复垦年限及植被模式对煤矿复垦土壤微生物多样性的影响（英文）
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摘要
了解露天煤矿区复垦状况及其对土壤微生物的影响机制,对于估算受损生态系统的恢复程度至关重要。该文以采用多种模式复垦的安太堡露天煤矿为研究区域,通过野外调查与采样分析,借助于Biolog EcoPlatesTM方法对复垦区和原地貌(对照)表层土壤中的微生物功能多样性状况进行了探索,评价了复垦年限和复垦植被模式对土壤微生物特征的恢复效应;并从土壤物理化学性质(土壤容重、pH值、土壤有机碳、总氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾)和生物性质(土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮)中筛选可反映土壤微生物功能多样性变化的代表性指示物质。结果表明:1)露天煤矿复垦年限和复垦植被模式均对土壤微生物的功能多样性有明显影响。复垦年限越长的样地中土壤微生物有较高的活性和均匀度,但丰富度较低;若样地的复垦年限较长,复垦植物种植模式对土壤微生物多样性的作用强于复垦时长对其的影响。2)从土壤微生物多样性恢复层面分析,单一植物复垦配置的优化次序为杏树、榆树和柠条,混交林配置较优的选择为柠条×刺槐。3)土壤微生物生物量碳的含量与土壤微生物功能多样性指标Shannon-Wiener指数(ρ=–0.69,P<0.01)和McIntosh指数(ρ=–0.69,P<0.05)显著负相关,在一定程度上可作为复垦区生物多样性指示物质。研究成果将为露天煤矿及其所在区域的生态恢复、治理和监测提供参考。
Understanding the effect of regenerated land conditions on soil microbes is essential for estimating the extent of ecological restoration. In this study, we employed the Biolog ECOTM method to evaluate the restoration effects of different regeneration periods and vegetation patterns on the soil microbial characteristics in restoration fields of the Antaibao opencast coal mine in Shanxi Province, China. The representative indicators describing soil microbial functional diversity were then screened from soil physicochemical properties(bulk density, pH value, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium), and biological properties(soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen). First, our results showed that both the land regeneration period and vegetation pattern markedly impacted the soil microbial functional diversity of this area. The soil microbial communities in the plots that were restored earlier have higher total activity and evenness. In the case of relatively long regeneration periods, the microbial functional diversity of restored land is mainly affected by the vegetation mode. Second, from the standpoint of the metabolic functional diversity of soil microbes, the best single-plant reclamation pattern was exhibited by Apricot(Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.), Elm(Ulmus pumila) and korshinsk peashrub(Caragana korshinskii); the optimized configuration sequence of mixed forest was korshinsk peashrub × locust(Robinia pseudoacacia). Third, the content of soil microbial biomass carbon was negatively correlated with microbial diversity indices of Shannon-Wiener index(ρ = –0.69, P < 0.01) and McIntosh index(ρ = –0.69, P < 0.05), and it may be used as a representative biodiversity indicator for the regenerated land to a certain extent. These findings contribute to improve the determination of reasonable regeneration approaches and support soil restoration in opencast coal mines.
Understanding the effect of regenerated land conditions on soil microbes is essential for estimating the extent of ecological restoration. In this study, we employed the Biolog ECOTM method to evaluate the restoration effects of different regeneration periods and vegetation patterns on the soil microbial characteristics in restoration fields of the Antaibao opencast coal mine in Shanxi Province, China. The representative indicators describing soil microbial functional diversity were then screened from soil physicochemical properties(bulk density, pH value, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium), and biological properties(soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen). First, our results showed that both the land regeneration period and vegetation pattern markedly impacted the soil microbial functional diversity of this area. The soil microbial communities in the plots that were restored earlier have higher total activity and evenness. In the case of relatively long regeneration periods, the microbial functional diversity of restored land is mainly affected by the vegetation mode. Second, from the standpoint of the metabolic functional diversity of soil microbes, the best single-plant reclamation pattern was exhibited by Apricot(Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.), Elm(Ulmus pumila) and korshinsk peashrub(Caragana korshinskii); the optimized configuration sequence of mixed forest was korshinsk peashrub × locust(Robinia pseudoacacia). Third, the content of soil microbial biomass carbon was negatively correlated with microbial diversity indices of Shannon-Wiener index(ρ = –0.69, P < 0.01) and McIntosh index(ρ = –0.69, P < 0.05), and it may be used as a representative biodiversity indicator for the regenerated land to a certain extent. These findings contribute to improve the determination of reasonable regeneration approaches and support soil restoration in opencast coal mines.
