温度骤降对大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea鱼卵与仔鱼的影响
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摘要
滨海电厂温排水停止排放以及季节更替、寒潮来袭等现象会引起海水温度降低,从而对鱼类等变温生物产生冷冲击效应。本研究通过模拟水温骤降情形,以孵化率、死亡率、畸形率等为指标,探讨了温度骤降对大黄鱼早期发育阶段(鱼卵和仔鱼)的冷冲击作用。研究发现,大黄鱼仔鱼(3日龄)对温度骤降的敏感性略高于鱼卵。在大黄鱼鱼卵和仔鱼的适温范围内,当水温由22℃骤降至19℃或16℃时,鱼卵的孵化率和死亡率无明显变化,而胚胎发育和仔鱼的生长发育均减缓,仔鱼的死亡率提高;水温超出适温范围,由22℃骤降至13℃或10℃时,对鱼卵和仔鱼造成致命的冷冲击伤害,48h累积死亡率分别为84.6%～100%和72.1%～98.2%。由此推测:当水温骤降超出适温范围后,大黄鱼的早期发育阶段遭受致命的冷冲击伤害,从而影响种群补充和年龄结构。
Abrupt temperature drop in seawater could be caused by varied thermal effluents from coastal power plants,seasonal change,cold wave,etc.,leading to different degrees of cold shock consequences on poikilotherm,like fish.In this study,we mimicked abrupt temperature drop events with several amplitudes to discuss the cold shock consequences on the incubation,mortality,abnormality rates of Larimichthys crocea eggs and larvae.As results,the three days old larvae were more sensitive to abrupt temperature drop than eggs.Within the optimal temperature,when temperatures decreased rapidly from 22℃ to 19℃ or to 16℃,the hatching success and mortality rates of eggs had no obvious change,but the embryonic and larval developments were slower,and the larval mortality rates were accelerated.When temperatures dropped acutely from 22℃ to 13℃and 10℃,below the lower lethal temperatures,lethal consequences were caused on fish eggs and larvae,with high mortality rates(84.6%-100% and 72.1%-98.2%,respectively).Thus,we speculated that could shock would cause lethal consequences on the early stage of L.crocea and lead adverse impact on stock replacement and age structure of L.crocea when temperature dropped acutely below the lower lethal temperatures.
Abrupt temperature drop in seawater could be caused by varied thermal effluents from coastal power plants,seasonal change,cold wave,etc.,leading to different degrees of cold shock consequences on poikilotherm,like fish.In this study,we mimicked abrupt temperature drop events with several amplitudes to discuss the cold shock consequences on the incubation,mortality,abnormality rates of Larimichthys crocea eggs and larvae.As results,the three days old larvae were more sensitive to abrupt temperature drop than eggs.Within the optimal temperature,when temperatures decreased rapidly from 22℃ to 19℃ or to 16℃,the hatching success and mortality rates of eggs had no obvious change,but the embryonic and larval developments were slower,and the larval mortality rates were accelerated.When temperatures dropped acutely from 22℃ to 13℃and 10℃,below the lower lethal temperatures,lethal consequences were caused on fish eggs and larvae,with high mortality rates(84.6%-100% and 72.1%-98.2%,respectively).Thus,we speculated that could shock would cause lethal consequences on the early stage of L.crocea and lead adverse impact on stock replacement and age structure of L.crocea when temperature dropped acutely below the lower lethal temperatures.
引文
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[10]JIANG Li-fan.Effects of thermal shock on fishes[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2000,7(2):77-81.姜礼燔.热冲击对鱼类影响的研究[J].中国水产科学,2000,7(2):77-81.
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[15]SMYTHE A G,SAWYKO P M.Field and laboratory evaluations of the effects of“cold shock”on fish resident in and around a thermal discharge:An overview[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2000,3(Supplement 1):225-232.
