河南省不同产业碳水足迹效率研究
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摘要
碳水关联分析是当前区域可持续发展研究的重要方向之一。从区域碳水耦合视角开展产业碳水足迹效率研究不仅有助于揭示资源利用强度和效率对产业碳排放的影响机制,而且对于全球化背景下区域产业转型中的节水和碳减排具有重要的实践意义。采用2012年河南省投入产出表及各产业取水量和能源消费数据,利用投入产出分析对不同产业的碳水足迹效率进行了对比研究。主要结论如下:(1)碳足迹和水足迹存在着行业不匹配现象。其中,农业水足迹最大,是水足迹最小的木材业的2333倍;采掘业碳足迹最大,是碳足迹最小的食品业的273倍。(2)不同产业碳水足迹效率具有较大的差异。一般来说,足迹较大的产业其足迹效率偏低。(3)产业碳水足迹效率的差异主要受产业属性、水能消耗强度、能源结构、企业技术水平及产业关联情况等因素的影响。(4)建议未来河南省应结合不同产业的特点及水能关联情况制定差别化的节水与碳减排政策,加强制度约束和法律监管,推动企业水能资源高效利用,进一步增强区域适应和减缓气候变化的能力。
Water-carbon nexus is one of the important research fields of regional sustainable development. Studies on industrial carbon and water footprint efficiency from the perspective of water-carbon coupling not only help reveal the impact mechanism of the resource consumption intensity and efficiency on industrial carbon emissions, but also have great significant practical meanings for reducing water and carbon emissions in regional industrial transformation under the background of globalization. By the method of input-output analysis,input-output table of Henan in 2012 and industrial water and energy consumption data were applied to discuss industrial carbon and water footprint efficiency in this paper. The conclusions are as follows:(1) Carbon and water footprints of different industries are unmatched. The agricultural water footprint is the largest, which is 2333 times of the water footprint of lumbering. The carbon footprint of extractive industry is the largest, which is 273 times of food industry.(2) There are obvious differences among industrial water and carbon footprint efficiency. In general, the water/carbon footprint efficiency is lower in the industries with higher water/carbon footprint.(3) The different water/carbon footprint efficiency among different industries were mainly influenced by industry attribute, water and carbon consumption intensity, energy structure, technological level and relationship between industries, etc.(4) In the future, Henan province should make differentiated water-saving and carbon emission reduction policies in industrial development by combining the characteristics of different industries and the water-energy nexus, strengthening institutional constraint and legal supervision, promoting water and energy efficiency of enterprises, and enhancing regional adaptation and mitigation capacity under climate change.
Water-carbon nexus is one of the important research fields of regional sustainable development. Studies on industrial carbon and water footprint efficiency from the perspective of water-carbon coupling not only help reveal the impact mechanism of the resource consumption intensity and efficiency on industrial carbon emissions, but also have great significant practical meanings for reducing water and carbon emissions in regional industrial transformation under the background of globalization. By the method of input-output analysis,input-output table of Henan in 2012 and industrial water and energy consumption data were applied to discuss industrial carbon and water footprint efficiency in this paper. The conclusions are as follows:(1) Carbon and water footprints of different industries are unmatched. The agricultural water footprint is the largest, which is 2333 times of the water footprint of lumbering. The carbon footprint of extractive industry is the largest, which is 273 times of food industry.(2) There are obvious differences among industrial water and carbon footprint efficiency. In general, the water/carbon footprint efficiency is lower in the industries with higher water/carbon footprint.(3) The different water/carbon footprint efficiency among different industries were mainly influenced by industry attribute, water and carbon consumption intensity, energy structure, technological level and relationship between industries, etc.(4) In the future, Henan province should make differentiated water-saving and carbon emission reduction policies in industrial development by combining the characteristics of different industries and the water-energy nexus, strengthening institutional constraint and legal supervision, promoting water and energy efficiency of enterprises, and enhancing regional adaptation and mitigation capacity under climate change.
引文
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[2]蔡振华,沈来新,刘俊国,等.基于投入产出方法的甘肃省水足迹及虚拟水贸易研究.生态学报, 2012, 32(20):6481-6488.[CAI Z H, SHEN L X, LIU J G, et al. Applying input-output analysis method for calculation of water footprint and virtual water trade in Gansu province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(20):6481-6488.]
