三种牧草对三峡库区旱坡地氮磷养分流失的影响
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摘要
本研究以三峡库区王家沟小流域为对象,通过田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,以种植常规玉米为对照(T_1),利用2015年5-8月自然降雨采集的地表径流样品,研究了黑麦草(T_2)、墨西哥玉米草(T_3)、大力士甜高粱(T_4)三种牧草对三峡库区旱坡地氮磷流失的影响,为三峡库区种植结构调整及面源污染防治提供科学依据。结果表明,3种牧草均能显著减少径流及泥沙中的氮磷养分流失量,以墨西哥玉米草效果最佳;降雨造成的氮磷养分流失以泥沙为载体为主要流失途径,占总氮、总磷流失量的76.34%~79.97%和81.69%~83.90%;黑麦草、墨西哥玉米草的生物量及干物质积累量最高,分别为玉米处理的4.45、1.52倍和4.89、1.53倍,种植4种植被的养分截存效果表现为T_2、T_3>T_4>T_1。考虑到养分截存效果及饲用经济效益,三峡库区旱坡地应优先选择种植墨西哥玉米草,其次选择黑麦草,代替传统的玉米种植模式。
The research was conducted in a small catchment,Wangjiagou,draining into the Three Gorges Reservoir.We combined field experiments and laboratory analysis; corn was used as the control(T_1),which was compared to Lolium perenne(T_2),Purus frumentum(T_3) and Sorghum bicolor(T_4).Samples of the surface runoff after rainfall from May to August in 2015 were collected and analysed for nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) allowing losses to be calculated.The results showed that all three forages significantly reduced N and P losses both in the runoff and the sediment.The most effective species was P.frumentum; N and P losses caused by natural rainfall occurred mainly in sediment which accounted for 76.34%-79.97% and 81.69%-83.90% of total N and total P losses,respectively.The fresh and dry biomass yields of L.perenne and P.frumentum were higher than corn,the mean advantage being 4.45 and 1.52 times,and 4.89 and 1.53 times that of corn,respectively.The nutrient sequestration effect of the four crop types were ranked T_2,T_3> T_4> T_1.The nutrient sequestration and feed economic benefits of P.frumentum indicate that it has the greatest potential as a substitute for corn in Three Gorges Reservoir catchments,followed by L.perenne.
The research was conducted in a small catchment,Wangjiagou,draining into the Three Gorges Reservoir.We combined field experiments and laboratory analysis; corn was used as the control(T_1),which was compared to Lolium perenne(T_2),Purus frumentum(T_3) and Sorghum bicolor(T_4).Samples of the surface runoff after rainfall from May to August in 2015 were collected and analysed for nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) allowing losses to be calculated.The results showed that all three forages significantly reduced N and P losses both in the runoff and the sediment.The most effective species was P.frumentum; N and P losses caused by natural rainfall occurred mainly in sediment which accounted for 76.34%-79.97% and 81.69%-83.90% of total N and total P losses,respectively.The fresh and dry biomass yields of L.perenne and P.frumentum were higher than corn,the mean advantage being 4.45 and 1.52 times,and 4.89 and 1.53 times that of corn,respectively.The nutrient sequestration effect of the four crop types were ranked T_2,T_3> T_4> T_1.The nutrient sequestration and feed economic benefits of P.frumentum indicate that it has the greatest potential as a substitute for corn in Three Gorges Reservoir catchments,followed by L.perenne.
引文
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[11]Peng L,Ren Y H,Ji M M,et al.Effect of planting herbage on the growth and absorption,utilization of15N-urea of apple saplings.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2014,41(10):1975-1982.彭玲,任饴华,季萌萌,等.苹果园种植牧草对幼树生长及15N-尿素吸收、利用的影响.园艺学报,2014,41(10):1975-1982.
[12]Chen L L,Chen B X,Liu X F,et al.Nutritional values of interplanting Zea diploperennis in forest under-story.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2013,33(12):27-31.陈丽莉,陈斌协,刘兴锋,等.林下套种墨西哥玉米草的营养价值研究.中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(12):27-31.
[13]Wang W S,Tian Y,Lou Y J.Effect of chicken manure application on SPAD value,hay yield and protein content of Lolium multiflorum cv.Tetragold.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(3):240-244.王文石,田雨,娄玉杰.施用鸡粪对特高多花黑麦草SPAD值、干草产量和蛋白质含量的影响.草业学报,2016,25(3):240-244.
[14]Zhou H,Li J L,Fan J,et al.A comparison of five silage species on growth characteristics in Nanjing area and nutrient values.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2010,(6):328-330.周红,李建龙,范娟,等.5种青贮饲草在南京地区的生长特性和饲用营养成分含量比较.江苏农业科学,2010,(6):328-330.
[15]Jia C L,Sheng Y B,Zhang H W,et al.Comparisons on forage yield and feeding value of sweet sorghum in saline soil of Yellow River Delta.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(1):116-119.贾春林,盛亦兵,张华文,等.黄河三角洲盐碱地甜高粱产草量和饲用价值.草业科学,2013,30(1):116-119.
