木醋液对土壤pH、EC与茄子叶片光合特性及根系发育的影响
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摘要
为探究木醋液对土壤性质和植物生长发育的影响,以玉米、小麦秸秆和杂木在制备生物炭过程中产生的木醋液为研究材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了灌施不同稀释倍数的木醋液对土壤pH、EC(电导率)和茄子生长发育的影响。结果表明,与灌施清水相比,土壤pH值随着木醋液稀释倍数的增大而增大,当稀释倍数增大到1∶300时pH值与灌施清水处理无明显差异。灌施木醋液后土壤EC值随着木醋液稀释倍数的增大而减小,当稀释倍数增大到1∶300时EC值与灌施清水处理差异不显著。生物试验表明,灌施稀释倍数小于10倍的木醋液会对茄子产生毒害作用,灌施1∶50以上的木醋液可以增强茄子叶片净光合作用,增加叶绿素含量,促进茄子的生长发育和根系生长。木醋液对作物的促进作用随着灌施木醋液稀释倍数的增加逐渐减弱,灌施稀释倍数1∶300的木醋液与灌施清水处理差异不显著。研究表明,浇灌适宜稀释倍数的木醋液可以调节土壤pH和EC值,促进茄子生长,这为木醋液在蔬菜种植中的应用推广提供了参考。
In this paper, we used wood vinegar produced during the process of preparing biochar from corn, wheat straw, and miscellaneous wood as the research material. We studied the effects of different dilutions of wood vinegar on the pH and EC of soil and on eggplant growth using a pot experiment. The results showed that, compared with clear water, the soil pH of the wood vinegar treatments increased with an in?creasing dilution ratio. When the ratio increased to 1∶300, there was no significant difference between wood vinegar and clear water. Soil EC decreased with an increasing dilution ratio of wood vinegar. As with pH, there was no significant difference between a 1∶300 dilution ra?tio of wood vinegar and clear water. Moreover, biological tests showed that wood vinegar with a dilution ratio less than 1∶10 was toxic to egg?plants, while a dilution ratio more than 1∶50 could increase the net photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, and promote the growth of the eggplant. The growth-promotion effect of wood vinegar gradually decreased with an increase of the dilution ratio, there was no significant difference between water and wood vinegar when the ratio increased to 1∶300. In conclusion, an appropriate dilution ratio of wood vinegar could promote eggplant growth and adjust soil pH and EC. This would provide a scientific reference for the application and promotion of wood vinegar in vegetable planting.
In this paper, we used wood vinegar produced during the process of preparing biochar from corn, wheat straw, and miscellaneous wood as the research material. We studied the effects of different dilutions of wood vinegar on the pH and EC of soil and on eggplant growth using a pot experiment. The results showed that, compared with clear water, the soil pH of the wood vinegar treatments increased with an in?creasing dilution ratio. When the ratio increased to 1∶300, there was no significant difference between wood vinegar and clear water. Soil EC decreased with an increasing dilution ratio of wood vinegar. As with pH, there was no significant difference between a 1∶300 dilution ra?tio of wood vinegar and clear water. Moreover, biological tests showed that wood vinegar with a dilution ratio less than 1∶10 was toxic to egg?plants, while a dilution ratio more than 1∶50 could increase the net photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, and promote the growth of the eggplant. The growth-promotion effect of wood vinegar gradually decreased with an increase of the dilution ratio, there was no significant difference between water and wood vinegar when the ratio increased to 1∶300. In conclusion, an appropriate dilution ratio of wood vinegar could promote eggplant growth and adjust soil pH and EC. This would provide a scientific reference for the application and promotion of wood vinegar in vegetable planting.
引文
[1]卢辛成.木醋液的制备、精制与应用研究进展[J].林产化学与工业,2017, 37(3):21-30.LU Xin-cheng. Review on preparation and application of wood vinegar[J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products,2017,37(3):21-30.
[2]蒋恩臣,赵晨希,秦丽元,等.松子壳连续热解制备木醋液试验[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(5):262-269.JIANG En-chen, ZHAO Chen-xi, QIN Li-yuan, et al. Experiment of wood vinegar produced from pine nut shell continuous pyrolysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014,30(5):262-269.
