含添加剂的二步溶液法制备钙钛矿太阳能电池
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摘要
采用含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)添加剂的二步溶液法制备高质量CH_3NH_3PbI_3吸收层,并制备了结构为FTO/TiO_2致密层/TiO_2介孔层/CH_3NH_3PbI_3吸收层/碳电极的碳基无空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)。研究了PbI_2薄膜分别在相同浓度的MAI/IPA溶液中浸泡不同时间,以及在不同浓度的MAI/IPA溶液中浸泡相同时间对CH_3NH_3PbI_3薄膜的形貌、结构以及对PSCs光伏性能的影响规律。结果表明,在PbI_2/DMF溶液中添加DMSO之后使制备的PbI_2薄膜呈多孔疏松状态,有利于MAI/IPA溶液渗入PbI_2薄膜内部,缩短PbI_2完全转换成CH_3NH_3PbI_3的时间;当浸泡时间为40 min时,电池的光伏性能最佳,其开路电压为0.82 V,短路电流密度为21.21 mA/cm~2,填充因子为0.49,光电转化效率为8.61%。但是当浸泡时间过长,CH_3NH_3PbI_3薄膜表面会出现大晶粒,导致电池的光伏性能变差。而在相同的浸泡时间下,MAI/IPA溶液的浓度则会显著影响PbI_2转化成CH_3NH_3PbI_3的速度,MAI/IPA溶液的浓度越高,PbI_2完全转化成CH_3NH_3PbI_3的速度越快。
In this paper, a two-step solution method including dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) as additive is used to prepare a high-quality CH_3NH_3PbI_3 absorb layer for carbon-based hole conductor-free perovskite solar cells(PSCs), which have the structure consisting of FTO glass/compact TiO_2/mesoporous TiO_2/CH_3NH_3PbI_3/carbon electrodes. The effects of dipping time and dipping concentration on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs are studied. Introducing some DMSO in the PbI_2/DMF solutions results in formation of porous and loose PbI_2 films, which shortens the time required for the complete conversion of PbI_2 to perovskite. When the dipping time is 40 min, the PSCs have the best photovoltaic performance with the open circuit voltage of 0.82 V, the short-circuit current density of 21.21 mA/cm~2, the fill factor of 0.49, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of 8.61%. However, when the dipping time is too long, the large grains will appear on the surface of the CH_3NH_3PbI_3 absorb layer, resulting in the poor photovoltaic performance of PSCs. In addition, the concentration of MAI/IPA solution will significantly affect the rate of the conversion of PbI_2 to CH_3NH_3PbI_3. The higher the concentration of MAI/IPA solution is, the faster the rate of the conversion of PbI_2 to CH_3NH_3PbI_3 is.
In this paper, a two-step solution method including dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) as additive is used to prepare a high-quality CH_3NH_3PbI_3 absorb layer for carbon-based hole conductor-free perovskite solar cells(PSCs), which have the structure consisting of FTO glass/compact TiO_2/mesoporous TiO_2/CH_3NH_3PbI_3/carbon electrodes. The effects of dipping time and dipping concentration on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs are studied. Introducing some DMSO in the PbI_2/DMF solutions results in formation of porous and loose PbI_2 films, which shortens the time required for the complete conversion of PbI_2 to perovskite. When the dipping time is 40 min, the PSCs have the best photovoltaic performance with the open circuit voltage of 0.82 V, the short-circuit current density of 21.21 mA/cm~2, the fill factor of 0.49, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of 8.61%. However, when the dipping time is too long, the large grains will appear on the surface of the CH_3NH_3PbI_3 absorb layer, resulting in the poor photovoltaic performance of PSCs. In addition, the concentration of MAI/IPA solution will significantly affect the rate of the conversion of PbI_2 to CH_3NH_3PbI_3. The higher the concentration of MAI/IPA solution is, the faster the rate of the conversion of PbI_2 to CH_3NH_3PbI_3 is.