[16]Liang X,Li G Y,Wei S J,et al.The introduction experiment for feed sugar broom corn grass in Guangxi.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(35):20136-20138.梁辛,李桂英,韦升菊,等.饲用甜高粱在广西的引种试验初报.安徽农业科学,2010,38(35):20136-20138.
[17]Lin C W,Fu D W,Pang L Y,et al.Influence of different forage rotation on runoff and sediment in purple hilly area of Sichuan Province.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(1):43-46.林超文,付登伟,庞良玉,等.不同粮草种植模式对四川紫色丘陵区水土流失的影响.水土保持学报,2011,25(1):43-46.
[18]State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and Exhausted Water Monitoring Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1997.国家环保局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
[19]Lu R K.Soil Agricultural&Chemical Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Scientech Press,2000.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[20]Guo X S,Song F P,Gao Y,et al.Characteristics of lost sediment and its nutrient enriched effect on three types soil slope under simulated rainfall.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):23-28.郭新送,宋付朋,高杨,等.模拟降雨下3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应.水土保持学报,2014,28(3):23-28.
[21]Guo Z,Xiao M,Chen L G,et al.Effect of erosive soils bu surface runoff on phosphorus loss in the paddy field.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):63-67.郭智,肖敏,陈留根,等.稻田径流侵蚀泥沙对磷素流失的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(5):63-67.
[22]Li B,Yan K,Fu D G,et al.Loss characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff under 4 plant cover types in central Yunnan province.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(2):50-55.李博,阎凯,付登高,等.滇中地区4种覆被类型地表径流的氮磷流失特征.水土保持学报,2016,30(2):50-55.
[23]Yan L,Gao Q,Zhang Z D,et al.Effect of reducing fertilizer and resource recycling on nitrogen and phosphorus loss on black soil with planting maize in northeast region under natural rainfall condition.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(4):1-6.焉莉,高强,张志丹,等.自然降雨条件下减肥和资源再利用对东北黑土玉米地氮磷流失的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(4):1-6.
[24]Zhang Y,Fan F L,Zhou C,et al.Effects of crop/mulberry intercropping on surface nitrogen and phosphorus losses in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):189-201.张洋,樊芳玲,周川,等.三峡库区农桑配置对地表氮磷流失的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(1):189-201.
[25]Wang C,Sun Q Y,Wei X H,et al.Effect of compost application and forage sowing on soil physical and chemical properties in reclamation land of coal-mine.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(5):1174-1180.王琛,孙庆业,韦绪好,等.堆肥施用和牧草种植对煤矿复垦地土壤肥力的影响.土壤通报,2015,46(5):1174-1180.
[2]Liu Y J,Ni J P,Zhang Y,et al.Effects of different crop-mulberry intercropping systems on nutrients in arid pur-ple soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(12):38-45.刘月娇,倪九派,张洋,等.三峡库区紫色土旱坡地农桑配置模式对土壤养分的影响.草业学报,2015,24(12):38-45.
[3]Chen C L,Gao M,Ni J P,et al.Nitrogen losses under the action of different land use types of small catchment in Three Gorges Region.Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1707-1716.陈成龙,高明,倪九派,等.三峡库区小流域不同土地利用类型对氮素流失影响.环境科学,2016,37(5):1707-1716.
[4]Xu C,Xie D T,Gao M,et al.Study on the nitrogen and phosphorus loss characteristics from sloping uplands in small watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir Region.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(1):1-5.徐畅,谢德体,高明,等.三峡库区小流域旱坡地氮磷流失特征研究.水土保持学报,2011,25(1):1-5.
[5]Yao G Z,Liu Z Y.Preliminary study on the effects of different hedgerow on the runoff and nutrient loss on slope farm land in Danjiankou Reservoir.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(6):3015-3016.姚桂枝,刘章勇.丹江口库区坡耕地不同植物篱对径流及养分流失的影响初探.安徽农业科学,2010,38(6):3015-3016.
[6]Xiao B,Wang H F,Wang Q H,et al.Functions and cost benefits of contour grass hedges on sloping croplands.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(7):1318-1329.肖波,王慧芳,王庆海,等.坡耕地上等高草篱的功能与效益综合分析.中国农业科学,2012,45(7):1318-1329.
[7]Guo X M,Huang R,He B H,et al.Correlation analysis of soil physicochemical properties under different soil and water conservation biological measures in Three Gorges Reservoir Region.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(4):555-563.郭晓朦,黄茹,何丙辉,等.不同水土保持林草措施对三峡库区土壤理化性质的影响.草业科学,2016,33(4):555-563.
[8]Xia L Z,Ma L,Yang L Z,et al.Effects of hedgerows and ridge cultivation on losses of nitrogen and phosphorus of slope land in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(14):104-111.夏立忠,马力,杨林章,等.植物篱和浅垄作对三峡库区坡耕地氮磷流失的影响.农业工程学报,2012,28(14):104-111.