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[9] AL-MANSOUR F, JEJCIC V. A model calculation of the carbon footprint of agricultural products:The case of Slovenia.Energy, 2017, 136:7-15.
[10] ALI B, KUMAR A. Development of life cycle water footprints for oil sands-based transportation fuel production. Energy, 2017, 131:41-49.
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[15] ZHAO D D, YU T, LIU J G, et al. Water footprint of Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 167:919-928.
[16] MILLER L, CARRIVEAU R. Balancing the carbon and water footprints of the Ontario energy mix. Energy, 2017, 125:562-568.
[17] SHAIKH M A, KUCUKVAR M, ONAT N C, et al. A framework for water and carbon footprint analysis of national electricity production scenarios. Energy, 2017, 139:406-421.
[18] ROTHAUSEN S, CONWAY D. Greenhouse-gas emissions from energy use in the water sector. Nature Climate Change,2011, 1(4):210-219.
[19] RODRíGUEZ N, ARMENTERAS D, RETANA J. National ecosystems services priorities for planning carbon and water resource management in Colombia. Land Use Policy, 2015, 42(42):609-618.
[20]赵荣钦,李志萍,韩宇平,等.区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用机制分析.地理学报, 2016, 71(9):1613-1628.[ZHAO R Q, LI Z P, HAN Y P, et al. The coupling interaction mechanism of regional water-land-energy-carbon system. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(9):1613-1628.]
[21]樊胜岳,麻亮亮.中国大陆足迹家族的环境库兹涅茨曲线分析.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(9):1452-1462.[FAN S Y,MA L L. Environmental Kuznets curve analysis of the footprints family in mainland China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(9):1452-1462.]
[22]方恺.足迹家族:概念、类型、理论框架与整合模式.生态学报, 2015, 35(6):1647-1659.[FANG K. Footprint family:Concept, classification, theoretical framework and integrated pattern. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(6):1647-1659.]
[23] ZHAO R Q, LIU Y, TIAN M M, et al. Impacts of water and land resources exploitation on agricultural carbon emissions:The water-land-energy-carbon nexus. Land Use Policy, 2018, 72:480-492.
[24] WAKEEL M, CHEN B, HAYAT T, et al. Energy consumption for water use cycles in different countries:A review. Applied Energy, 2016, 178:868-885.
[25] WANG S G, CHEN B. Energy-water nexus of urban agglomeration based on multiregional input-output tables and ecological network analysis:A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Applied Energy, 2016, 178:773-783.
[26]孙建卫,陈志刚,赵荣钦,等.基于投入产出分析的中国碳排放足迹研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2010, 20(5):28-34.[SUN J W, CHEN Z G, ZHAO R Q, et al. Research on carbon emission footprint of China based on input-output model. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010, 20(5):28-34.]
[27]赖力,黄贤金,刘伟良,等.基于投入产出技术的区域生态足迹调整分析:以2002年江苏省经济为例.生态学报,2006, 26(4):1285-1292.[LAI L, HUANG X J, LIU W L, et al. Adjustment for regional ecological footprint based on input-output technique:A case study of Jiangsu province in 2002. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4):1285-1292.]
[28] FANG D L, CHEN B. Linkage analysis for the water-energy nexus of city. Applied Energy, 2017, 189:770-779.
[29] SU B, ANG B W, LI Y Z. Input-output and structural decomposition analysis of Singapore's carbon emissions. Energy Policy, 2017, 105:484-492.
[30]严婷婷.河北省水资源投入产出分析.北京:首都师范大学, 2009.[YAN T T. Water resource input-output analysis of Hebei province. Beijing:Capital Normal University, 2009.]
[31]中国投入产出学会课题组.国民经济各部门水资源消耗及用水系数的投入产出分析:2002年投入产出表系列分析报告之五.统计研究, 2007, 24(3):20-25.[Researching Group of Chinese Input-output Association. Input-output analysis of water resources consumption and water input coefficient in national economic sectors:The fifth of researching report series on input-output tables of 2002. Statistical Research, 2007, 24(3):20-25.]