[3]刘长风,李敏,高品一,等.木醋液的来源、成分及其应用研究进展[J].中国农学通报, 2016, 32(1):28-32.LIUChang-feng,LIMin,GAOPin-yi,etal.Researchprogressofsource,chemical compositions and application of wood vinegar[J]. Chinese Ag?ricultural Science Bulletin, 2016, 32(1):28-32.
[4] Yatagai M, Nisimoto M N, Hori K, et al. Termiticidal activity of wood vinegar, its components and their homologues[J]. J Wood Sci, 2002, 48:338-342.
[5]王玉.木醋液的研究进展[J].安徽林业科技, 2015, 41(5):12-15.WANG Yu. Research progress on wood vinegar[J]. Anhui Forestry Sci?ence and Technology, 2015, 41(5):12-15.
[6]平安.木醋液在农业上的应用及作用机理研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2010.PING An. Research on the agriculture application of pyroligneous acid and mechanism[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2010.
[7]金光洙,金在久,朴惠顺,等.精制木醋液的安全性评价[J].中国野生植物资源, 2005, 24(2):54-56.JIN Guang-zhu, JIN Zai-jiu, PIAO Hui-shun. Evaluation of safety on purified wood vinegar[J]. Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 2005, 24(2):54-56.
[8]平安,杨国亭,于学军.木醋液在农业上的应用研究进展[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(19):244-247.PING An, YANG Guo-ting, YU Xue-jun. The research progress of the pyroligneous acid applied in agriculture[J]. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2009,(19):244-247.
[9] Kang M Y, Heo K H, Kim J H, et al. Effects of carbonized rice hull and wood charcoal mixed with pyroligneous acid on the yield, and antioxi?dant and nutritional quality of rice[J]. Turk J Agric, 2012, 36:45-53.
[10]吴昊,韩晓颖.木醋液的性质及应用研究进展[C]//中国环境科学学会2010年学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2010.WU Hao, HAN Xiao-ying. Research progress on properties and appli?cation of wood vinegar[C]//Proceedings of 2010 Academic Conference of the Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences. Beijing:China En?vironmental Science Press, 2010.
[11]刘标,陈应泉,何涛,等.农作物秸秆热解多联产技术的应用[J].农业工程学报, 2013, 29(16):213-219.LIU Biao, CHEN Ying-quan, HE Tao, et al. Application of cogenera?tion technology of gas-liquid-solid products pyrolyzed from crop straw[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013, 29(16):213-219.
[12] Univ L, Fukuoka K, Furuya T, et al. Effect of different kinds of envi?ronmental friendly materials on the growth of rice[J]. J Fac Agric,2007, 52:39-42.
[13]梁志英,杨治平,王永亮,等.不同模式下春玉米物质生产与群体光合性能研究[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(12):67-71.LIANG Zhi-ying, YANG Zhi-ping, WANG Yong-liang, et al. Study on dry matter production and population photosynthetic characteris?tics of high-yield spring maize under different modes[J]. Chinese Agri?cultural Science Bulletin, 2015, 31(12):67-71.
[14]高海霞.不同农林废弃物木醋液理化性质及生物活性的比较研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学, 2012.GAO Hai-xia. Comparative studies on chemical profiles and biologi?cal activities of different agricultural and forestry residues[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University, 2012.
[15]尉芹,马希汉,郑滔.核桃壳木醋液的制取、成分分析及抑菌试验[J].农业工程学报, 2008, 24(7):276-279.WEI Qin, MA Xi-han, ZHENG Tao. Preparation, chemical constitu?ents analysis and antimicrobial activities of pyroligneous acid of wal?nut shell[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engi?neering, 2008, 24(7):276-279.
[16]陆柏益,鲍建峰,山琳,等.超临界CO2萃取毛竹笋油的工艺及产品成分[J].农业工程学报, 2009, 25(8):312-316.LU Bai-yi, BAO Jian-feng, SHAN Lin, et al. Technology for super?critical CO2 extraction of bamboo shoot oil and components of product[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009, 25(8):312-316.
