表层和下层免耕黑土有机碳矿化速率及激发效应
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摘要
激发效应是调控土壤有机质分解的重要机制之一,而土层与激发效应的关系还不清晰.本研究通过室内培养试验,采用~(13)C葡萄糖标记和动态碱液吸收的方法,探究免耕农田黑土表层土壤(0～10 cm)和下层土壤(30～40 cm)有机碳矿化速率及其激发效应.结果表明:表层与下层土壤以单位有机碳表示的矿化速率并未发现显著差异.添加葡萄糖使表层土壤原有机质分解加快36.7%(正激发),但使下层土壤原有机质分解减慢12.4%(负激发).在整个培养期间(30 d),表层和下层土壤的累积激发碳量分别为3.14和-1.24 mg C·g~(-1) SOC,但由于新碳(葡萄糖)的补偿作用,即使在产生显著正激发的表层土壤中,仍表现为有机碳净积累.说明外源碳输入使不同土层土壤有机质分解的幅度甚至方向产生明显差别.这为今后免耕和秸秆还田等保护性耕作措施的实践提供了重要的理论基础.
Priming effect is one of the important mechanisms regulating soil organic matter decomposition. However, the variation of priming effects in different soil layers remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a 30-day incubation experiment using no-tillage black soil from northeastern China. ~(13)C-glucose and dynamic CO_2 trapping methods were employed to investigate soil organic carbon(SOC) mineralization rates and the priming effect of the added ~(13)C-glucose in the upper soil layer(0-10 cm) and the lower soil layer(30-40 cm). Our results showed that the cumulative SOC-specific mineralization rate in the upper layer was similar to that in the lower layer soil without glucose addition. Glucose addition significantly altered the mineralization rates in both layers, resulting in a positive priming effect(36.7%) in the upper layer but a negative priming effect(-12.4%) in the lower layer. The cumulative priming effect during the 30-day incubation was 3.24 mg C·g~(-1) SOC for the upper layer soil and-1.24 mg C·g~(-1) SOC for the lower layer soil. There was still a net SOC increase, even with positive priming effects in the upper layer soil. This was due to considerable amount of added glucose-C remained un-mineralized in the soil which would compensate the carbon loss from priming effects. Overall, our results demonstrated that the magnitude and direction of priming effects might differ between soil layers. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the effects of conservation tillage practices(no-tillage and straw incorporation) on soil organic matter dynamics in agroecosystems.
Priming effect is one of the important mechanisms regulating soil organic matter decomposition. However, the variation of priming effects in different soil layers remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a 30-day incubation experiment using no-tillage black soil from northeastern China. ~(13)C-glucose and dynamic CO_2 trapping methods were employed to investigate soil organic carbon(SOC) mineralization rates and the priming effect of the added ~(13)C-glucose in the upper soil layer(0-10 cm) and the lower soil layer(30-40 cm). Our results showed that the cumulative SOC-specific mineralization rate in the upper layer was similar to that in the lower layer soil without glucose addition. Glucose addition significantly altered the mineralization rates in both layers, resulting in a positive priming effect(36.7%) in the upper layer but a negative priming effect(-12.4%) in the lower layer. The cumulative priming effect during the 30-day incubation was 3.24 mg C·g~(-1) SOC for the upper layer soil and-1.24 mg C·g~(-1) SOC for the lower layer soil. There was still a net SOC increase, even with positive priming effects in the upper layer soil. This was due to considerable amount of added glucose-C remained un-mineralized in the soil which would compensate the carbon loss from priming effects. Overall, our results demonstrated that the magnitude and direction of priming effects might differ between soil layers. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the effects of conservation tillage practices(no-tillage and straw incorporation) on soil organic matter dynamics in agroecosystems.