引文
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[24]Liu Guangsong.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis and Description of Soil Profiles[M].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.
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[27]Vance E D,Brookes P C,Jenkinson D S.Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils:The use of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(6):697-702.
[28]Garland J L.Analytical approaches to the characterization of samples of microbial communities using patterns of potential c source utilization[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28:213-221.
[29]Classen A T,Boyle S I,Haskins K E,et al.Community-level physiological profiles of bacteria and fungi:Plate type and incubation temperature influences on contrasting soils[J].Fems Microbiology Ecology,2003,44:319-328.
[30]Begon M,Harper J L,Townsend C R.Ecology:Individuals,populations and communities[J].Bioscience,1996,38(6):424.
[31]Ghose M K.Management of topsoil for geo-environmental reclamation of coal mining areas[J].Environmental Geology,2001,40:1405-1410.
[32]Adeli A,Mc Laughlin M R,Brooks J P,et al.Age chronosequence effects on restoration quality of reclaimed coal mine soils in mississippi agroecosystems[J].Soil Science,2013,178:335-343.
[33]Huang Lei,Zhang Peng,Hu Yigang,et al.Vegetation and soil restoration in refuse dumps from open pit coal mines[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,94:638-646.
[34]Yan F,Mcbratney A B,Copeland L.Functional substrate biodiversity of cultivated and uncultivated a horizons of vertisols in NW New South Wales[J].Geoderma,2000,96(4):321-343.
[35]Yao Huaiying,He Zhenli,Wilson M J,et al.Microbial biomass and community structure in a sequence of soils with increasing fertility and changing land use[J].Microbial Ecology,2000,40:223-237.
[2]Shrestha R K,Lal R.Carbon and nitrogen pools in reclaimed land under forest and pasture ecosystems in ohio,USA[J].Geoderma,2010,157:196-205.
[3]Ussiri D A N,Lal R.Carbon sequestration in reclaimed minesoils[J].Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2005,24:151-165.
[4]Zhang Liping,Zhang Shiwen,Huang Yuanfang,et al.Exploring an ecologically sustainable scheme for landscape restoration of abandoned mine land:Scenario-based simulation integrated linear programming and clue-s model[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13:354.
[5]Miao Ziwei,Marrs R.Ecological restoration and land reclamation in open-cast mines in Shanxi province,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59:205-215.
[6]Rafique R,Anex R,Hennessy D,et al.What are the impacts of grazing and cutting events on the N2O dynamics in humid temperate grassland?[J].Geoderma,2012,181:36-44.
[7]Nannipieri P,Ascher J,Ceccherini M T,et al.Microbial diversity and soil functions[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2003,54:655-670.
[8]Ahirwal J,Maiti S K,Singh A K.Changes in ecosystem carbon pool and soil CO2 flux following post-mine reclamation in dry tropical environment,India[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,583:153-162.
[9]van der Heijden M G A,Bardgett R D,van Straalen N M.The unseen majority:Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Ecology Letters,2008,11:296-310.
[10]Wang Changting,Wang Genxu,Wang Yong,et al.Fire alters vegetation and soil microbial community in alpine meadow[J].Land Degradation and Development,2016,27:1379-1390.
[11]Gryta A,Frac M,Oszust K.The application of the biolog ecoplate approach in ecotoxicological evaluation of dairy sewage sludge[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2014,174:1434-1443.
[12]Zhao Zhongqiu,Wang Lianhua,Bai Zhongke,et al.Development of population structure and spatial distribution patterns of a restored forest during 17-year succession(1993-2010)in Pingshuo opencast mine spoil,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2015,187:431.Doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4391-z
[13]Kesk??n T,Mak??nec??E.Some soil properties on coal mine spoils reclaimed with black locust(Robinia pceudoacacia L.)and umbrella pine(Pinus pinea L.)in Agacli-istanbul[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,159:407-414.