[17]李忠徽,王旭东.灌施木醋液对土壤性质和植物生长的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(2):510-516.LI Zhong-hui, WANG Xu-dong. Effect of wood vinegar on soil prop?erties and plant growth[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014, 20(2):510-516.
[18]王海英,杨国亭.三种木醋液基本参数和组分分析[J].国土与自然资源研究, 2005(4):91-92.WANG Hai-ying, YANG Guo-ting. The fundamental parameters and component alalysis of three kinds of wood vinegar[J]. Ter Nat Res Study, 2005(4):91-92.
[19]李宇虹,陈清.设施果类蔬菜土壤EC值动态及盐害敏感性分析[J].中国蔬菜, 2014, 1(2):15-20.LI Yu-hong, CHEN Qing. Analysis of soil EC value dynamic and salt sensitivity for facility fruity vegetable[J]. China Vegetables, 2014, 1(2):15-20.
[20]张琳,董琳,王甲辰,等.木醋液作为叶面施用对西红柿长势及品质的影响[J].北京农业, 2010(30):58-62.ZHANG Lin, DONG Lin, WANG Jia-chen, et al. Influence of wood vinegar as leaves fertilizer on growth and quality of tomato[J]. Beijing Agri, 2010(30):58-62.
[21]林开敏,叶发茂,林艳,等.酚类物质对土壤和植物的作用机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18(5):1130-1137.LIN Kai-min, YE Fa-mao, LIN Yan, et al. Research advances of phe?nolic functional mechanisms in soils and plants[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2010, 18(5):1130-1137.
[22]杨华.木醋液对蔬菜种子发芽及其芽苗根茎生长作用的效果研究[J].辽宁城乡环境科技, 1997, 17(3):78-80.YANG Hua. Effect of wood vinegar on the germination of vegetable seeds and their sprouts roots growth[J]. Liaoning Urban Rural Environ Sci&Tech, 1997, 17(3):78-80.
[23]吕云琳,孙蒙蒙,丛维,等.木材加工废弃液作为灌根肥对草莓根系特性影响的研究[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(13):122-125.LüYun-lin, SUN Meng-meng, CONG Wei, et al. Influence of waste liquor of wood processing as root irrigation fertilizer on root system characteristics of strawberry[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015, 31(13):122-125.
[24]潘玉蕊,郑凤萍,陈林,等.两种木醋液对烟草生长及土壤养分的影响[J].绿色科技, 2018(11):28-32.PAN Yu-rui, ZHENG Feng-ping, CHEN Lin, et al. Effects of two wood vinegars on tobacco growth and soil nutrients[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2018(11):28-32.
[25]程建峰,沈允钢.试析光合作用的研究动向[J].植物学通报, 2011,46(6):694-704.CHENG Jian-feng, SHEN Yun-gang. On the trends of photosynthesis research[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2011, 46(6):694-704.
[26]姚庆群,谢贵水.干旱胁迫下光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制[J].热带农业科学, 2005, 25(4):80-85.YAO Qing-qun, XIE Gui-shui. The photosynthetic stomatal and non?stomatal limitation under drought stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropi?cal Agriculture, 2005, 25(4):80-85.
[27]陈永群,吴崇读,杜宗飞,等.对蒸腾作用的初步探究[M].中学生物学, 2007, 23(5):35-36.CHEN Yong-qun, WU Chong-du, DU Zong-fei, et al. A preliminary study on transpiration[M]. Middle School Biology, 2007, 23(5):35-36.
[28]孙丽敏,金竹萍,钱嘉航,等.干旱胁迫下H2S信号增强植物叶片的光合作用[J].中国细胞生物学学报, 2017, 39(12):1583-1591.SUN Li-min, JIN Zhu-ping, QIAN Jia-hang, et al. H2S enhanced photosynthesis in response to drought stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Cell Biology, 2017, 39(12):1583-1591.
[29]余海云.茶树不同冠层叶片光合作用特性及其季节变化特性的研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院, 2013.YU Hai-yun. Study on photosynthesis and seasonal variation of tea leaves in different canopy layers[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Ag?ricultural Sciences, 2013.
[2]蒋恩臣,赵晨希,秦丽元,等.松子壳连续热解制备木醋液试验[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(5):262-269.JIANG En-chen, ZHAO Chen-xi, QIN Li-yuan, et al. Experiment of wood vinegar produced from pine nut shell continuous pyrolysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014,30(5):262-269.