引文
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[15] Chen M-B (陈明波).Causes and Countermeasures of the Resource Degradation of Black Soil of Jilin Province.Master Thesis.Changcun:Jilin Agricultural University,2017 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang L-X (王丽学),Su L (苏玲),Zhang H (张欢),et al.Influence of conservation tillage on wind erosion in farmland soil.Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学学报),2011,42(5):596-599 (in Chinese)
[17] Jiang Y,Ma N,Chen Z,et al.Soil macrofauna assemblage composition and functional groups in no-tillage with corn stover mulch agroecosystems in a mollisol area of northeastern China.Applied Soil Ecology,2018,128:61-70
[18] Dong Z (董智),Xie H-T (解宏图),Zhang L-J (张立军),et al.Accumulation of amino sugars affected by different stalk mulching quantity in no-tillage system.Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报),2013,44(5):1158-1162 (in Chinese)
[19] Blagodatskaya E,Kuzyakov Y.Mechanisms of real and apparent priming effects and their dependence on soil microbial biomass and community structure:Critical review.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2008,45:115-131
[20] Zhang XW,Han XZ,Yu WT,et al.Priming effects on labile and stable soil organic carbon decomposition:Pulse dynamics over two years.PLoS One,2017,12(9):e0184978
[21] Cheng WX,Coleman D.A simple method for measuring CO2 in a continuous air-flow system:Modifications to the substrate-induced respiration technique.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1989,21:385-388
[22] Vance ED,Brookes PC,Jenkinson DS.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[23] Lu R-K (鲁如坤).Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999 (in Chinese)
[24] Rumpel C,K?gel-Knabner I,Bruhn F.Vertical distribution,age,and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis.Organic Geochemistry,2002,33:1131-1142
[25] He N (何娜),Wang L-H (王立海),Meng C (孟春).Effects of compaction on diurnal variation of soil respiration in Larix gmellinii plantation in summer.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(12):3070-3076 (in Chinese)
[26] Ma X-X (马昕昕).Study on Soil Organic Carbon Stability in the Deep Soil Layer of the Hilly Loess Plateau.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2013 (in Chinese)
[27] Li S-J (李顺姬),Qiu L-P (邱莉萍),Zhang X-C (张兴昌).Mineralization of soil organic carbon and its relations with soil physical and chemical properties on the Loess Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,30(5):1217-1226 (in Chinese)
[28] Kuzyakov Y.Review:Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2002,165:382-396
[29] Murayama S.Microbial synthesis of saccharides in soils incubated with 13C-labelled glucose.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20:193-199
[30] Liu XJ,Sun J,Mau RL,et al.Labile carbon input determines the direction and magnitude of the priming effect.Applied Soil Ecology,2017,109:7-13
[31] Qiao N,Schaefer D,Blagodatskaya E,et al.Labile carbon retention compensates for CO2 released by priming in forest soils.Global Change Biology,2014,20:1943-1954
[32] Zhang W,Wang X,Wang S.Addition of external organic carbon and native soil organic carbon decomposition:A meta-analysis.PLoS One,2013,8(2):e54779
[33] Wang X-F (王晓峰),Wang S-L (汪思龙),Zhang W-D (张伟东).Effects of Chinese fir litter on soil organic carbon decomposition and microbial biomass carbon.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(9):2393-2398 (in Chinese)
[34] Liao C (廖畅),Tian Q-X (田秋香),Wang D-Y (汪东亚),et al.Effects of labile carbon addition on organic carbon mineralization and microbial growth strate-gies in subtropical forest soils.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(9):2848-2354 (in Chinese)
[35] Bernal B,Mckinley DC,Hungate BA,et al.Limits to soil carbon stability:Deep,ancient soil carbon decomposition stimulated by new labile organic inputs.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,98:85-94
[36] Lü M,Xie J,Wang C,et al.Forest conversion stimulated deep soil C losses and decreased C recalcitrance through priming effect in subtropical China.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51:857-867
[37] Finley BK,Dijkstra P,Rasmussen C,et al.Soil mineral assemblage and substrate quality effects on microbial priming.Geoderma,2018,322:38-47
[38] Dharmakeerthi RS,Hanley K,Whitman T,et al.Organic carbon dynamics in soils with pyrogenic organic matter that received plant residue additions over seven years.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,88:268-274
[39] Ohm H,Marschner B,Broos K.Respiration and priming effects after fructose and alanine additions in two copper- and zinc-contaminated Australian soils.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011,47:523-532
[40] Fang Y,Nazaries L,Singh BK,et al.Microbial mechanisms of carbon priming effects revealed during the interaction of crop residue and nutrient inputs in contrasting soils.Global Change Biology,2018,24:2775-2790
[41] Keiluweit M,Bougoure JJ,Nico PS,et al.Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates.Nature Climate Change,2015,5:588-595
[2] Luo Z,Wang E,Sun OJ.A meta-analysis of the temporal dynamics of priming soil carbon decomposition by fresh carbon inputs across ecosystems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,101:96-103
[3] Cheng WX,Parton WJ,Gonzalez-Meler MA,et al.Synthesis and modeling perspectives of rhizosphere priming.New Phytologist,2014,201:31-44
[4] Kuzyakov Y,Friedel JK,Stahr K.Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32:1485-1498
[5] Jobbágy EG,Jackson RB.The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate vegetation.Ecological Applications,2000,10:423-436
[6] Lal R,Follett R,Stewart BA,et al.Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change and advance food security.Soil Science,2007,172:943-956
[7] Tang M-L (唐美玲),Wei L (魏亮),Zhu Z-K (祝贞科),et al.Responses of organic carbon mineralization and priming effect to phosphorus addition in paddy soils.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(3):857-864 (in Chinese)
[8] Taylor J,Wilson B,Mills M,et al.Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:387-401