[32]关爱萍.南水北调工程受水区经济效应评价:以河南省为例.中国地质大学学报:社会科学版, 2008, 8(6):29-36.[GUAN A P. Evaluation on the economic effects of the water imported areas in the South-to-North Water Transfer Project:Taking Henan province for example. Journal of China University of Geosciences:Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 8(6):29-36.]
[33]赵荣钦,黄贤金,彭补拙.南京城市系统碳循环与碳平衡分析.地理学报, 2012, 67(6):758-770.[ZHAO R Q,HUANG X J, PENG B Z. Research on carbon cycle and carbon balance of Nanjing urban system. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(6):758-770.]
[2]蔡振华,沈来新,刘俊国,等.基于投入产出方法的甘肃省水足迹及虚拟水贸易研究.生态学报, 2012, 32(20):6481-6488.[CAI Z H, SHEN L X, LIU J G, et al. Applying input-output analysis method for calculation of water footprint and virtual water trade in Gansu province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(20):6481-6488.]
[3] CHEN W M, WU S M, LEI Y L, et al. China's water footprint by province, and inter-provincial transfer of virtual water.Ecological Indicators, 2017, 74:321-333.
[4] LIN J Y, HU Y C, ZHAO X F, et al. Developing a city-centric global multiregional input-output model(CCG-MRIO)to evaluate urban carbon footprints. Energy Policy, 2017, 108:460-466.
[5] TANG C C, ZHONG L S, NG P, et al. Factors that influence the tourism industry's Carbon emissions:A tourism area life cycle model perspective. Energy Policy, 2017, 109:704-718.
[6]赵荣钦,黄贤金,钟太洋.中国不同产业空间的碳排放强度与碳足迹分析.地理学报, 2010, 65(9):1048-1057.[ZHAO R Q, HUANG X J, ZHONG T Y. Research on carbon emission intensity and carbon footprint of different industrial spaces in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(9):1048-1057.]
[7]魏本勇,方修琦,王媛,等.基于投入产出分析的中国国际贸易碳排放研究.北京师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2009,45(4):413-419.[WEI B Y, FANG X Q, WANG Y, et al. Estimation of carbon emissions embodied in international trade for China:An input-output analysis. Journal of Beijing Normal University:Natural Science, 2009, 45(4):413-419.]
[8]赵荣钦,黄贤金.基于能源消费的江苏省土地利用碳排放与碳足迹.地理研究, 2010, 29(9):1639-1649.[ZHAO R Q,HUANG X J. Carbon emission and carbon footprint of different land use types based on energy consumption of Jiangsu province. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(9):1639-1649.]
[9] AL-MANSOUR F, JEJCIC V. A model calculation of the carbon footprint of agricultural products:The case of Slovenia.Energy, 2017, 136:7-15.
[10] ALI B, KUMAR A. Development of life cycle water footprints for oil sands-based transportation fuel production. Energy, 2017, 131:41-49.
[11] PFISTER S, BOULAY A M, BERGER M, et al. Understanding the LCA and ISO water footprint:A response to Hoekstra(2016)"A critique on the water-scarcity weighted water footprint in LCA". Ecological Indicators, 2017, 72:352-359.
[12]刘梅,许新宜,王红瑞,等.基于虚拟水理论的河北省水足迹时空差异分析.自然资源学报, 2012, 27(6):1022-1034.[LIU M, XU X Y, WANG H R, et al. Water footprint and spatial-temporal analysis of Hebei province based on virtual water theory. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(6):1022-1034.]
[13]王艳阳,王会肖,张昕.基于投入产出表的中国水足迹走势分析.生态学报, 2013, 33(11):3488-3498.[WANG Y Y,WANG H X, ZHANG X. China water footprint trend analysis based on input-output tables. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013, 33(11):3488-3498.]
[14] BARTOCCI P, FANTOZZI P, FANTOZZI F. Environmental impact of Sagrantino and Grechetto grapes cultivation for wine and vinegar production in central Italy by means of life cycle assessment, carbon footprint, water footprint, ecological footprint. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 140:569-580.
[15] ZHAO D D, YU T, LIU J G, et al. Water footprint of Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 167:919-928.
[16] MILLER L, CARRIVEAU R. Balancing the carbon and water footprints of the Ontario energy mix. Energy, 2017, 125:562-568.
