2004—2015年长江中下游地区冬油菜生产碳足迹的时空变化
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摘要
长江流域是我国油菜生产的主产区,系统分析油菜生产碳足迹对促进该地区农业低碳化生产与缓解气候变化的影响具有重要的意义。本文基于油菜播种面积、产量及生产投入等统计资料数据,运用农业碳足迹理论和生命周期评价法定量分析2004—2015年长江中下游地区油菜生产碳足迹时空变化动态及其构成。研究结果表明,油菜生产的碳足迹呈先下降后上升的趋势,最低点出现在2013年,为2 177.6 kg·hm-2;肥料和人工是长江流域油菜生产主要的温室气体排放源,分别占总碳足迹的50.9%～53.1%和5.8%～8.4%。不同省份间油菜生产碳足迹具有明显的差异,江苏省和浙江省的单位面积碳足迹(CFa)和单位产量碳足迹(CFy)均较高,而湖南和江西两省的CFa和CFy均较低。长江中下游地区油菜高产省CFa、CFy显著高于低产省,其中,氮肥、磷肥和复合肥产生的碳足迹值均显著高于低产省份,分别提高81.7%、81.2%和112.8%(P<0.05)。研究表明发展油菜生产节肥技术,加强机械一体化技术以减少人工成本是未来长江流域油菜应对气候变化发展低碳农业的重要举措。结果部分尽量详细些。
The Yangtze River is one of the major oilseed rape producing areas in China. It is therefore of great significance to analyze the carbon footprint of oilseed rape, for developing low-carbon agriculture and for climate change mitigation in this region. Based on the statistical data of sown area, crop yield, and farmland investment of oilseed rape production along the Yangtze River, the spatiotemporal dynamic change in carbon footprint and its composition of oilseed rape during 2004-2015 in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was estimated using the theory of carbon footprint and life cycle assessment method in the agricultural sector. The results showed the carbon footprint of oilseed rape at first decreased and then increased,the lowest point being 2 177.6 kg·hm-2 in 2013. The main components of the carbon footprint for oilseed rape production were fertilizer(50.9%-53.1%) and labor(5.8%-8.4%). Obvious differences were found among main agricultural provinces in the study area. The carbon footprint per unit area(CFa) and per unit yield(CFy) of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces were higher,while that of Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces were lower. What was more, the CFa and CFy in high yield regions were significantly higher than that in low yield regions. Among them, the carbon footprint of nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer,and compound fertilizer was significantly higher than that for low-yielding provinces, which increased by 81.7%, 81.2%, and112.8%, respectively,(P < 0.05). The results suggest that improving crop management practices that limit fertilizer consumption and strengthen mechanical integration technology to reduce labor costs could help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from oilseed rape production along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
The Yangtze River is one of the major oilseed rape producing areas in China. It is therefore of great significance to analyze the carbon footprint of oilseed rape, for developing low-carbon agriculture and for climate change mitigation in this region. Based on the statistical data of sown area, crop yield, and farmland investment of oilseed rape production along the Yangtze River, the spatiotemporal dynamic change in carbon footprint and its composition of oilseed rape during 2004-2015 in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River was estimated using the theory of carbon footprint and life cycle assessment method in the agricultural sector. The results showed the carbon footprint of oilseed rape at first decreased and then increased,the lowest point being 2 177.6 kg·hm-2 in 2013. The main components of the carbon footprint for oilseed rape production were fertilizer(50.9%-53.1%) and labor(5.8%-8.4%). Obvious differences were found among main agricultural provinces in the study area. The carbon footprint per unit area(CFa) and per unit yield(CFy) of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces were higher,while that of Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces were lower. What was more, the CFa and CFy in high yield regions were significantly higher than that in low yield regions. Among them, the carbon footprint of nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer,and compound fertilizer was significantly higher than that for low-yielding provinces, which increased by 81.7%, 81.2%, and112.8%, respectively,(P < 0.05). The results suggest that improving crop management practices that limit fertilizer consumption and strengthen mechanical integration technology to reduce labor costs could help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from oilseed rape production along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
