Genetic Structure of the Red-spotted Tokay Gecko, Gekko gecko(Linnaeus, 1758)(Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Mainland Southeast Asia
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摘要
This study was performed to explore the genetic diversity and genetic structure of red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko) from 23 different geographical areas in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia. The mitochondrial tRNAGln/tRNA-Met/partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 from 166 specimens was amplified and sequenced. A total of 54 different haplotypes were found. Highly significant genetic differences occurred between populations from different localities. The haplotype network revealed six major haplogroups(G1 to G6) belonging to different clades(clade A–E). Clade D and clade E were newly observed in this study. Haplogroup G4(clade D) was a sympatric population with haplogroup G1(clade B). The populations from northern Thailand were divided into two distinct haplogroups separated by mountain range. Genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the tokay in Southeast Asia was related to the geographical region sampled, spatial distance and natural barriers. Our results indicate that red-spotted tokay geckos from mainland Southeast Asia are cryptically diverse. Morphological comparisons, in addition to an intensive genetic investigation covering the whole species range, are needed to clarify the systematic and population structure of this species group.
This study was performed to explore the genetic diversity and genetic structure of red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko) from 23 different geographical areas in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia. The mitochondrial tRNAGln/tRNA-Met/partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 from 166 specimens was amplified and sequenced. A total of 54 different haplotypes were found. Highly significant genetic differences occurred between populations from different localities. The haplotype network revealed six major haplogroups(G1 to G6) belonging to different clades(clade A–E). Clade D and clade E were newly observed in this study. Haplogroup G4(clade D) was a sympatric population with haplogroup G1(clade B). The populations from northern Thailand were divided into two distinct haplogroups separated by mountain range. Genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the tokay in Southeast Asia was related to the geographical region sampled, spatial distance and natural barriers. Our results indicate that red-spotted tokay geckos from mainland Southeast Asia are cryptically diverse. Morphological comparisons, in addition to an intensive genetic investigation covering the whole species range, are needed to clarify the systematic and population structure of this species group.
This study was performed to explore the genetic diversity and genetic structure of red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko) from 23 different geographical areas in Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia. The mitochondrial tRNAGln/tRNA-Met/partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 from 166 specimens was amplified and sequenced. A total of 54 different haplotypes were found. Highly significant genetic differences occurred between populations from different localities. The haplotype network revealed six major haplogroups(G1 to G6) belonging to different clades(clade A–E). Clade D and clade E were newly observed in this study. Haplogroup G4(clade D) was a sympatric population with haplogroup G1(clade B). The populations from northern Thailand were divided into two distinct haplogroups separated by mountain range. Genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the tokay in Southeast Asia was related to the geographical region sampled, spatial distance and natural barriers. Our results indicate that red-spotted tokay geckos from mainland Southeast Asia are cryptically diverse. Morphological comparisons, in addition to an intensive genetic investigation covering the whole species range, are needed to clarify the systematic and population structure of this species group.
引文
Bandelt H.J.,Forster P.,Rohl A.1999.Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies.Mol Biol Evol,16(1):37-48
Bauer A.M.2009.Geckos in traditional medicine:forensic implications.Appl Herpetol,6(1):81-96
Buddhachat K.,Suwannapoom C.2018.Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of the Polypedates leucomystax complex in Thailand.Peer J,6:e4263
Caillabet O.S.2013.The trade in tokay geckos Gekko gecko in South-east Asia:with a case study on novel medical claims in peninsular Malaysia.TRAFFIC,Petaling Jaya,Selangor,Malaysia
Excoffier L.,Lischer H.E.2010.Arlequin suite ver 3.5:a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows.Mol Ecol Resour,10(3):564-567
Geissler P.,Hartmann T.,Ihlow F.,R?dder D.,Poyarkov N.A.Jr.,Nguyen T.Q.,Ziegler T.,B?hme W.2015.The lower Mekong:an insurmountable barrier to amphibians in southern Indochina.Biol J Linn Soc,114:905-914
Grismer L.L.,Wood Jr.P.L.,Anuar S.,Riyanto A.,Ahmad N.,Muin M.A.,Sumontha M.,Grismer J.L.,Onn C.K.,Quah E.,Pauwels O.S.G.2014.Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos(genus Cnemaspis Strauch,1887)with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia,Thaialnd,and Indonesia.Zootaxa,3880:1-147
Kongbuntad W.,Tantrawatpan C.,Pilap W.,Jongsomchai K.,Chanaboon T.,Laotongsan P.,Petney T.N.,Saijuntha W.2016.Genetic diversity of the red-spotted tokay gecko(Gekko gecko Linnaeus,1758)(Squamata:Gekkonidae)in Southeast Asia determined with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.J Asia Pac Biodivers,9(1):63-68
Kumar S.,Stecher G.,Tamur K.2016.MEGA7:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.Mol Biol Evol,33:1870-1874.