[17] SHAIKH M A, KUCUKVAR M, ONAT N C, et al. A framework for water and carbon footprint analysis of national electricity production scenarios. Energy, 2017, 139:406-421.
[18] ROTHAUSEN S, CONWAY D. Greenhouse-gas emissions from energy use in the water sector. Nature Climate Change,2011, 1(4):210-219.
[19] RODRíGUEZ N, ARMENTERAS D, RETANA J. National ecosystems services priorities for planning carbon and water resource management in Colombia. Land Use Policy, 2015, 42(42):609-618.
[20]赵荣钦,李志萍,韩宇平,等.区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用机制分析.地理学报, 2016, 71(9):1613-1628.[ZHAO R Q, LI Z P, HAN Y P, et al. The coupling interaction mechanism of regional water-land-energy-carbon system. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(9):1613-1628.]
[21]樊胜岳,麻亮亮.中国大陆足迹家族的环境库兹涅茨曲线分析.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(9):1452-1462.[FAN S Y,MA L L. Environmental Kuznets curve analysis of the footprints family in mainland China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(9):1452-1462.]
[22]方恺.足迹家族:概念、类型、理论框架与整合模式.生态学报, 2015, 35(6):1647-1659.[FANG K. Footprint family:Concept, classification, theoretical framework and integrated pattern. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(6):1647-1659.]
[23] ZHAO R Q, LIU Y, TIAN M M, et al. Impacts of water and land resources exploitation on agricultural carbon emissions:The water-land-energy-carbon nexus. Land Use Policy, 2018, 72:480-492.
[24] WAKEEL M, CHEN B, HAYAT T, et al. Energy consumption for water use cycles in different countries:A review. Applied Energy, 2016, 178:868-885.
[25] WANG S G, CHEN B. Energy-water nexus of urban agglomeration based on multiregional input-output tables and ecological network analysis:A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Applied Energy, 2016, 178:773-783.
[26]孙建卫,陈志刚,赵荣钦,等.基于投入产出分析的中国碳排放足迹研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2010, 20(5):28-34.[SUN J W, CHEN Z G, ZHAO R Q, et al. Research on carbon emission footprint of China based on input-output model. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010, 20(5):28-34.]
[27]赖力,黄贤金,刘伟良,等.基于投入产出技术的区域生态足迹调整分析:以2002年江苏省经济为例.生态学报,2006, 26(4):1285-1292.[LAI L, HUANG X J, LIU W L, et al. Adjustment for regional ecological footprint based on input-output technique:A case study of Jiangsu province in 2002. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4):1285-1292.]
[28] FANG D L, CHEN B. Linkage analysis for the water-energy nexus of city. Applied Energy, 2017, 189:770-779.
[29] SU B, ANG B W, LI Y Z. Input-output and structural decomposition analysis of Singapore's carbon emissions. Energy Policy, 2017, 105:484-492.
[30]严婷婷.河北省水资源投入产出分析.北京:首都师范大学, 2009.[YAN T T. Water resource input-output analysis of Hebei province. Beijing:Capital Normal University, 2009.]
[31]中国投入产出学会课题组.国民经济各部门水资源消耗及用水系数的投入产出分析:2002年投入产出表系列分析报告之五.统计研究, 2007, 24(3):20-25.[Researching Group of Chinese Input-output Association. Input-output analysis of water resources consumption and water input coefficient in national economic sectors:The fifth of researching report series on input-output tables of 2002. Statistical Research, 2007, 24(3):20-25.]
[32]关爱萍.南水北调工程受水区经济效应评价:以河南省为例.中国地质大学学报:社会科学版, 2008, 8(6):29-36.[GUAN A P. Evaluation on the economic effects of the water imported areas in the South-to-North Water Transfer Project:Taking Henan province for example. Journal of China University of Geosciences:Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 8(6):29-36.]
[33]赵荣钦,黄贤金,彭补拙.南京城市系统碳循环与碳平衡分析.地理学报, 2012, 67(6):758-770.[ZHAO R Q,HUANG X J, PENG B Z. Research on carbon cycle and carbon balance of Nanjing urban system. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(6):758-770.]