引文
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[12]米松华,黄祖辉,朱奇彪,等.农户低碳减排技术采纳行为研究[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(3):797-804MI S H,HUANG Z H,ZHU Q B,et al.Study on factors influencing farmers’adoption of low-carbon technologies[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(3):797-804
[13]傅廷栋.中国油菜生产与品种改良[J].华中农业大学学报,1999,18(6):501-504FU T D.Rapeseed production and variety improvement in China[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,1999,18(6):501-504
[14]涂金星,张冬晓,张毅,等.我国油菜育种目标及品种审定问题的商榷[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(3):350-352TU J X,ZHANG D X,ZHANG Y,et al.Discussion on some standards of variety registration and breeding goals of Brassica napus in China[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2007,29(3):350-352
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[20]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).Climate Change 2006:Synthesis Report[R].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006
[21]刘巽浩,徐文修,李增嘉,等.农田生态系统碳足迹法:误区、改进与应用--兼析中国集约农作碳效率[J].中国农业资源与区划,2013,34(6):1-11LIU X H,XU W X,LI Z J,et al.The missteps,improvement and application of carbon footprint methodology in farmland ecosystems with the case study of analyzing the carbon efficiency of China’s intensive farming[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2013,34(6):1-11
[22]GAN Y T,LIANG C,HUANG G B,et al.Carbon footprint of canola and mustard is a function of the rate of N fertilizer[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2012,17(1):58-68
[23]LIEBIG M A,TANAKA D L,KRUPINSKY J M,et al.Dynamic cropping systems:Contributions to improve agroecosystem sustainability[J].Agronomy Journal,2007,99(4):899-903
[24]ZENTNER R P,LAFOND G P,DERKSEN D A,et al.Effects of tillage method and crop rotation on non-renewable energy use efficiency for a thin Black Chernozem in the Canadian Prairies[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,77(2):125-136
[25]KRUPINSKY J M,BAILEY K L,MCMULLEN M P,et al.Managing plant disease risk in diversified cropping systems[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(2):198-209
[26]MILLER P R,GAN Y T,MCCONKEY B G,et al.Pulse crops for the northern great plains:Ⅰ.Grain productivity and residual effects on soil water and nitrogen[J].Agronomy Journal,2003,95(4):972-979
[27]TANAKA D L,KRUPINSKY J M,MERRILL S D,et al.Dynamic cropping systems for sustainable crop production in the northern great plains[J].Agronomy Journal,2007,99(4):904-911
[28]OSBORNE B,SAUNDERS M,WALMSLEY D,et al.Key questions and uncertainties associated with the assessment of the cropland greenhouse gas balance[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2010,139(3):293-301
[29]卢小宏.不同农作措施下冬小麦-夏玉米碳足迹及优化潜力评价[D].北京:中国农业大学,2013LU X H.Carbon footprint and optimization potential of winter wheat and summer maize under different agricultural measures[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2013
[30]HILLIER J,HAWES C,SQUIRE G,et al.The carbon footprints of food crop production[J].International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2009,7(2):107-118
[31]刘夏璐,王洪涛,陈建,等.中国生命周期参考数据库的建立方法与基础模型[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(10):2136-2144LIU X L,WANG H T,CHEN J,et al.Method and basic model for development of Chinese reference life cycle database[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(10):2136-2144
[32]杨帆,孟远夺,姜义,等.2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):217-225YANG F,MENG Y D,JIANG Y,et al.Chemical fertilizer application and supply in crop farming in China in 2013[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2015,21(1):217-225