Laoong S.,Sribundit W.2006.Diet of Tokay gecko(Gekko gecko)in Eastern and Northern regions of Thailand.Wildlife Yearbook,7:78-90[in Thai]
Librado P.,Rozas J.2009.DnaSP v5:a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data.Bioinformatics,25(11):1451-1452
Liu Z.Q.,Wang Y.Q.,Zhou K.Y.,Han D.M.2000.Two haplotypes of Gekko gecko on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences.J Anhui Normal Univ,23(4):339-350
Luu Q.V.,Truong N.Q.,Huy D.Q.,Ziegler T.2011.A new Cyrtodactylus(Squamata:Gekkonidae)from Huong Son limestone forest,Hanoi,northern Vietnam.Zootaxa,3129:39-50
Mantel N.A.1967.The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach.Cancer Res,27(2):209-220
Myers N.,Mittermeier R.A.,Mittermeier C.G.,da Fonseca G.A.R.,Kent J.2000.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,403:853-858
Nijman V.,Todd M.,Shepherd C.R.2012.Wildlife trade as an impediment to conservation as exemplified by the trade in reptiles in Southeast Asia.In:Gower,DJ,Johnson,KG,Richardson,JE,Rosen,BR,Rüber,L,Williams,ST.(eds)Biotic evolution and environmental change in Southeast Asia.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Nylander J.A.A.2008.MrModeltest v2.3 Program distributed by the author.Evolutionary Biology Centre,Uppsala University
Pansook A.,Khonsue W.,Piyapattanakorn S.,Pariyanonth P.2012.Phylogenetic relationships among Hoplobatrachus rugulosus in Thailand as inferred from mitochondrial DNAsequences of the cytochrome-b gene(Amphibia,Anura,Dicroglossidae).Zool Sci,29(1):54-59
Peng Q.K.,Wang G.C.,Dong Y.,Wang G.C.,Yang D.,Yue B.S.2010.Genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on microsatellite analysis.Biochem Sys Ecol,38(1):23-28
Phung M.T.,Ziegler T.2011.Another new Gekko species(Squamata:Gekkonidae)from southern Vietnam.Zootaxa,3129:51-61
Qin X.M.,Liang Y.N.,Huang X.Y.,Pang G.F.2005.RAPDanalysis on genetic divergence and phylogenesis of Gekko gecko from different areas.Chin J Zool,40:14-18
Qin X.M.,Li H.M.,Zeng Z.H.,Zeng D.L.,Guan Q.X.2012.Genetic variation and differentiation of Gekko gecko from different populations based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences and karyotypes.Zool Sci,29(6):384-389
R Core Team.2013.R:A language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria
Ronquist F.,Huelsenbeck J.P.2003.MrBayes 3:Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.Bioinformatics,19(12):1572-1574
Saijuntha W.,Khumgratok S.,Wongpakam K.,Thanonkeo S.,Senakhun C.,Appamaraka S.,Yodsiri S.,Thongnetr W.,Pilap W.,Kongbuntad W.,Tawong W.,Agatsuma T.,Petney T.N.,Tantrawatpan C.2017.Genetic diversity and population structure of blue-crested lizard,Calotes mystaceus Duméril&Bibron,1873(Squamata:Agamidae)in Thailand.J Genet,19(2):377-382
Sodhi N.S.,Koh L.P.,Brook B.W.,Ng P.K.L.2004.Southeast Asian biodiversity:an impending disaster.Trends Ecol Evol,19(12):654-660
