智能建筑群电能日前优化共享
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摘要
随着市场改革的逐步深入,大量社会资本涌入电力市场展开激烈竞争,未来电力市场交易中必然存在多种利益主体并存的局面。基于此背景,以智能建筑群(smartbuilding cluster,SBC)为多利益主体应用场景,构建了智能建筑群电能日前优化共享模型;搭建了包含风电、光伏(photovoltaic,PV)、储能(energystoragesystem,ESS)、电动汽车(electricvehicle,EV)以及可控负荷等多个设备的SBC系统架构,并对各个智能建筑(smart building,SB)之间及SBC与配电网之间的能量流动关系进行阐述分析。为了在SBC内合理地进行电能共享,建立以降低SBC与配电网的交易成本、ESS的运维成本以及EV的电池损耗成本为目标函数的优化共享模型。采用应用较为广泛的Shapley算法将收益按各SB对整个系统交易量的边际贡献进行科学分配。最后通过对一个包含2个居民楼以及一个商业大厦的典型SBC进行算例分析,验证了所提模型的有效性。
With gradual development of market reform, a large amount of social capital is shifted into electricity market to carry out fierce competition. In the future, multiple stakeholders will inevitably participate in electricity market transactions. Based on aforementioned background, this paper constructs a day-ahead optimal electricity scheduling and sharing model for a smart building cluster(SBC) as an example of multiple stakeholders. The SBC is made up of wind turbine, household photovoltaics(PV), energy storage system(ESS), electric vehicles(EV) and some controllable loads. This paper explains and analyzes the energy flow relationships among various smart buildings(SB) and between the SBC and distribution network. In order to make electric energy sharing within SBC reasonable, an optimal sharing model with the objective function of reducing the transaction cost between SBC and distribution network, ESS operation and maintenance cost and EV loss cost was established. The widely used Shapley algorithm is used to scientifically distribute the revenue according to the marginal contribution of each SB to the transaction volume of the entire system. Finally, validity of the proposed model is verified with a case study of a typical SBC complex with two residential buildings and a commercial building.
With gradual development of market reform, a large amount of social capital is shifted into electricity market to carry out fierce competition. In the future, multiple stakeholders will inevitably participate in electricity market transactions. Based on aforementioned background, this paper constructs a day-ahead optimal electricity scheduling and sharing model for a smart building cluster(SBC) as an example of multiple stakeholders. The SBC is made up of wind turbine, household photovoltaics(PV), energy storage system(ESS), electric vehicles(EV) and some controllable loads. This paper explains and analyzes the energy flow relationships among various smart buildings(SB) and between the SBC and distribution network. In order to make electric energy sharing within SBC reasonable, an optimal sharing model with the objective function of reducing the transaction cost between SBC and distribution network, ESS operation and maintenance cost and EV loss cost was established. The widely used Shapley algorithm is used to scientifically distribute the revenue according to the marginal contribution of each SB to the transaction volume of the entire system. Finally, validity of the proposed model is verified with a case study of a typical SBC complex with two residential buildings and a commercial building.
引文
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[9]刘舒,李正力,王翼,等.含分布式发电的微电网中储能装置容量优化配置[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(3):78-84.Liu Shu,Li Zhengli,Wang Yi,et al.Optimal capacity allocation of energy storage in micro-grid with distributed generation[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(3):78-84(in Chinese).
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[11]常方宇,黄梅,张维戈.分时充电价格下电动汽车有序充电引导策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2609-2615.Chang Fangyu,Huang Mei,Zhang Weige.Research on coordinated charging of electric vehicles based on TOU charging price[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(9):2609-2615(in Chinese).
[12]齐先军,李冬伟,纪姝彦.采用功率限制的住宅区电动汽车有序充电控制策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(12):3715-3721.Qi Xianjun,Li Dongwei,Ji Shuyan.A coordinated charging control strategy for electric vehicles in residential area with power limitation[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(12):3715-3721(in Chinese).
[13]张良,严正,冯冬涵,等.采用两阶段优化模型的电动汽车充电站内有序充电策略[J].电网技术,2014,38(4):967-973.Zhang Liang,Yan Zheng,Feng Donghan,et al.Two-stage optimization model based coordinated charging for EV charging station[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(4):967-973(in Chinese).
[14]杨晓东,张有兵,赵波,等.供需两侧协同优化的电动汽车充放电自动需求响应方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(1):120-129.Yang Xiaodong,Zhang Youbing,Zhao Bo,et al.Automated demand response method for electric vehicles charging and discharging to achieve supply-demand coordinated optimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(1):120-129(in Chinese).