[3]刘长风,李敏,高品一,等.木醋液的来源、成分及其应用研究进展[J].中国农学通报, 2016, 32(1):28-32.LIUChang-feng,LIMin,GAOPin-yi,etal.Researchprogressofsource,chemical compositions and application of wood vinegar[J]. Chinese Ag?ricultural Science Bulletin, 2016, 32(1):28-32.
[4] Yatagai M, Nisimoto M N, Hori K, et al. Termiticidal activity of wood vinegar, its components and their homologues[J]. J Wood Sci, 2002, 48:338-342.
[5]王玉.木醋液的研究进展[J].安徽林业科技, 2015, 41(5):12-15.WANG Yu. Research progress on wood vinegar[J]. Anhui Forestry Sci?ence and Technology, 2015, 41(5):12-15.
[6]平安.木醋液在农业上的应用及作用机理研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学, 2010.PING An. Research on the agriculture application of pyroligneous acid and mechanism[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University, 2010.
[7]金光洙,金在久,朴惠顺,等.精制木醋液的安全性评价[J].中国野生植物资源, 2005, 24(2):54-56.JIN Guang-zhu, JIN Zai-jiu, PIAO Hui-shun. Evaluation of safety on purified wood vinegar[J]. Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 2005, 24(2):54-56.
[8]平安,杨国亭,于学军.木醋液在农业上的应用研究进展[J].中国农学通报, 2009, 25(19):244-247.PING An, YANG Guo-ting, YU Xue-jun. The research progress of the pyroligneous acid applied in agriculture[J]. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2009,(19):244-247.
[9] Kang M Y, Heo K H, Kim J H, et al. Effects of carbonized rice hull and wood charcoal mixed with pyroligneous acid on the yield, and antioxi?dant and nutritional quality of rice[J]. Turk J Agric, 2012, 36:45-53.
[10]吴昊,韩晓颖.木醋液的性质及应用研究进展[C]//中国环境科学学会2010年学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2010.WU Hao, HAN Xiao-ying. Research progress on properties and appli?cation of wood vinegar[C]//Proceedings of 2010 Academic Conference of the Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences. Beijing:China En?vironmental Science Press, 2010.
[11]刘标,陈应泉,何涛,等.农作物秸秆热解多联产技术的应用[J].农业工程学报, 2013, 29(16):213-219.LIU Biao, CHEN Ying-quan, HE Tao, et al. Application of cogenera?tion technology of gas-liquid-solid products pyrolyzed from crop straw[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013, 29(16):213-219.
[12] Univ L, Fukuoka K, Furuya T, et al. Effect of different kinds of envi?ronmental friendly materials on the growth of rice[J]. J Fac Agric,2007, 52:39-42.
[13]梁志英,杨治平,王永亮,等.不同模式下春玉米物质生产与群体光合性能研究[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(12):67-71.LIANG Zhi-ying, YANG Zhi-ping, WANG Yong-liang, et al. Study on dry matter production and population photosynthetic characteris?tics of high-yield spring maize under different modes[J]. Chinese Agri?cultural Science Bulletin, 2015, 31(12):67-71.
[14]高海霞.不同农林废弃物木醋液理化性质及生物活性的比较研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学, 2012.GAO Hai-xia. Comparative studies on chemical profiles and biologi?cal activities of different agricultural and forestry residues[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University, 2012.
[15]尉芹,马希汉,郑滔.核桃壳木醋液的制取、成分分析及抑菌试验[J].农业工程学报, 2008, 24(7):276-279.WEI Qin, MA Xi-han, ZHENG Tao. Preparation, chemical constitu?ents analysis and antimicrobial activities of pyroligneous acid of wal?nut shell[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engi?neering, 2008, 24(7):276-279.
[16]陆柏益,鲍建峰,山琳,等.超临界CO2萃取毛竹笋油的工艺及产品成分[J].农业工程学报, 2009, 25(8):312-316.LU Bai-yi, BAO Jian-feng, SHAN Lin, et al. Technology for super?critical CO2 extraction of bamboo shoot oil and components of product[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009, 25(8):312-316.