Tantrawatpan C.,Saijuntha W.,Pilab W.,Sakdakham K.,Pasorn P.,Thanonkeo S.,Thiha,Satrawaha R.,Petney T.N.2011.Genetic differentiation among populations of Brachytrupes portentosus(Lichtenstein 1796)(Orthoptera:Gryllidae)in Thailand and the Lao PDR:The Mekong River as a biogeographic barrier.Bull Entomol Res,101(6):687-696
Tordoff A.W.,Bezuijen M.R.,Duckworth J.W.,Fellowes J.R.,Koenig K.,Pollard E.H.B.,Royo A.G.2012a.Ecosystem profile:Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot,2011 update.IUCN,Geneva
Tordoff A.W.,Baltzer M.C.,Fellowes J.R.,Pilgrim J.D.,Langhammer P.F.2012b.Key biodiversity areas in the IndoBurma hotspot:process,progress and future directions.J Threat Taxa,4(8):2779-2787
Wang G.,Gong S.,Jiang L.,Peng R.,Shan X.,Zou D.,Yang C.,Zou F.2013.Genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.Mitochondrial DNA,24(5):518-527
Yu X.,Peng Y.,Aowphol A.,Ding L.,Brauth S.E.,Tang Y.Z.2012.Geographic variation in the advertisement calls of Gekko gecko in relation to variation in morphological features:implications for regional population differentiation.Ethol Ecol Evol,23(3):211-228
Zhang Y.Y.,Mo X.C.,Zeng W.M.,Hu D.N.2006.A molecular phylogeny of red Tokay and black Tokay(Gekko gecko)based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences.Guangxi Med J,28:793-796
Zhang Y.,Chen C.,Li L.,Zhao C.,Chen W.,Huang Y.2014.Insights from ecological niche modelling on the taxonomic distinction and niche differentiation between the black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko).Ecol Evol,4(17):3383-3394
Bauer A.M.2009.Geckos in traditional medicine:forensic implications.Appl Herpetol,6(1):81-96
Buddhachat K.,Suwannapoom C.2018.Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of the Polypedates leucomystax complex in Thailand.Peer J,6:e4263
Caillabet O.S.2013.The trade in tokay geckos Gekko gecko in South-east Asia:with a case study on novel medical claims in peninsular Malaysia.TRAFFIC,Petaling Jaya,Selangor,Malaysia
Excoffier L.,Lischer H.E.2010.Arlequin suite ver 3.5:a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows.Mol Ecol Resour,10(3):564-567
Geissler P.,Hartmann T.,Ihlow F.,R?dder D.,Poyarkov N.A.Jr.,Nguyen T.Q.,Ziegler T.,B?hme W.2015.The lower Mekong:an insurmountable barrier to amphibians in southern Indochina.Biol J Linn Soc,114:905-914
Grismer L.L.,Wood Jr.P.L.,Anuar S.,Riyanto A.,Ahmad N.,Muin M.A.,Sumontha M.,Grismer J.L.,Onn C.K.,Quah E.,Pauwels O.S.G.2014.Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos(genus Cnemaspis Strauch,1887)with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia,Thaialnd,and Indonesia.Zootaxa,3880:1-147
Kongbuntad W.,Tantrawatpan C.,Pilap W.,Jongsomchai K.,Chanaboon T.,Laotongsan P.,Petney T.N.,Saijuntha W.2016.Genetic diversity of the red-spotted tokay gecko(Gekko gecko Linnaeus,1758)(Squamata:Gekkonidae)in Southeast Asia determined with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.J Asia Pac Biodivers,9(1):63-68
Kumar S.,Stecher G.,Tamur K.2016.MEGA7:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.Mol Biol Evol,33:1870-1874.