[14]Fan Wenhua,Bai Zhongke,Li Huifeng,et al.Effects of different vegetation restoration patterns and reclamation years on microbes in reclaimed soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(2):330-336.
[15]Banning N C,Gleeson D B,Grigg A H,et al.Soil microbial community successional patterns during forest ecosystem restoration[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2011,77:6158-6164.
[16]Naprasnikova E V.Biological properties of soils on mine tips[J].Eurasian Soil Science,2008,41:1314-1320.
[17]Campbell C D,Cameron C M,Bastias B A,et al.Long term repeated burning in a wet sclerophyll forest reduces fungal and bacterial biomass and responses to carbon substrates[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40:2246-2252.
[18]Huang Nan,Wang Weiwei,Yao Yanlai,et al.The influence of different concentrations of bio-organic fertilizer on cucumber fusarium wilt and soil microflora alterations[J/OL].Plos One,2017,12:e0171490.
[19]Duval M E,Galantini J A,Martinez J M,et al.Sensitivity of different soil quality indicators to assess sustainable land management:Influence of site features and seasonality[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2016,159:9-22.
[20]Zhao Zhongqiu,Shahrour I,Bai Zhongke,et al.Soils development in opencast coal mine spoils reclaimed for 1-13 years in the west-northern loess plateau of China[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2013,55:40-46.
[21]Laik R,Koushlendra K,Das D K,et al.Labile soil organic matter pools in a calciorthent after 18 years of afforestation by different plantations[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2009,42:71-78.
[22]Li Suqing,Di Xiaoyan,Wu Dongmei,et al.Effects of sewage sludge and nitrogen fertilizer on herbage growth and soil fertility improvement in restoration of the abandoned opencast mining areas in Shanxi,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,70:3323-3333.
[23]Yuan Ye,Zhao Zhongqiu,Li Xuezhen,et al.Characteristics of labile organic carbon fractions in reclaimed mine soils:Evidence from three reclaimed forests in the Pingshuo opencast coal mine,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,613:1196-1206.
[24]Liu Guangsong.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis and Description of Soil Profiles[M].Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.
[25]Page A L,Miller R H,Dennis R K.Methods of soil analysis[J].Catena,1982,15(1):99-100.
[26]Sparks D L,Page A L,Helmke PA,et al.Lithium,Sodium,Potassium,Rubidium,and Cesium[M]//Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3-Chem,Methods,1996:551-574.
[27]Vance E D,Brookes P C,Jenkinson D S.Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils:The use of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(6):697-702.
[28]Garland J L.Analytical approaches to the characterization of samples of microbial communities using patterns of potential c source utilization[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28:213-221.
[29]Classen A T,Boyle S I,Haskins K E,et al.Community-level physiological profiles of bacteria and fungi:Plate type and incubation temperature influences on contrasting soils[J].Fems Microbiology Ecology,2003,44:319-328.
[30]Begon M,Harper J L,Townsend C R.Ecology:Individuals,populations and communities[J].Bioscience,1996,38(6):424.
[31]Ghose M K.Management of topsoil for geo-environmental reclamation of coal mining areas[J].Environmental Geology,2001,40:1405-1410.
[32]Adeli A,Mc Laughlin M R,Brooks J P,et al.Age chronosequence effects on restoration quality of reclaimed coal mine soils in mississippi agroecosystems[J].Soil Science,2013,178:335-343.
[33]Huang Lei,Zhang Peng,Hu Yigang,et al.Vegetation and soil restoration in refuse dumps from open pit coal mines[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,94:638-646.
[34]Yan F,Mcbratney A B,Copeland L.Functional substrate biodiversity of cultivated and uncultivated a horizons of vertisols in NW New South Wales[J].Geoderma,2000,96(4):321-343.
[35]Yao Huaiying,He Zhenli,Wilson M J,et al.Microbial biomass and community structure in a sequence of soils with increasing fertility and changing land use[J].Microbial Ecology,2000,40:223-237.