引文
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[3] MEI A Y,LI X,LIU L F,et al..A hole-conductor-free,fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability [J].Science,2014,345(6194):295-298.
[4] CHEN H N,WEI Z H,HE H X,et al..Solvent engineering boosts the efficiency of paintable carbon-based perovskite solar cells to beyond 14% [J].Adv.Energy Mater.,2016,6(8):1502087-1-10.
[5] ETGAR L,GAO P,XUE Z S,et al..Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 heterojunction solar cells [J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2012,134(42):17396-17399.
[6] LEE M M,TEUSCHER J,MIYASAKA T,et al..Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites [J].Science,2012,338(6107):643-647.
[7] ZHOU H P,CHEN Q,LI G,et al..Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells [J].Science,2014,345(6196):542-546.
[8] WEI H Y,XIAO J Y,YANG Y Y,et al..Free-standing flexible carbon electrode for highly efficient hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cells [J].Carbon,2015,93:861-868.
[9] BURSCHKA J,PELLET N,MOON S J,et al..Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells [J].Nature,2013,499(7458):316-319.
[10] LIU M Z,JOHNSTON M B,SNAITH H J.Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition [J].Nature,2013,501(7467):395-398.
[11] HAO F,STOUMPOS C C,LIU Z,et al..Controllable perovskite crystallization at a gas-solid interface for hole conductor-free solar cells with steady power conversion efficiency over 10% [J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2014,136(46):16411-16419.
[12] LI T T,PAN Y F,WANG Z,et al..Additive engineering for highly efficient organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells:recent advances and perspectives [J].J.Mater.Chem.A,2017,5(25):12602-12652.
[13] REN Z Q,ZHU M H,LI X,et al..An isopropanol-assisted fabrication strategy of pinhole-free perovskite films in air for efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells [J].J.Power Sources,2017,363:317-326.
[14] ZHANG T Y,YANG M J,ZHAO Y X,et al..Controllable sequential deposition of planar CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films via adjustable volume expansion [J].Nano Lett.,2015,15(6):3959-3963.
[15] CAI F L,YANG L Y,YAN Y,et al..Eliminated hysteresis and stabilized power output over 20% in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by compositional and surface modifications to the low-temperature-processed TiO2 layer [J].J.Mater.Chem.A,2017,5(19):9402-9411.
[16] CHEN H N.Two-step sequential deposition of organometal halide perovskite for photovoltaic application [J].Adv.Funct.Mater.,2017,27(8):1605654.
[17] KOVALENKO M V,PROTESESCU L,BODNARCHUK M I.Properties and potential optoelectronic applications of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals [J].Science,2017,358(6364):745-750.
[18] LIU F Z,DONG Q,WONG M K,et al..Is excess PbI2 beneficial for perovskite solar cell performance?[J].Adv.Energy Mater.,2016,6(7):1502206.
[19] 李成辉,郑海松,刘俊,等.钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备工艺与光伏性能研究 [J].人工晶体学报,2017,46(7):1288-1293.LI C H,ZHENG H S,LIU J,et al..Study of preparation processes and photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells [J].J.Synth.Cryst.,2017,46(7):1288-1293.(in Chinese)
[20] BAIKIE T,FANG Y N,KADRO J M,et al..Synthesis and crystal chemistry of the hybrid perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for solid-state sensitised solar cell applications [J].J.Mater.Chem.A,2013,1(18):5628-5641.
[21] WU Y Z,ISLAM A,YANG X D,et al..Retarding the crystallization of PbI2 for highly reproducible planar-structured perovskite solar cells via sequential deposition [J].Energy Environ.Sci.,2014,7(9):2934-2938.
[22] CHENG N,LI W W,YU Z H,et al..Combined solvent and vapor treatment to prepare high quality perovskite films under high relative humidity [J].Electrochim.Acta,2017,246:990-996.
[23] CHEN H N,YANG S H.Carbon-based perovskite solar cells without hole transport materials:the front runner to the market?[J].Adv.Mater.,2017,29(24):1603994-1-16.