人造湖对毗邻退化草地土壤含水量、电导率和pH的影响
|
摘要
湖泊作为湿地生态系统的一种重要组成,具有保护和改善生态系统环境的生态效应。以毗邻人工湖的持续放牧的退化草地为研究对象,评估人工湖泊对退化草地土壤理化性质的影响,为改善退化草地提供理论依据。试验结果如下:1)毗邻退化草地土壤理化性质对人工湖在距离和深度上产生不同的响应。土壤含水量在距离上随着离湖距离的增加显著降低,0~10cm土层含水量从距湖10~600 m,降幅分别达到50%(2014年)、48%(2015年)和58%(2016年)。土壤pH则表现相反的趋势。土壤电导率(EC)在距离上先升高,在距湖100m处达到最大后降低。土壤水分、pH和距离有显著的线性关系,在0~10cm土层相关系数分别达到70%和50%。2)在建成湖的3年(2014-2016年)间,表层(0~10cm)土壤随着建湖年限的增加土壤电导率显著降低,其中距湖10 m处,2016年相对2014年降低了59%。下层土壤(特别是20~40cm土层)随着建湖年限的增加土壤电导率显著升高,说明土壤盐分自建湖后从表层向下层运移。上层土壤的pH在年际间有显著的降低趋势。综上所述,表明在退化草地上建造人工湖泊后对退化草地的土壤理化性状产生一定的积极作用。
As an important component of wetland ecosystems,lakes are able to help protect and buffer these ecosystems.In this study,continuously grazed degraded grassland close to an artificial lake in the Bashang area was selected to determine the response of soil physico-chemical properties to the lake in order to identify apotential theoretical basis for the improvement of degraded grassland.The responses of soil physico-chemical properties to the lake differed with distance from the lake and soil depth.Soil moisture decreased significantly with increasing distance from the lake.Soil moisture in the 0-10 cm layer decreased up to 50%(2014),48%(2015)and 58%(2016),respectively,at 600 mcompared to 10 mdistance from the lake.Soil pH increased significantly with increased distance from the lake while soil electrical conductivity(EC)initially increased,to a maximum at 100 m,and then decreased.Soil moisture and pH were significantly correlated with distance from the lake,r=0.72 and r=0.44,respectively.Over the duration of the study soil EC decreased in the topsoil(0-10 cm)but increased significantly in lower soil layers,especially 20-40 cm depth indicating that salt had moved down the soil profile since the lake was established.Soil pH in the top soil showed a significant decreasing trend.In summary,the artificial lake had a positive effect on soil physico-chemical properties of degraded grassland.
As an important component of wetland ecosystems,lakes are able to help protect and buffer these ecosystems.In this study,continuously grazed degraded grassland close to an artificial lake in the Bashang area was selected to determine the response of soil physico-chemical properties to the lake in order to identify apotential theoretical basis for the improvement of degraded grassland.The responses of soil physico-chemical properties to the lake differed with distance from the lake and soil depth.Soil moisture decreased significantly with increasing distance from the lake.Soil moisture in the 0-10 cm layer decreased up to 50%(2014),48%(2015)and 58%(2016),respectively,at 600 mcompared to 10 mdistance from the lake.Soil pH increased significantly with increased distance from the lake while soil electrical conductivity(EC)initially increased,to a maximum at 100 m,and then decreased.Soil moisture and pH were significantly correlated with distance from the lake,r=0.72 and r=0.44,respectively.Over the duration of the study soil EC decreased in the topsoil(0-10 cm)but increased significantly in lower soil layers,especially 20-40 cm depth indicating that salt had moved down the soil profile since the lake was established.Soil pH in the top soil showed a significant decreasing trend.In summary,the artificial lake had a positive effect on soil physico-chemical properties of degraded grassland.
引文
[1]Liu Q D.Causes of grassland degradation and countermeasures of Zhangjiakou bashang grassland in Hebei province.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,(15):8037-8038.刘庆德.河北张家口坝上草原草场退化的原因及防治对策.安徽农业科学,2010,(15):8037-8038.
[2]Ma Z G,Saiyin B T.The research of loosen soil improved the grassland.China Grassland,1982,(2):31-34.马志广,赛音巴图.松土改良草原的研究.中国草原,1982,(2):31-34.
[3]Zhang W J,Zhang Y J,Sun J J,et al.Leymus chinensis grassland improvements(review).Acta Agrestia Sinica,2012,(4):603-608.张文军,张英俊,孙娟娟,等.退化羊草草原改良研究进展.草地学报,2012,(4):603-608.
[4]Ma F,Hu J Z,Liu S Z.Experiment on improvement effect of irrigation and fertilization on arid grassland.Chinese Journal of Animal Science,1966,(1):7-9.马范,胡进秩,刘树帜.灌溉施肥对干旱草原的改良效果试验.中国畜牧杂志,1966,(1):7-9.