[9]Lin C W,Chen Y B,Huang J J,et al.Effect of different cultivation methods and rain intensity on soil nutrient loss from a purple soil.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(10):2241-2249.林超文,陈一兵,黄晶晶,等.不同耕作方式和雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响.中国农业科学,2007,40(10):2241-2249.
[10]Gao X Y,Zhang X X,Zhu J G,et al.A comparison of the effect of three grass species on controlling non-point pollution in orchards.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(2):49-54.高小叶,张兴兴,朱建国,等.生草栽培对果园面源污染的控制:三种牧草的比较研究.草业学报,2015,24(2):49-54.
[11]Peng L,Ren Y H,Ji M M,et al.Effect of planting herbage on the growth and absorption,utilization of15N-urea of apple saplings.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2014,41(10):1975-1982.彭玲,任饴华,季萌萌,等.苹果园种植牧草对幼树生长及15N-尿素吸收、利用的影响.园艺学报,2014,41(10):1975-1982.
[12]Chen L L,Chen B X,Liu X F,et al.Nutritional values of interplanting Zea diploperennis in forest under-story.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2013,33(12):27-31.陈丽莉,陈斌协,刘兴锋,等.林下套种墨西哥玉米草的营养价值研究.中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(12):27-31.
[13]Wang W S,Tian Y,Lou Y J.Effect of chicken manure application on SPAD value,hay yield and protein content of Lolium multiflorum cv.Tetragold.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(3):240-244.王文石,田雨,娄玉杰.施用鸡粪对特高多花黑麦草SPAD值、干草产量和蛋白质含量的影响.草业学报,2016,25(3):240-244.
[14]Zhou H,Li J L,Fan J,et al.A comparison of five silage species on growth characteristics in Nanjing area and nutrient values.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2010,(6):328-330.周红,李建龙,范娟,等.5种青贮饲草在南京地区的生长特性和饲用营养成分含量比较.江苏农业科学,2010,(6):328-330.
[15]Jia C L,Sheng Y B,Zhang H W,et al.Comparisons on forage yield and feeding value of sweet sorghum in saline soil of Yellow River Delta.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(1):116-119.贾春林,盛亦兵,张华文,等.黄河三角洲盐碱地甜高粱产草量和饲用价值.草业科学,2013,30(1):116-119.
[16]Liang X,Li G Y,Wei S J,et al.The introduction experiment for feed sugar broom corn grass in Guangxi.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(35):20136-20138.梁辛,李桂英,韦升菊,等.饲用甜高粱在广西的引种试验初报.安徽农业科学,2010,38(35):20136-20138.
[17]Lin C W,Fu D W,Pang L Y,et al.Influence of different forage rotation on runoff and sediment in purple hilly area of Sichuan Province.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(1):43-46.林超文,付登伟,庞良玉,等.不同粮草种植模式对四川紫色丘陵区水土流失的影响.水土保持学报,2011,25(1):43-46.
[18]State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and Exhausted Water Monitoring Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1997.国家环保局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.
[19]Lu R K.Soil Agricultural&Chemical Analysis Method[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Scientech Press,2000.鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[20]Guo X S,Song F P,Gao Y,et al.Characteristics of lost sediment and its nutrient enriched effect on three types soil slope under simulated rainfall.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):23-28.郭新送,宋付朋,高杨,等.模拟降雨下3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应.水土保持学报,2014,28(3):23-28.
[21]Guo Z,Xiao M,Chen L G,et al.Effect of erosive soils bu surface runoff on phosphorus loss in the paddy field.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):63-67.郭智,肖敏,陈留根,等.稻田径流侵蚀泥沙对磷素流失的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(5):63-67.
[22]Li B,Yan K,Fu D G,et al.Loss characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff under 4 plant cover types in central Yunnan province.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(2):50-55.李博,阎凯,付登高,等.滇中地区4种覆被类型地表径流的氮磷流失特征.水土保持学报,2016,30(2):50-55.
[23]Yan L,Gao Q,Zhang Z D,et al.Effect of reducing fertilizer and resource recycling on nitrogen and phosphorus loss on black soil with planting maize in northeast region under natural rainfall condition.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(4):1-6.焉莉,高强,张志丹,等.自然降雨条件下减肥和资源再利用对东北黑土玉米地氮磷流失的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(4):1-6.
[24]Zhang Y,Fan F L,Zhou C,et al.Effects of crop/mulberry intercropping on surface nitrogen and phosphorus losses in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):189-201.张洋,樊芳玲,周川,等.三峡库区农桑配置对地表氮磷流失的影响.土壤学报,2016,53(1):189-201.
[25]Wang C,Sun Q Y,Wei X H,et al.Effect of compost application and forage sowing on soil physical and chemical properties in reclamation land of coal-mine.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2015,46(5):1174-1180.王琛,孙庆业,韦绪好,等.堆肥施用和牧草种植对煤矿复垦地土壤肥力的影响.土壤通报,2015,46(5):1174-1180.