[15]刘念,王程,雷金勇.市场模式下光伏用户群的电能共享与需求响应模型[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(16):49-55.Liu Nian,Wang Cheng,Lei Jinyong.Power energy sharing and demand response model for photovoltaic prosumer cluster under market environment[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(16):49-55(in Chinese).
[16]Erdinc O,Paterakis N G,Mendes T D P,et al.Smart household operation considering bi-directional EV and ESS utilization by realtime pricing-based DR[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2015,6(3):1281-1291.
[17]Chi?A,Lundén J,Koivunen V.Coalitional game theoretic optimization of electricity cost for communities of smart households[C]//IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing.New Orleans,Louisiana,USA:IEEE,2017:4726-4729.
[18]Joo I Y,Choi D H.Optimal household appliance scheduling considering consumer's electricity bill target[J].IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2017,63(1):19-27.
[19]Lu N.An evaluation of the HVAC load potential for providing load balancing service[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2012,3(3):1263-1270.
[20]Fan W,Liu N,Zhang J,et al.Online air-conditioning energy management under coalitional game framework in smart community[J].Energies,2016(9):689.
[21]Geng B,Mills J K,Sun D.Two-stage charging strategy for plug-in electric vehicles at the residential transformer level[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2013,4(3):1442-1452.
[22]翁国庆,张有兵,戚军,等.多类型电动汽车电池集群参与微网储能的V2G可用容量评估[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(8):36-45.Weng Guoqing,Zhang Youbing,Qi Jun,et al.Evaluation for V2Gavailable capacity of battery groups of electric vehicles as energy storage elements in microgrid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(8):36-45(in Chinese).
[23]刘念,赵璟,王杰,等.基于合作博弈论的光伏微电网群交易模型[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(8):1903-1910.Liu Nian,Zhao Jing,Wang Jie,et al.A trading model of PV microgrid cluster based on cooperative game theory[J].Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(8):1903-1910(in Chinese).
[24]徐建军,王保娥,闫丽梅,等.混合能源协同控制的智能家庭能源优化控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(12):214-223.Xu Jianjun,Wang Bao’e,Yan Limei,et al.The strategy of the smart home energy optimization control of the hybrid energy coordinated control[J].Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(12):214-223(in Chinese).
[25]罗卓伟,胡泽春,宋永华,等.电动汽车充电负荷计算方法[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(14):36-42.Luo Zhuowei,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Study on plug in electric vehicles charging load calculating[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(14):36-42(in Chinese).
[26]魏大钧,张承慧,孙波,等.基于分时电价的电动汽车充放电多目标优化调度[J].电网技术,2014,38(11):2972-2977.Wei Dajun,Zhang Chenghui,Sun Bo,et al.A time-of-use price based multi-objective optimal dispatching for charging and discharging of electric vehicles[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(11):2972-2977(in Chinese).
[2]艾欣,周树鹏,赵阅群.含虚拟发电厂的电力系统优化运行与竞价策略研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(23):6351-6362.Ai Xin,Zhou Shupeng,Zhao Yuequn.Research on optimal operation and bidding strategy of power system with virtual power plants[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(23):6351-6362(in Chinese).
[3]陈春武,李娜,钟朋园,等.虚拟电厂发展的国际经验及启示[J].电网技术,2013,37(8):2258-2263.Chen Chunwu,Li Na,Zhong Pengyuan,et al.Review of virtual power plant technology abroad and enlightenment to China[J].Power System Technology,2013,37(8):2258-2263(in Chinese).
[4]Jiang T,Li Z,Jin X,et al.Flexible operation of active distribution network using integrated smart buildings with heating,ventilation and air-conditioning systems[J].Applied Energy,2018(226):181-196.
[5]Wang F,Zhou L,Ren H,et al.Multi-objective optimization model of source-load-storage synergetic dispatch for a building energy management system based on TOU price demand response[J].IEEETransactions on Industry Applications,2018,54(2):1017-1028.
[6]Lee S,Kwon B,Lee S.Joint energy management system of electric supply and demand in houses and buildings[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2014,29(6):2804-2812.
[7]张延宇,曾鹏,臧传治.智能电网环境下家庭能源管理系统优化调度算法[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(2):18-26.Zhang Yanyu,Zeng Peng,Zang Chuanzhi.Experimental scheduling algorithm for home energy management system in smart grid environment[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(2):18-26(in Chinese).
[8]齐晓琳,艾欣,唐亮,等.商业大楼中的电动汽车与温控负荷联合优化调度[J].电工电能新技术,2017(4):51-58.Qi Xiaolin,Ai Xin,Tang Liang,et al.Joint optimal dispatch of electric vehicles and thermostatically-controlled loads in commercial buildings[J].Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy,2017(4):51-58(in Chinese).