[5]Su Y Z,Li Y L,Cui H Y,et al.Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China.Catena,2005,59(3):267-278.
[6]Ma X L.Study on the impacts of grazing on the beach plant communities and soil physical and chemical properties.Hefei:Anhui University,2010.马秀玲.放牧对巢湖滩涂植物群落及土壤理化性质影响研究.合肥:安徽大学,2010.
[7]Mitsch W J,Gosselink J G.The value of wetlands:importance of scale and landscape setting.Ecological Economics,2000,35(1):25-33.
[8]Traynor C H,Kotze D C,McKean S G.Wetland craft plants in KwaZulu-Natal:an ecological review of harvesting impacts and implications for sustainable utilization.Bothalia,2010,40(1):135-144.
[9]Bai J,Ou Y H,Xiao R,et al.Spatial variability of soil carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus content and storage in an alpine wetland in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(8):730-736.
[10]Xilin T Y,Xu Z,Zheng Y.Effects of grazing intensity on soil physical and chemical properties of Inner Mongolia grassland.Prataculture&Animal Husbandry,2009,(6):17-21.锡林图雅,徐柱,郑阳.不同放牧率对内蒙古草地土壤理化性质的影响.草业与畜牧,2009,(6):17-21.
[11]Liu Y J.Effects of different grazing intensities on grassland vegetation and soil physical and chemical character.Baoding:Heibei Agriculture University,2009.刘亚军.不同放牧强度对坝上草地植被和土壤理化性质的影响.保定:河北农业大学,2009.
[12]Shi Y T,Guan Y,Zhang C Y,et al.Effects of grazing intensity on physicochemical properties of different soil layer of Deyeuxia angustifolia meadow.China Journal of Grassland,2013,(2):83-88.史印涛,关宇,张丞宇,等.放牧强度对小叶章草甸土壤理化性状的影响.中国草地学报,2013,(2):83-88.
[13]Jia X X.Distribution of soil water and its effects on carbon process in grassland ecosystem on the typical losses plateau.Yang ling:Northeast Agriculture and Forestry University,2014.贾小旭.典型黄土区土壤水分布及其对草地生态系统碳过程的影响.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[14]Hu H Q,Liu H L,He J Z.Effects of several organic acids on copper adsorption by soil with permanent and variable charges.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,(2):232-237.胡红青,刘华良,贺纪正.几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响.土壤学报,2005,(2):232-237.
[15]Lin Y C,Ding N F,Fu Q L,et al.The measurement of electric conductivity in soil solution and analysis of its correlative factors.Acta Agriculture Zhejiangensis,2005,(2):83-86.林义成,丁能飞,傅庆林,等.土壤溶液电导率的测定及其相关因素的分析.浙江农业学报,2005,(2):83-86.
[16]Wang Y F.Effects of plant materials and water management on pH and carbon/nitrogen mineralization in paddy soils.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2012.王赟峰.植物材料和水分管理对稻田土壤pH和碳氮矿化的影响.杭州:浙江大学,2012.
[17]Bellinger B J,Jicha T M,Lehto L P,et al.Sediment nitrification and denitrification in a lake superior estuary.Journal of Great Lakes Research,2014,40(2):392-403.
[18]Loken L C,Small G E,Finlay J C,et al.Nitrogen cycling in a freshwater estuary.Biogeochemistry,2016,127(2/3):199-216.
[19]Hefting M,Clement J C,Dowrick D,et al.Water table elevation controls on soil nitrogen cycling in riparian wetlands along a European climatic gradient.Biogeochemistry,2004,67(1):113-134.
[20]Yin Q R.Effects of salinization on soil physical and hydrodynamic characteristics.Yangling:Northeast Agriculture and Forestry University,2011.尹勤瑞.盐碱化对土壤物理及水动力学性质的影响.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[21]Ilyas M,Miller R W,Qureshi R H.Hydraulic conductivity of soil saline-sodic soil after gypsum application and cropping.Soil Science Society of American Journal,1993,57(6):1580-1585.
[22]Li L,Shi H B,Jia J F,et al.Simulation of water and salt transport of uncultivated land in Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia.Transactions of Chinese Science of Agriculture Engineering,2010,(1):31-35.李亮,史海滨,贾锦凤,等.内蒙古河套灌区荒地水盐运移规律模拟.农业工程学报,2010,(1):31-35.
[2]Ma Z G,Saiyin B T.The research of loosen soil improved the grassland.China Grassland,1982,(2):31-34.马志广,赛音巴图.松土改良草原的研究.中国草原,1982,(2):31-34.
[3]Zhang W J,Zhang Y J,Sun J J,et al.Leymus chinensis grassland improvements(review).Acta Agrestia Sinica,2012,(4):603-608.张文军,张英俊,孙娟娟,等.退化羊草草原改良研究进展.草地学报,2012,(4):603-608.