[16]BEITINGER T L,BENNETT W A,MCCAULEY R W.Temperature tolerances of North American freshwater fishes exposed to dynamic changes in temperature[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2000,58(3):237-275.
[17]LAMADRIDROSE Y,BOEHLERT G W.Effects of cold shock on egg,larval,and juvenile stages of tropical fishes:Potential impacts of ocean thermal energy conversion[J].Marine Environmental Research,1988,25(3):175-193.
[18]ROMBOUGH P J.The effects of temperature on embryonic and larval development[M]//WOOD C M,MCDONALD D G.Global warming:Implications for freshwater and marine fish.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
[19]ZHANG Qi-yong,HONG Wan-shu,YANG Sheng-yun,et al.Discussion on the division of geographic populations for the large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea)[J].Modern Fisheries Information,2011,26(2):3-8.张其永,洪万树,杨圣云,等.大黄鱼地理种群划分的探讨[J].现代渔业信息,2011,26(2):3-8.
[20]ZHANG Qi-yong,HONG Wan-shu,CHEN Shi-xi,et al.Stock changes and resource protection of the large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea)and ribbon fish(Trichiurus Japonicus)in coastal waters of China[J].Journal of Applied Oceanography,2017,36(3):438-445.张其永,洪万树,陈仕玺.中国近海大黄鱼和日本带鱼群体数量变动及其资源保护措施探讨[J].应用海洋学学报,2017,36(3):438-445.
[21]XU Zhao-li,CHEN Jia-jie.Analysis of migratory route of Larimichthys croceain the East China Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(3):429-437.徐兆礼,陈佳杰.东黄海大黄鱼洄游路线的研究[J].水产学报,2011,35(3):429-437.
[22]LIAO Yi-bo.A preliminary study on thermal effect of marine organisms in the coastal area of Zhejiang province[D].Hangzhou:Second Institute of Oceanography,SOA,2006.廖一波.浙江近岸海洋生物热效应初步研究[D].杭州:国家海洋局第二海洋研究所,2006.
[23]XU Zhen,JIANG Jin-po,CHEN Yin-er.Study on low lethal temperature of different strains of Pseudosciaenacrocea[J].Journal of Ningbo University,2006,19(4):462-464.徐镇,江锦坡,陈寅儿.不同品系大黄鱼致死低温的研究[J].宁波大学学报:理工版,2006,19(4):462-464.
[24]ALDERDICE D F,VELSEN F P J.Relation between temperature and incubation time for eggs of chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)[J].Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,1978,35(1):69-75.
[25]MCCULLOUGH D.A Review and synthesis of effects of alterations to the water temperature regime on freshwater life stages of Salmonids,with special reference to Chinook Salmon[R].Seattle:United States Environmental Protection Agency,1999.
[26]WALLICH C.A method of recording egg development for use of fish-culturists[R].Washington D.C.,1901.
[27]BEACHAM T D,MURRAY C B.Temperature,egg size,and development of embryos and alevins of five species of Pacific Salmon:A comparative analysis[J].Transactions of The American Fisheries Society,1990,119(6):927-945.
[28]OJANGUREN A F,REYES-GAVIL N F G,MU OZ R R.Effects of temperature on growth and efficiency of yolk utilisation in eggs and pre-feeding larval stages of Atlantic Salmon[J].Aquaculture International,1999,7(2):81-87.
[29]LANDSMAN S J,GINGERICH A J,PHILIPP D P,et al.The effects of temperature change on the hatching success and larval survival of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2011,78(4):1 200-1 212.
[30]ZHANG Ren-zhai,LU Sui-Fen,ZHAO Chuan-yin,et al.Fish eggs and larvae in the offshore waters of China[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technicl Publishers,1985.张仁斋,陆穗芬,赵传絪,等.中国近海鱼卵与仔鱼[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985.