Laoong S.,Sribundit W.2006.Diet of Tokay gecko(Gekko gecko)in Eastern and Northern regions of Thailand.Wildlife Yearbook,7:78-90[in Thai]
Librado P.,Rozas J.2009.DnaSP v5:a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data.Bioinformatics,25(11):1451-1452
Liu Z.Q.,Wang Y.Q.,Zhou K.Y.,Han D.M.2000.Two haplotypes of Gekko gecko on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences.J Anhui Normal Univ,23(4):339-350
Luu Q.V.,Truong N.Q.,Huy D.Q.,Ziegler T.2011.A new Cyrtodactylus(Squamata:Gekkonidae)from Huong Son limestone forest,Hanoi,northern Vietnam.Zootaxa,3129:39-50
Mantel N.A.1967.The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach.Cancer Res,27(2):209-220
Myers N.,Mittermeier R.A.,Mittermeier C.G.,da Fonseca G.A.R.,Kent J.2000.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,403:853-858
Nijman V.,Todd M.,Shepherd C.R.2012.Wildlife trade as an impediment to conservation as exemplified by the trade in reptiles in Southeast Asia.In:Gower,DJ,Johnson,KG,Richardson,JE,Rosen,BR,Rüber,L,Williams,ST.(eds)Biotic evolution and environmental change in Southeast Asia.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Nylander J.A.A.2008.MrModeltest v2.3 Program distributed by the author.Evolutionary Biology Centre,Uppsala University
Pansook A.,Khonsue W.,Piyapattanakorn S.,Pariyanonth P.2012.Phylogenetic relationships among Hoplobatrachus rugulosus in Thailand as inferred from mitochondrial DNAsequences of the cytochrome-b gene(Amphibia,Anura,Dicroglossidae).Zool Sci,29(1):54-59
Peng Q.K.,Wang G.C.,Dong Y.,Wang G.C.,Yang D.,Yue B.S.2010.Genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on microsatellite analysis.Biochem Sys Ecol,38(1):23-28
Phung M.T.,Ziegler T.2011.Another new Gekko species(Squamata:Gekkonidae)from southern Vietnam.Zootaxa,3129:51-61
Qin X.M.,Liang Y.N.,Huang X.Y.,Pang G.F.2005.RAPDanalysis on genetic divergence and phylogenesis of Gekko gecko from different areas.Chin J Zool,40:14-18
Qin X.M.,Li H.M.,Zeng Z.H.,Zeng D.L.,Guan Q.X.2012.Genetic variation and differentiation of Gekko gecko from different populations based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences and karyotypes.Zool Sci,29(6):384-389
R Core Team.2013.R:A language and environment for statistical computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria
Ronquist F.,Huelsenbeck J.P.2003.MrBayes 3:Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.Bioinformatics,19(12):1572-1574
Saijuntha W.,Khumgratok S.,Wongpakam K.,Thanonkeo S.,Senakhun C.,Appamaraka S.,Yodsiri S.,Thongnetr W.,Pilap W.,Kongbuntad W.,Tawong W.,Agatsuma T.,Petney T.N.,Tantrawatpan C.2017.Genetic diversity and population structure of blue-crested lizard,Calotes mystaceus Duméril&Bibron,1873(Squamata:Agamidae)in Thailand.J Genet,19(2):377-382
Sodhi N.S.,Koh L.P.,Brook B.W.,Ng P.K.L.2004.Southeast Asian biodiversity:an impending disaster.Trends Ecol Evol,19(12):654-660
Tantrawatpan C.,Saijuntha W.,Pilab W.,Sakdakham K.,Pasorn P.,Thanonkeo S.,Thiha,Satrawaha R.,Petney T.N.2011.Genetic differentiation among populations of Brachytrupes portentosus(Lichtenstein 1796)(Orthoptera:Gryllidae)in Thailand and the Lao PDR:The Mekong River as a biogeographic barrier.Bull Entomol Res,101(6):687-696
Tordoff A.W.,Bezuijen M.R.,Duckworth J.W.,Fellowes J.R.,Koenig K.,Pollard E.H.B.,Royo A.G.2012a.Ecosystem profile:Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot,2011 update.IUCN,Geneva
Tordoff A.W.,Baltzer M.C.,Fellowes J.R.,Pilgrim J.D.,Langhammer P.F.2012b.Key biodiversity areas in the IndoBurma hotspot:process,progress and future directions.J Threat Taxa,4(8):2779-2787
Wang G.,Gong S.,Jiang L.,Peng R.,Shan X.,Zou D.,Yang C.,Zou F.2013.Genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.Mitochondrial DNA,24(5):518-527
Yu X.,Peng Y.,Aowphol A.,Ding L.,Brauth S.E.,Tang Y.Z.2012.Geographic variation in the advertisement calls of Gekko gecko in relation to variation in morphological features:implications for regional population differentiation.Ethol Ecol Evol,23(3):211-228
Zhang Y.Y.,Mo X.C.,Zeng W.M.,Hu D.N.2006.A molecular phylogeny of red Tokay and black Tokay(Gekko gecko)based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences.Guangxi Med J,28:793-796
Zhang Y.,Chen C.,Li L.,Zhao C.,Chen W.,Huang Y.2014.Insights from ecological niche modelling on the taxonomic distinction and niche differentiation between the black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckos(Gekko gecko).Ecol Evol,4(17):3383-3394