[33]任涛,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜氮素养分管理策略[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(18):3506-3521REN T,LU J W.Integrated nitrogen management strategy for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(18):3506-3521
[34]周广生,左青松,廖庆喜,等.我国油菜机械化生产现状、存在问题及对策[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(9):2153-2157ZHOU G S,ZUO Q S,LIAO Q X,et al.Mechanical production status,existing problems and strategy discussion of rapeseed in China[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2013,52(9):2153-2157
[35]崔晓晨,李安宁,王国占,等.三大粮食作物农机作业成本及效益分析--基于全国26个省的农机户问卷调查[J].农机化研究,2011,33(2):15-18CUI X C,LI A N,WANG G Z,et al.Research on machinery cost of grain-production in China-based on a nationwide questionnaire survey[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(2):15-18
[2]王占彪,陈静,张立峰,等.河北省棉花生产碳足迹分析[J].棉花学报,2016,28(6):594-601WANG Z B,CHEN J,ZHANG L F,et al.Carbon footprint analysis of cotton production in Hebei Province[J].Cotton Science,2016,28(6):594-601
[3]LEHUGER S,GABRIELLE B,LAVILLE P.Predicting and mitigating the net greenhouse gas emissions of crop rotations in Western Europe[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1654-1671
[4]LINQUIST B,VAN GROENIGEN K J,ADVIENTO-BORBEM A,et al.An agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops[J].Global Change Biology,2012,18(1):194-209
[5]ROBERTSON G P,PAUL E A,HARWOOD R R.Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture:Contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere[J].Science,2000,289:1922-1925
[6]LAL R.Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,116(3):353-362
[7]杜受祜.低碳发展:城市可持续发展的必然战略选择[J].成都发展改革研究,2010,(1):40-41DU S H.Low-carbon development:An inevitable strategic choice for sustainable urban development[J].Chengdu Development and Reform Research,2010,(1):40-41
[8]齐晔,李惠民,王晓.农业与中国的低碳发展战略[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(1):1-6QI Y,LI H M,WANG X.Agriculture and low-carbon development strategy in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(1):1-6
[9]WIEDMANN T,MINX J.A definition of‘Carbon Footprint’[M]//PERTSOVA C C.Ecological Economics Research Trends.Hauppauge,NY:Nova Science Publishers,2009:193-195
[10]GAN Y T,LIANG C,HAMEL C,et al.Strategies for reducing the carbon footprint of field crops for semiarid areas.Areview[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2011,31(4):643-656
[11]陈中督.农作措施对双季稻田固碳减排效应与农户低碳技术采纳行为研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017CHEN Z D.Farming practices on carbon sequestration and emission mitigation in double rice field and adoption behavior of low carbon technology by rice farmers[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017
[12]米松华,黄祖辉,朱奇彪,等.农户低碳减排技术采纳行为研究[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(3):797-804MI S H,HUANG Z H,ZHU Q B,et al.Study on factors influencing farmers’adoption of low-carbon technologies[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(3):797-804
[13]傅廷栋.中国油菜生产与品种改良[J].华中农业大学学报,1999,18(6):501-504FU T D.Rapeseed production and variety improvement in China[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,1999,18(6):501-504
[14]涂金星,张冬晓,张毅,等.我国油菜育种目标及品种审定问题的商榷[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(3):350-352TU J X,ZHANG D X,ZHANG Y,et al.Discussion on some standards of variety registration and breeding goals of Brassica napus in China[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2007,29(3):350-352
[15]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国农村统计年鉴-2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2014National Statistical Bureau of the People’s Republic of China.China Rural Statistical Yearbook,2014[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2014
[16]徐华丽.长江流域油菜施肥状况调查及配方施肥效果研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012XU H L.Investigation on fertilization and effect of formulated fertilization of winter rapeseed in Yangtze River Basin[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2012
[17]王红,张瑞芳,周大迈.氮肥引起的面源污染问题研究进展[J].北方园艺,2011,(5):201-203WANG H,ZHANG R F,ZHOU D M.Current situations and research progress of non-point pollution problems caused by nitrogen[J].Northern Horticulture,2011,(5):201-203