[31]CHEN Shun,DU Chen,ZHU Jun-quan,et al.The development of embryo,larva,juvenile and yong Pseudosciaena crocea in Daiquyang[J].Advances in Marine Science,2014,32(4):551-559.程顺,杜晨,竺俊全,等.岱衢洋大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)胚胎与仔稚幼鱼发育[J].海洋科学进展,2014,32(4):551-559.
[32]NEITZEL D A,BECKER C D.Tolerance of eggs,embryos,and alevins of chinook salmon to temperature changes and reduced humidity in dewatered redds[J].Transactions of The A-merican Fisheries Society,1985,114(2):267-273.
[33]TANG J,BRYANT M D,BRANNON E L.Effect of temperature extremes on the mortality and development rates of Coho Salmon embryos and alevins[J].The Progressive Fish-culturist,1987,49(3):167-174.
[34]CLARKSON R W,CHILDS M R.Temperature effects of Hypolimnial-Release Dams on early life stages of Colorado River Basin Big-River Fishes[J].Copeia,2000(2):402-412.
[35]LI Tao,LGuo-Min,HUANG Xiao-lin,et al.Effect of abrupt temperature and salinity change on the larvae of Sparus macrocephlus[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(4):181-182.李涛,吕国敏,黄小林,等.温度和盐度骤变对黑鲷仔鱼存活率的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(4):181-182.
[36]BOHNSACK J A.Resiliency of reef fish communities in the Florida Keys following a January 1977hypothermal fish kill[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,1983,9(1):41-53.
[37]SCHISLER G J,BERGERSEN E P,WALKER P G.Effects of multiple stressors on morbidity and mortality of fingerling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis[J].Transactions of The American Fisheries Society,2000,129(3):859-865.
[38]RUAN Cheng-xu,WU De-feng,YUAN Chong-gui.Effects of temperature on the growth and hydrochemical state of juvenile Pseudosciaena crocea[J].Journal of Guangzhou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,12(2):36-39.阮成旭,吴德峰,袁重桂.温度对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)幼鱼生长和养殖水质的影响[J].广州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,12(2):36-39.
[39]BLAXTER J H S.The Effect of temperature on larval fishes[J].Netherlands Journal of Zoology,1991,42(2-3):336-357.
[2]SEITZ R D,WENNHAGE H,BERGSTROM U,et al.Ecological value of coastal habitats for commercially and ecologically important species[J].Ices Journal of Marine Science,2014,71(3):648-665.
[3]DONALDSON M R,COOKE S J,PATTERSON D A,et al.Cold shock and fish[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2008,73(7):1 491-1 530.
[4]COUTANT C C.Cold shock to aquatic organisms:Guidance for power-plant siting,design and operation[J].Nuclear Safety,1977,18(3):329-342.
[5]ZENG Jiang-ning.Ecological effect by thermal discharged water from subtropical coastal power plants[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2008.曾江宁.滨海电厂温排水对亚热带海域生态影响的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2008.
[6]HUANG Xiao-chen,CHEN Xue-chu,PENG Xin,et al.The research progress of the impact of thermal discharge from coastal power plants onmarine environment[J].Marine Emvironmental Science,2014,33(6):972-976.黄晓琛,陈雪初,彭欣,等.滨海电厂温排水对海洋环境的影响研究进展[J].海洋环境科学,2014,33(6):972-976.
[7]WEI Guo-liang,WEI Xin-yu,LIU Yong-ye,et al.The current situations and problems in environmental assessment of thermal discharge from nuclear power plant in China[J].Science and Technology Review,2016,34(15):66-71.魏国良,魏新渝,刘永叶,等.核电厂温排水环境影响评价现状及问题探析[J].科技导报,2016,34(15):66-71.
[8]WHITE J W,WOOLCOTT W S,KIRK W L.A study of the fish community in the vicinity of a thermal discharge in the James River,Virginia[J].Chesapeake Science,1977,18(2):161-171.
[9]SADLER K.Effect of the warm water discharge from a power station on fish populations in the river trent[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1980,17(2):349-357.