[9]刘舒,李正力,王翼,等.含分布式发电的微电网中储能装置容量优化配置[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(3):78-84.Liu Shu,Li Zhengli,Wang Yi,et al.Optimal capacity allocation of energy storage in micro-grid with distributed generation[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(3):78-84(in Chinese).
[10]高赐威,李倩玉,李扬.基于DLC的空调负荷双层优化调度和控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(10):1546-1555.Gao Ciwei,Li Qianyu,Li Yang.Bi-level optimal dispatch and control strategy for air-conditioning load based on direct load control[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(10):1546-1555(in Chinese).
[11]常方宇,黄梅,张维戈.分时充电价格下电动汽车有序充电引导策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2609-2615.Chang Fangyu,Huang Mei,Zhang Weige.Research on coordinated charging of electric vehicles based on TOU charging price[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(9):2609-2615(in Chinese).
[12]齐先军,李冬伟,纪姝彦.采用功率限制的住宅区电动汽车有序充电控制策略[J].电网技术,2016,40(12):3715-3721.Qi Xianjun,Li Dongwei,Ji Shuyan.A coordinated charging control strategy for electric vehicles in residential area with power limitation[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(12):3715-3721(in Chinese).
[13]张良,严正,冯冬涵,等.采用两阶段优化模型的电动汽车充电站内有序充电策略[J].电网技术,2014,38(4):967-973.Zhang Liang,Yan Zheng,Feng Donghan,et al.Two-stage optimization model based coordinated charging for EV charging station[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(4):967-973(in Chinese).
[14]杨晓东,张有兵,赵波,等.供需两侧协同优化的电动汽车充放电自动需求响应方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(1):120-129.Yang Xiaodong,Zhang Youbing,Zhao Bo,et al.Automated demand response method for electric vehicles charging and discharging to achieve supply-demand coordinated optimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(1):120-129(in Chinese).
[15]刘念,王程,雷金勇.市场模式下光伏用户群的电能共享与需求响应模型[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(16):49-55.Liu Nian,Wang Cheng,Lei Jinyong.Power energy sharing and demand response model for photovoltaic prosumer cluster under market environment[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(16):49-55(in Chinese).
[16]Erdinc O,Paterakis N G,Mendes T D P,et al.Smart household operation considering bi-directional EV and ESS utilization by realtime pricing-based DR[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2015,6(3):1281-1291.
[17]Chi?A,Lundén J,Koivunen V.Coalitional game theoretic optimization of electricity cost for communities of smart households[C]//IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing.New Orleans,Louisiana,USA:IEEE,2017:4726-4729.
[18]Joo I Y,Choi D H.Optimal household appliance scheduling considering consumer's electricity bill target[J].IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2017,63(1):19-27.
[19]Lu N.An evaluation of the HVAC load potential for providing load balancing service[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2012,3(3):1263-1270.
[20]Fan W,Liu N,Zhang J,et al.Online air-conditioning energy management under coalitional game framework in smart community[J].Energies,2016(9):689.
[21]Geng B,Mills J K,Sun D.Two-stage charging strategy for plug-in electric vehicles at the residential transformer level[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2013,4(3):1442-1452.
[22]翁国庆,张有兵,戚军,等.多类型电动汽车电池集群参与微网储能的V2G可用容量评估[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(8):36-45.Weng Guoqing,Zhang Youbing,Qi Jun,et al.Evaluation for V2Gavailable capacity of battery groups of electric vehicles as energy storage elements in microgrid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(8):36-45(in Chinese).
[23]刘念,赵璟,王杰,等.基于合作博弈论的光伏微电网群交易模型[J].电工技术学报,2018,33(8):1903-1910.Liu Nian,Zhao Jing,Wang Jie,et al.A trading model of PV microgrid cluster based on cooperative game theory[J].Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society,2018,33(8):1903-1910(in Chinese).
[24]徐建军,王保娥,闫丽梅,等.混合能源协同控制的智能家庭能源优化控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(12):214-223.Xu Jianjun,Wang Bao’e,Yan Limei,et al.The strategy of the smart home energy optimization control of the hybrid energy coordinated control[J].Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(12):214-223(in Chinese).
[25]罗卓伟,胡泽春,宋永华,等.电动汽车充电负荷计算方法[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(14):36-42.Luo Zhuowei,Hu Zechun,Song Yonghua,et al.Study on plug in electric vehicles charging load calculating[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(14):36-42(in Chinese).
[26]魏大钧,张承慧,孙波,等.基于分时电价的电动汽车充放电多目标优化调度[J].电网技术,2014,38(11):2972-2977.Wei Dajun,Zhang Chenghui,Sun Bo,et al.A time-of-use price based multi-objective optimal dispatching for charging and discharging of electric vehicles[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(11):2972-2977(in Chinese).