[18]唐浩,邱卫国,周翾,等.稻麦轮作条件下氮素流失特性及控制对策研究[J].人民黄河,2010,32(6):64-66TANG H,QIU W G,ZHOU X,et al.Study on nitrogen loss characteristics and control measures under crop rotation[J].Yellow River,2010,32(6):64-66
[19]R??S E,SUNDBERG C,HANSSON P A.Carbon footprint of food products[M]//MUTHU S S.Assessment of Carbon Footprint in Different Industrial Sectors,Volume 1.Singapore:Springer,2014:85-112
[20]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).Climate Change 2006:Synthesis Report[R].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006
[21]刘巽浩,徐文修,李增嘉,等.农田生态系统碳足迹法:误区、改进与应用--兼析中国集约农作碳效率[J].中国农业资源与区划,2013,34(6):1-11LIU X H,XU W X,LI Z J,et al.The missteps,improvement and application of carbon footprint methodology in farmland ecosystems with the case study of analyzing the carbon efficiency of China’s intensive farming[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2013,34(6):1-11
[22]GAN Y T,LIANG C,HUANG G B,et al.Carbon footprint of canola and mustard is a function of the rate of N fertilizer[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2012,17(1):58-68
[23]LIEBIG M A,TANAKA D L,KRUPINSKY J M,et al.Dynamic cropping systems:Contributions to improve agroecosystem sustainability[J].Agronomy Journal,2007,99(4):899-903
[24]ZENTNER R P,LAFOND G P,DERKSEN D A,et al.Effects of tillage method and crop rotation on non-renewable energy use efficiency for a thin Black Chernozem in the Canadian Prairies[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2004,77(2):125-136
[25]KRUPINSKY J M,BAILEY K L,MCMULLEN M P,et al.Managing plant disease risk in diversified cropping systems[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(2):198-209
[26]MILLER P R,GAN Y T,MCCONKEY B G,et al.Pulse crops for the northern great plains:Ⅰ.Grain productivity and residual effects on soil water and nitrogen[J].Agronomy Journal,2003,95(4):972-979
[27]TANAKA D L,KRUPINSKY J M,MERRILL S D,et al.Dynamic cropping systems for sustainable crop production in the northern great plains[J].Agronomy Journal,2007,99(4):904-911
[28]OSBORNE B,SAUNDERS M,WALMSLEY D,et al.Key questions and uncertainties associated with the assessment of the cropland greenhouse gas balance[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2010,139(3):293-301
[29]卢小宏.不同农作措施下冬小麦-夏玉米碳足迹及优化潜力评价[D].北京:中国农业大学,2013LU X H.Carbon footprint and optimization potential of winter wheat and summer maize under different agricultural measures[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2013
[30]HILLIER J,HAWES C,SQUIRE G,et al.The carbon footprints of food crop production[J].International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2009,7(2):107-118
[31]刘夏璐,王洪涛,陈建,等.中国生命周期参考数据库的建立方法与基础模型[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(10):2136-2144LIU X L,WANG H T,CHEN J,et al.Method and basic model for development of Chinese reference life cycle database[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(10):2136-2144
[32]杨帆,孟远夺,姜义,等.2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):217-225YANG F,MENG Y D,JIANG Y,et al.Chemical fertilizer application and supply in crop farming in China in 2013[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2015,21(1):217-225
[33]任涛,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜氮素养分管理策略[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(18):3506-3521REN T,LU J W.Integrated nitrogen management strategy for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(18):3506-3521
[34]周广生,左青松,廖庆喜,等.我国油菜机械化生产现状、存在问题及对策[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(9):2153-2157ZHOU G S,ZUO Q S,LIAO Q X,et al.Mechanical production status,existing problems and strategy discussion of rapeseed in China[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2013,52(9):2153-2157
[35]崔晓晨,李安宁,王国占,等.三大粮食作物农机作业成本及效益分析--基于全国26个省的农机户问卷调查[J].农机化研究,2011,33(2):15-18CUI X C,LI A N,WANG G Z,et al.Research on machinery cost of grain-production in China-based on a nationwide questionnaire survey[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(2):15-18