[10]JIANG Li-fan.Effects of thermal shock on fishes[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2000,7(2):77-81.姜礼燔.热冲击对鱼类影响的研究[J].中国水产科学,2000,7(2):77-81.
[11]LIN Zhao-jin,ZHAN Hai-gang.Effects of thermal effluent on fish eggs and Larvae in waters near Daya Bay nuclear plant[J].Tropic Oceanology,2000,19(1):44-51.林昭进,詹海刚.大亚湾核电站温排水对邻近水域鱼卵、仔鱼的影响[J].热带海洋,2000,19(1):44-51.
[12]STAUFFER R J,BOLTZ S E,BOLTZ J M.Cold shock susceptibility of Blue Tilapia from the Susquehanna River,Pennsylvania[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1988,8(3):329-332.
[13]LOU Dan,LIU You-yu,SUN Yuan,et al.The composition and distribution of fish eggs and larvae in Xiangshan Bay in spring[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2016,43(4):203-206.楼丹,刘又毓,孙元,等.象山港春季浮性鱼卵数量分布和仔稚鱼种类组成[J].水产科技情报,2016,43(4):203-206.
[14]BUHARIWALLA C F,MACMILLAN J L,GREGOIRE M J,et al.Population characteristics of Striped Bass Killed by cold shock during winter shutdown of a power plant in Nova Scotia[J].Northeastern Naturalist,2016,23(1):163-173.
[15]SMYTHE A G,SAWYKO P M.Field and laboratory evaluations of the effects of“cold shock”on fish resident in and around a thermal discharge:An overview[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2000,3(Supplement 1):225-232.
[16]BEITINGER T L,BENNETT W A,MCCAULEY R W.Temperature tolerances of North American freshwater fishes exposed to dynamic changes in temperature[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,2000,58(3):237-275.
[17]LAMADRIDROSE Y,BOEHLERT G W.Effects of cold shock on egg,larval,and juvenile stages of tropical fishes:Potential impacts of ocean thermal energy conversion[J].Marine Environmental Research,1988,25(3):175-193.
[18]ROMBOUGH P J.The effects of temperature on embryonic and larval development[M]//WOOD C M,MCDONALD D G.Global warming:Implications for freshwater and marine fish.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
[19]ZHANG Qi-yong,HONG Wan-shu,YANG Sheng-yun,et al.Discussion on the division of geographic populations for the large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea)[J].Modern Fisheries Information,2011,26(2):3-8.张其永,洪万树,杨圣云,等.大黄鱼地理种群划分的探讨[J].现代渔业信息,2011,26(2):3-8.
[20]ZHANG Qi-yong,HONG Wan-shu,CHEN Shi-xi,et al.Stock changes and resource protection of the large yellow croaker(Larimichthys crocea)and ribbon fish(Trichiurus Japonicus)in coastal waters of China[J].Journal of Applied Oceanography,2017,36(3):438-445.张其永,洪万树,陈仕玺.中国近海大黄鱼和日本带鱼群体数量变动及其资源保护措施探讨[J].应用海洋学学报,2017,36(3):438-445.
[21]XU Zhao-li,CHEN Jia-jie.Analysis of migratory route of Larimichthys croceain the East China Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(3):429-437.徐兆礼,陈佳杰.东黄海大黄鱼洄游路线的研究[J].水产学报,2011,35(3):429-437.
[22]LIAO Yi-bo.A preliminary study on thermal effect of marine organisms in the coastal area of Zhejiang province[D].Hangzhou:Second Institute of Oceanography,SOA,2006.廖一波.浙江近岸海洋生物热效应初步研究[D].杭州:国家海洋局第二海洋研究所,2006.
[23]XU Zhen,JIANG Jin-po,CHEN Yin-er.Study on low lethal temperature of different strains of Pseudosciaenacrocea[J].Journal of Ningbo University,2006,19(4):462-464.徐镇,江锦坡,陈寅儿.不同品系大黄鱼致死低温的研究[J].宁波大学学报:理工版,2006,19(4):462-464.
