F.,et al.,2014.New Global Marine Gravity Model from CryoSat-2and Jason-1Reveals Buried Tectonic Structure.Science,346(6205):65-67.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258213
Schlich R.,1982.The Indian Ocean:Aseismic Ridges,Spreading Centers,and Oceanic Basins.In:Nairn,A.E.M.,Stehli,F.G.,eds.,The Ocean Basins and Margins:The Indian Ocean.Plenum Press,New York.
Sun,S.S.,Nesbitt,R.W.,Sharaskin,A.Y.,1979.Geochemical Characteristics of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,44(1):119-138.https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(79)90013-x
Vine,F.J.,Matthews,D.H.,1963.Magnetic Anomalies over Oceanic Ridges.Nature,199(4897):947-949.https://doi.org/10.1038/199947a0
Whittaker,J.,2008.Tectonic Consequences of Mid-Ocean Ridge Evolution and Subduction.University of Sydney,Sydney.
Workman,R.K.,Hart,S.R.,2005.Major and Trace Element Composition of the Depleted MORB Mantle(DMM).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,231(1-2):53-72.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.005
Yi,S.B.,Oh,C.W.,Pak,S.J.,et al.,2014.Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks from the Central Indian Ridge,Latitude 8°-17°S:Denudation of Mantle Harzburgites and Gabbroic Rocks and Compositional Variation of Basalts.International Geology Review,56(14):1691-1719.https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.955539
Yu,X.,Chu,F.Y.,Dong,Y.H.,et al.,2013.Detachment Fault and Oceanic Core Complex:A New Mode of Seafloor Spreading.Earth Science,38(5):995-1004(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,H.Y.,Dick,H.J.B.,2013.Thin Crust as Evidence for Depleted Mantle Supporting the Marion Rise.Nature,494(7436):195-200.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11842
淳明浩,于增慧,李怀明,等,2016.西北印度洋中脊玄武岩源区地幔特征.海洋科学,40(8):108-118.
淳明浩,于增慧,翟世奎,2015.印度洋Carlsberg洋脊玄武岩岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义.海洋学报,37(8):47-62.
韩喜球,吴招才,裘碧波,2012.西北印度洋Carlsberg脊的分段性及其构造地貌特征---中国大洋24航次调查成果介绍.
黄凯晖,韩喜球,王叶剑,等,2018.亚丁-欧文-卡尔斯伯格脊三联点邻近洋脊的玄武岩地球化学特征及其地幔源区性质.海洋学研究,35(4):44-60.
李江海,刘仲兰,王洛,等,2016.北极地区大地构造特征及其构造演化---北极地区大地构造编图研究进展.海洋学报,38(7):85-96.
李江海,张华添,李洪林,2015.印度洋大地构造背景及其构造演化---印度洋底大地构造图研究进展.海洋学报,37(7):1-14.
李三忠,索艳慧,刘鑫,等,2015.印度洋构造过程重建与成矿模式:西南印度洋洋中脊的启示.大地构造与成矿学,39(1):30-43.
李学杰,姚永坚,杨楚鹏,等,2017.欧亚北极区东部区域地质与构造演化.地球科学,42(3):315-324.
余星,初凤友,董彦辉,等,2013.拆离断层与大洋核杂岩:一种新的海底扩张模式.地球科学,38(5):995-1004.
中国大洋协会办公室,2016.中国大洋海底地理实体名录.北京:海洋出版社,508.