[17]李忠徽,王旭东.灌施木醋液对土壤性质和植物生长的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(2):510-516.LI Zhong-hui, WANG Xu-dong. Effect of wood vinegar on soil prop?erties and plant growth[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014, 20(2):510-516.
[18]王海英,杨国亭.三种木醋液基本参数和组分分析[J].国土与自然资源研究, 2005(4):91-92.WANG Hai-ying, YANG Guo-ting. The fundamental parameters and component alalysis of three kinds of wood vinegar[J]. Ter Nat Res Study, 2005(4):91-92.
[19]李宇虹,陈清.设施果类蔬菜土壤EC值动态及盐害敏感性分析[J].中国蔬菜, 2014, 1(2):15-20.LI Yu-hong, CHEN Qing. Analysis of soil EC value dynamic and salt sensitivity for facility fruity vegetable[J]. China Vegetables, 2014, 1(2):15-20.
[20]张琳,董琳,王甲辰,等.木醋液作为叶面施用对西红柿长势及品质的影响[J].北京农业, 2010(30):58-62.ZHANG Lin, DONG Lin, WANG Jia-chen, et al. Influence of wood vinegar as leaves fertilizer on growth and quality of tomato[J]. Beijing Agri, 2010(30):58-62.
[21]林开敏,叶发茂,林艳,等.酚类物质对土壤和植物的作用机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18(5):1130-1137.LIN Kai-min, YE Fa-mao, LIN Yan, et al. Research advances of phe?nolic functional mechanisms in soils and plants[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2010, 18(5):1130-1137.
[22]杨华.木醋液对蔬菜种子发芽及其芽苗根茎生长作用的效果研究[J].辽宁城乡环境科技, 1997, 17(3):78-80.YANG Hua. Effect of wood vinegar on the germination of vegetable seeds and their sprouts roots growth[J]. Liaoning Urban Rural Environ Sci&Tech, 1997, 17(3):78-80.
[23]吕云琳,孙蒙蒙,丛维,等.木材加工废弃液作为灌根肥对草莓根系特性影响的研究[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(13):122-125.LüYun-lin, SUN Meng-meng, CONG Wei, et al. Influence of waste liquor of wood processing as root irrigation fertilizer on root system characteristics of strawberry[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015, 31(13):122-125.
[24]潘玉蕊,郑凤萍,陈林,等.两种木醋液对烟草生长及土壤养分的影响[J].绿色科技, 2018(11):28-32.PAN Yu-rui, ZHENG Feng-ping, CHEN Lin, et al. Effects of two wood vinegars on tobacco growth and soil nutrients[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2018(11):28-32.
[25]程建峰,沈允钢.试析光合作用的研究动向[J].植物学通报, 2011,46(6):694-704.CHENG Jian-feng, SHEN Yun-gang. On the trends of photosynthesis research[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2011, 46(6):694-704.
[26]姚庆群,谢贵水.干旱胁迫下光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制[J].热带农业科学, 2005, 25(4):80-85.YAO Qing-qun, XIE Gui-shui. The photosynthetic stomatal and non?stomatal limitation under drought stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropi?cal Agriculture, 2005, 25(4):80-85.
[27]陈永群,吴崇读,杜宗飞,等.对蒸腾作用的初步探究[M].中学生物学, 2007, 23(5):35-36.CHEN Yong-qun, WU Chong-du, DU Zong-fei, et al. A preliminary study on transpiration[M]. Middle School Biology, 2007, 23(5):35-36.
[28]孙丽敏,金竹萍,钱嘉航,等.干旱胁迫下H2S信号增强植物叶片的光合作用[J].中国细胞生物学学报, 2017, 39(12):1583-1591.SUN Li-min, JIN Zhu-ping, QIAN Jia-hang, et al. H2S enhanced photosynthesis in response to drought stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Cell Biology, 2017, 39(12):1583-1591.
[29]余海云.茶树不同冠层叶片光合作用特性及其季节变化特性的研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院, 2013.YU Hai-yun. Study on photosynthesis and seasonal variation of tea leaves in different canopy layers[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Ag?ricultural Sciences, 2013.