[24]ALDERDICE D F,VELSEN F P J.Relation between temperature and incubation time for eggs of chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)[J].Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,1978,35(1):69-75.
[25]MCCULLOUGH D.A Review and synthesis of effects of alterations to the water temperature regime on freshwater life stages of Salmonids,with special reference to Chinook Salmon[R].Seattle:United States Environmental Protection Agency,1999.
[26]WALLICH C.A method of recording egg development for use of fish-culturists[R].Washington D.C.,1901.
[27]BEACHAM T D,MURRAY C B.Temperature,egg size,and development of embryos and alevins of five species of Pacific Salmon:A comparative analysis[J].Transactions of The American Fisheries Society,1990,119(6):927-945.
[28]OJANGUREN A F,REYES-GAVIL N F G,MU OZ R R.Effects of temperature on growth and efficiency of yolk utilisation in eggs and pre-feeding larval stages of Atlantic Salmon[J].Aquaculture International,1999,7(2):81-87.
[29]LANDSMAN S J,GINGERICH A J,PHILIPP D P,et al.The effects of temperature change on the hatching success and larval survival of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2011,78(4):1 200-1 212.
[30]ZHANG Ren-zhai,LU Sui-Fen,ZHAO Chuan-yin,et al.Fish eggs and larvae in the offshore waters of China[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technicl Publishers,1985.张仁斋,陆穗芬,赵传絪,等.中国近海鱼卵与仔鱼[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985.
[31]CHEN Shun,DU Chen,ZHU Jun-quan,et al.The development of embryo,larva,juvenile and yong Pseudosciaena crocea in Daiquyang[J].Advances in Marine Science,2014,32(4):551-559.程顺,杜晨,竺俊全,等.岱衢洋大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)胚胎与仔稚幼鱼发育[J].海洋科学进展,2014,32(4):551-559.
[32]NEITZEL D A,BECKER C D.Tolerance of eggs,embryos,and alevins of chinook salmon to temperature changes and reduced humidity in dewatered redds[J].Transactions of The A-merican Fisheries Society,1985,114(2):267-273.
[33]TANG J,BRYANT M D,BRANNON E L.Effect of temperature extremes on the mortality and development rates of Coho Salmon embryos and alevins[J].The Progressive Fish-culturist,1987,49(3):167-174.
[34]CLARKSON R W,CHILDS M R.Temperature effects of Hypolimnial-Release Dams on early life stages of Colorado River Basin Big-River Fishes[J].Copeia,2000(2):402-412.
[35]LI Tao,LGuo-Min,HUANG Xiao-lin,et al.Effect of abrupt temperature and salinity change on the larvae of Sparus macrocephlus[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(4):181-182.李涛,吕国敏,黄小林,等.温度和盐度骤变对黑鲷仔鱼存活率的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(4):181-182.
[36]BOHNSACK J A.Resiliency of reef fish communities in the Florida Keys following a January 1977hypothermal fish kill[J].Environmental Biology of Fishes,1983,9(1):41-53.
[37]SCHISLER G J,BERGERSEN E P,WALKER P G.Effects of multiple stressors on morbidity and mortality of fingerling rainbow trout infected with Myxobolus cerebralis[J].Transactions of The American Fisheries Society,2000,129(3):859-865.
[38]RUAN Cheng-xu,WU De-feng,YUAN Chong-gui.Effects of temperature on the growth and hydrochemical state of juvenile Pseudosciaena crocea[J].Journal of Guangzhou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,12(2):36-39.阮成旭,吴德峰,袁重桂.温度对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)幼鱼生长和养殖水质的影响[J].广州大学学报:自然科学版,2013,12(2):36-39.
[39]BLAXTER J H S.The Effect of temperature on larval fishes[J].Netherlands Journal of Zoology,1991,42(2-3):336-357.