[4]Ma F,Hu J Z,Liu S Z.Experiment on improvement effect of irrigation and fertilization on arid grassland.Chinese Journal of Animal Science,1966,(1):7-9.马范,胡进秩,刘树帜.灌溉施肥对干旱草原的改良效果试验.中国畜牧杂志,1966,(1):7-9.
[5]Su Y Z,Li Y L,Cui H Y,et al.Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland,Inner Mongolia,northern China.Catena,2005,59(3):267-278.
[6]Ma X L.Study on the impacts of grazing on the beach plant communities and soil physical and chemical properties.Hefei:Anhui University,2010.马秀玲.放牧对巢湖滩涂植物群落及土壤理化性质影响研究.合肥:安徽大学,2010.
[7]Mitsch W J,Gosselink J G.The value of wetlands:importance of scale and landscape setting.Ecological Economics,2000,35(1):25-33.
[8]Traynor C H,Kotze D C,McKean S G.Wetland craft plants in KwaZulu-Natal:an ecological review of harvesting impacts and implications for sustainable utilization.Bothalia,2010,40(1):135-144.
[9]Bai J,Ou Y H,Xiao R,et al.Spatial variability of soil carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus content and storage in an alpine wetland in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(8):730-736.
[10]Xilin T Y,Xu Z,Zheng Y.Effects of grazing intensity on soil physical and chemical properties of Inner Mongolia grassland.Prataculture&Animal Husbandry,2009,(6):17-21.锡林图雅,徐柱,郑阳.不同放牧率对内蒙古草地土壤理化性质的影响.草业与畜牧,2009,(6):17-21.
[11]Liu Y J.Effects of different grazing intensities on grassland vegetation and soil physical and chemical character.Baoding:Heibei Agriculture University,2009.刘亚军.不同放牧强度对坝上草地植被和土壤理化性质的影响.保定:河北农业大学,2009.
[12]Shi Y T,Guan Y,Zhang C Y,et al.Effects of grazing intensity on physicochemical properties of different soil layer of Deyeuxia angustifolia meadow.China Journal of Grassland,2013,(2):83-88.史印涛,关宇,张丞宇,等.放牧强度对小叶章草甸土壤理化性状的影响.中国草地学报,2013,(2):83-88.
[13]Jia X X.Distribution of soil water and its effects on carbon process in grassland ecosystem on the typical losses plateau.Yang ling:Northeast Agriculture and Forestry University,2014.贾小旭.典型黄土区土壤水分布及其对草地生态系统碳过程的影响.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[14]Hu H Q,Liu H L,He J Z.Effects of several organic acids on copper adsorption by soil with permanent and variable charges.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,(2):232-237.胡红青,刘华良,贺纪正.几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响.土壤学报,2005,(2):232-237.
[15]Lin Y C,Ding N F,Fu Q L,et al.The measurement of electric conductivity in soil solution and analysis of its correlative factors.Acta Agriculture Zhejiangensis,2005,(2):83-86.林义成,丁能飞,傅庆林,等.土壤溶液电导率的测定及其相关因素的分析.浙江农业学报,2005,(2):83-86.
[16]Wang Y F.Effects of plant materials and water management on pH and carbon/nitrogen mineralization in paddy soils.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2012.王赟峰.植物材料和水分管理对稻田土壤pH和碳氮矿化的影响.杭州:浙江大学,2012.
[17]Bellinger B J,Jicha T M,Lehto L P,et al.Sediment nitrification and denitrification in a lake superior estuary.Journal of Great Lakes Research,2014,40(2):392-403.
[18]Loken L C,Small G E,Finlay J C,et al.Nitrogen cycling in a freshwater estuary.Biogeochemistry,2016,127(2/3):199-216.
[19]Hefting M,Clement J C,Dowrick D,et al.Water table elevation controls on soil nitrogen cycling in riparian wetlands along a European climatic gradient.Biogeochemistry,2004,67(1):113-134.
[20]Yin Q R.Effects of salinization on soil physical and hydrodynamic characteristics.Yangling:Northeast Agriculture and Forestry University,2011.尹勤瑞.盐碱化对土壤物理及水动力学性质的影响.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[21]Ilyas M,Miller R W,Qureshi R H.Hydraulic conductivity of soil saline-sodic soil after gypsum application and cropping.Soil Science Society of American Journal,1993,57(6):1580-1585.
[22]Li L,Shi H B,Jia J F,et al.Simulation of water and salt transport of uncultivated land in Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia.Transactions of Chinese Science of Agriculture Engineering,2010,(1):31-35.李亮,史海滨,贾锦凤,等.内蒙古河套灌区荒地水盐运移规律模拟.农业工程学报,2010,(1):31-35.