[9] Karhu K,Hilasvuori E,Fritze H,et al.Priming effect increases with depth in a boreal forest soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,99:104-107
[10] Fontaine S,Barot S,Barré P,et al.Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply.Nature,2007,450:277-280
[11] Paterson E,Sim A.Soil-specific response functions of organic matter mineralization to the availability of labile carbon.Global Change Biology,2013,19:1562-1571
[12] Dimassi B,Mary B,Fontaine S,et al.Effect of nutrients availability and long-term tillage on priming effect and soil C mineralization.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,78:332-339
[13] Rukshana F,Butterly CR,Xu JM,et al.Soil organic carbon contributes to alkalinity priming induced by added organic substrates.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,65:217-226
[14] Wei D (魏丹),Kuang N-J (匡恩俊),Chi F-Q (迟凤琴),et al.Status and protection strategy of black soil resources in Northeast China.Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences (黑龙江农业科学),2016(1):158-161 (in Chinese)
[15] Chen M-B (陈明波).Causes and Countermeasures of the Resource Degradation of Black Soil of Jilin Province.Master Thesis.Changcun:Jilin Agricultural University,2017 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang L-X (王丽学),Su L (苏玲),Zhang H (张欢),et al.Influence of conservation tillage on wind erosion in farmland soil.Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学学报),2011,42(5):596-599 (in Chinese)
[17] Jiang Y,Ma N,Chen Z,et al.Soil macrofauna assemblage composition and functional groups in no-tillage with corn stover mulch agroecosystems in a mollisol area of northeastern China.Applied Soil Ecology,2018,128:61-70
[18] Dong Z (董智),Xie H-T (解宏图),Zhang L-J (张立军),et al.Accumulation of amino sugars affected by different stalk mulching quantity in no-tillage system.Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报),2013,44(5):1158-1162 (in Chinese)
[19] Blagodatskaya E,Kuzyakov Y.Mechanisms of real and apparent priming effects and their dependence on soil microbial biomass and community structure:Critical review.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2008,45:115-131
[20] Zhang XW,Han XZ,Yu WT,et al.Priming effects on labile and stable soil organic carbon decomposition:Pulse dynamics over two years.PLoS One,2017,12(9):e0184978
[21] Cheng WX,Coleman D.A simple method for measuring CO2 in a continuous air-flow system:Modifications to the substrate-induced respiration technique.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1989,21:385-388
[22] Vance ED,Brookes PC,Jenkinson DS.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707
[23] Lu R-K (鲁如坤).Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999 (in Chinese)
[24] Rumpel C,K?gel-Knabner I,Bruhn F.Vertical distribution,age,and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis.Organic Geochemistry,2002,33:1131-1142
[25] He N (何娜),Wang L-H (王立海),Meng C (孟春).Effects of compaction on diurnal variation of soil respiration in Larix gmellinii plantation in summer.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(12):3070-3076 (in Chinese)
[26] Ma X-X (马昕昕).Study on Soil Organic Carbon Stability in the Deep Soil Layer of the Hilly Loess Plateau.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2013 (in Chinese)
[27] Li S-J (李顺姬),Qiu L-P (邱莉萍),Zhang X-C (张兴昌).Mineralization of soil organic carbon and its relations with soil physical and chemical properties on the Loess Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,30(5):1217-1226 (in Chinese)
[28] Kuzyakov Y.Review:Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2002,165:382-396
[29] Murayama S.Microbial synthesis of saccharides in soils incubated with 13C-labelled glucose.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20:193-199
[30] Liu XJ,Sun J,Mau RL,et al.Labile carbon input determines the direction and magnitude of the priming effect.Applied Soil Ecology,2017,109:7-13
[31] Qiao N,Schaefer D,Blagodatskaya E,et al.Labile carbon retention compensates for CO2 released by priming in forest soils.Global Change Biology,2014,20:1943-1954
[32] Zhang W,Wang X,Wang S.Addition of external organic carbon and native soil organic carbon decomposition:A meta-analysis.PLoS One,2013,8(2):e54779
[33] Wang X-F (王晓峰),Wang S-L (汪思龙),Zhang W-D (张伟东).Effects of Chinese fir litter on soil organic carbon decomposition and microbial biomass carbon.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(9):2393-2398 (in Chinese)
[34] Liao C (廖畅),Tian Q-X (田秋香),Wang D-Y (汪东亚),et al.Effects of labile carbon addition on organic carbon mineralization and microbial growth strate-gies in subtropical forest soils.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(9):2848-2354 (in Chinese)
[35] Bernal B,Mckinley DC,Hungate BA,et al.Limits to soil carbon stability:Deep,ancient soil carbon decomposition stimulated by new labile organic inputs.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,98:85-94
[36] Lü M,Xie J,Wang C,et al.Forest conversion stimulated deep soil C losses and decreased C recalcitrance through priming effect in subtropical China.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2015,51:857-867
[37] Finley BK,Dijkstra P,Rasmussen C,et al.Soil mineral assemblage and substrate quality effects on microbial priming.Geoderma,2018,322:38-47
[38] Dharmakeerthi RS,Hanley K,Whitman T,et al.Organic carbon dynamics in soils with pyrogenic organic matter that received plant residue additions over seven years.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,88:268-274
[39] Ohm H,Marschner B,Broos K.Respiration and priming effects after fructose and alanine additions in two copper- and zinc-contaminated Australian soils.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011,47:523-532
[40] Fang Y,Nazaries L,Singh BK,et al.Microbial mechanisms of carbon priming effects revealed during the interaction of crop residue and nutrient inputs in contrasting soils.Global Change Biology,2018,24:2775-2790
[41] Keiluweit M,Bougoure JJ,Nico PS,et al.Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates.Nature Climate Change,2015,5:588-595